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Proefschrift.Pdf UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) High Amsterdam Ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven Nabben, A.L.W.M. Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Nabben, A. L. W. M. (2010). High Amsterdam: Ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven. Rozenberg Publishers. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:23 Sep 2021 De Amsterdamse drugsmarkt is sinds de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw met de komst van ecstasy en allerlei andere drugs complexer geworden. De nieuwe hedonistische roescultuur verspreidde zich tegelijkertijd met het houseritme als een HigH Ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven veenbrand over het uitgaansleven. De snelheid waarmee ecstasy AmsterdAm uitgroeide tot de meest populaire illegale drug na cannabis Ritme, roes & regels overviel beleidsmakers en gezondheidsinstellingen. Ook vanuit in het uitgaansleven High Amsterdam strafrechtelijk oogpunt kwam het plotselinge succes van ecstasy als een donderslag bij heldere hemel. Ton Nabben Ton Nabben beschrijft en verklaart in zijn proefschrift vanuit verschillende perspectieven de golfbewegingen van drugsgebruik binnen het trendsettende, heterogene en vloeiende uitgaansleven. Ook ontwikkelingen rond nieuwe regelgeving en strafrechtelijk drugsbeleid komen als gevolg van massificatie, gezondheidsincidenten en drugshandel uitgebreid aan de orde. De focus ligt op de periode 1988-2010: van acid tot zerotolerance. Maar ook de voorgeschiedenis van het roemruchte Amsterdamse uitgaansleven komt in zijn magnus dopus ruimschoots ter sprake en kent vele historische vertrekpunten. Het ontstaan van de Opiumwet, de verschillende bloeiperiodes van het uitgaansleven waarvan de eerste ruim een eeuw geleden (rond 1890), de komst van coffeeshops, LSD, speed en cocaïne. En de opeenvolging van spectaculaire subculturen als provo’s, hippies, krakers, punks en na de elektronische revolutie ook house, die de stad in de ‘decadente’ jaren negentig op zijn palen deed trillen. Ton Nabben 000 Cover_DEF.indd 1 5/19/10 12:33 PM HIGH AMSTERDAM Ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven Dit proefschrift is gebaseerd op gegevens verzameld in de Antenne monitor, uitgevoerd door het Bonger Instituut voor Criminologie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, in opdracht van Jellinek Preventie. De auteur van dit proefschrift heeft zich tot het uiterste ingespannen om alle rechthebbenden van het in dit boek getoond materiaal te achterhalen. Dit is niet in alle gevallen gelukt. Voor zover personen menen aanspraak te hebben op getoond materiaal, kunnen zij contact opnemen met de uitgever. Deze publicatie werd mede mogelijk gemaakt door financiële bijdragen van ID&T • Innerspace • Horecabond Amsterdam • Belangenvereniging Dance • Unity Amsterdam • Loveland Events • Vault Productions • Kashba • Het Projectenburo • Bonger Instituut © Ton Nabben • 2010 www.highamsterdam.net Omslag foto Ziggy Love • RoXY Omslagontwerp en vormgeving: Lucas Mees - www.m-dsgn.eu English summary: Michael Dallas Alle rechten voorbehouden Rozenberg Publishers Lindengracht 302 d+e 1015 KN Amsterdam T +31 (0)20 625 54 29 [email protected] www.rozenbergps.com ISBN 978 90 3610 200 1 NUR 740 HIGH AMSTERDAM Ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven Academisch proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op donderdag 17 juni 2010, te 12.00 uur door Antonius Louise Wilhelmus Maria Nabben Geboren te Eindhoven Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. D.J. Korf Overige leden: Prof. dr. T. Blom Prof. dr. T.F.M. ter Bogt Dr. P.L.L.H. Deben Prof. dr. T. Decorte Dr. M. van Laar Prof. dr. C.W. Maris Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid. Dit proefschrift is opgedragen aan Hans Wesseling (1936 - 1998). Yogaleraar, woordkunstenaar en esotericus van het geluid. 7 | High Amsterdam | Inhoud KORTE INHOUD Voorwoord 11 1 Van acid tot zerotolerance 15 2 Theoretische visies op drugs, jeugd en uitgaan 37 3 De Amsterdamse panelstudie 71 4 Uitgaan en drugs tussen interbellum en jaren tachtig 89 5 Van RoXY tot regelgeving 119 6 Het nieuwe Amsterdamse uitgaansleven 139 7 De drugsmarkt van de Amsterdamse uitgaanswereld 163 8 Ecstasy: het succes van een ‘psychedelische amfetamine’ 185 9 Cocaïne: terug van nooit echt weggeweest 213 10 Amfetamine: de radicalisering van energie 241 11 Anesthetica: tussen euforie en narcose 259 12 Regels en roes in het uitgaansleven 289 13 Samenvatting en conclusies 315 14 Summary and conclusions 327 Bijlagen 338 Literatuur 348 Dankbetuiging 380 Amsterdam Topografisch 383 8 | High Amsterdam | Inhoud Voorwoord 11 1 Van acid tot zerotolerance 15 Golfbewegingen op de drugsmarkt: van acid tot zero tolerance / De eerste Opiumconferentie / Van Opiumwet tot Europeanisering van drugsbeleid / De beleidsmatige spanning tussen gezondheid en strafrecht / Amsterdam: van rafelrand tot regelgeving / Probleemstelling en methode / De panelstudie en theoretisch perspectief / Naar een analytisch model 2 Theoretische visies op drugs, jeugd en uitgaan 37 Drug, set en setting / Drugsgebruik als sociaal leerproces / Culturele praktijken van jongerenculturen in historische context / Theorievorming over jongerenculturen: de rol van het CCCS / Drugsgebruik in subculturen / Smaakverschillen / Feesten en het dagelijks leven / Clubculturen: underground in en naast de mainstream / Ritme en roes / Normalisering en de risicosamenleving / Van anonieme naar consumptieve stad / De sociaal culturele context van drugs in het uitgaansleven 3 De Amsterdamse panelstudie 71 Doel en kenmerken van drugsmonitoring / Antenne: een multi-methodische monitor / Het Amsterdamse panel / De innoverende rol van trendsetters in het uitgaansleven / Popularisering en teloorgang in subcultureel perspectief / Naar een multidimensionale trendanalyse 4 Uitgaan en drugs tussen interbellum en jaren tachtig 89 Stadslucht maakt vrij / Het ontstaan van de Amsterdamse drugscene / Groeiende onzekerheid over toenemend drugsgebruik: speed in Mokum / De jaren tachtig: underground, kraken en de opkomst van snuifcocaïne / Een tweede speedgolf, heroïne en coffeeshops / Cocaïne in Amsterdam: de koloniale, probleem en feestperiode / Terugblik en een nieuwe tijdgeest 5 Van RoXY tot regelgeving 119 Nulpunt 1987: de undergroundfase / De komst van XTC in Amsterdam / Transitiefase: van underground naar mainstream / Massificatie en diversificatie / Mainstreaming: de danceindustrie / De roep om nieuwe regelgeving / Tweesporenbeleid: preventie én repressie / Conclusie 6 Het nieuwe Amsterdamse uitgaansleven 139 Van werkstad naar pretstad / Het Amsterdamse uitgaansleven (1994-2008) / De panelstudie: trendsettend hip in het uitgaansleven / Vijf profielen van trendsetters en -volgers: recreatieven - creatieven - alternatieven - sensualisten - psychonauten / Drie trends in het vloeibare uitgaansleven: upgrading - upperground - urban 7 De drugsmarkt van de Amsterdamse uitgaanswereld 163 Indicatoren van een dynamische gebruikersmarkt / Amsterdam en de internationale en lokale drugsmarkt: confiscaties, mono- en polydealers / Marketingmix: de vijf P’s / De cocaïnemarkt: verkrijgbaarheid, prijs en zuiverheid / Marktdynamiek van cocaïne / De ecstasymarkt: verkrijgbaarheid, prijs en zuiverheid / Marktdynamiek van ecstasy / De amfetaminemarkt: verkrijgbaarheid, prijs en zuiverheid / Marktdynamiek van amfetamine / De markt van narcosemiddelen: lachgas - GHB - ketamine / Conclusie 9 | High Amsterdam | Inhoud 8 Ecstasy: het succes van een ‘psychedelische amfetamine’ 185 Van therapeuticum tot dansdrug / Radicale innovatie van techniek, muziek en farmacologie / Ecstasy: utopie of dystopie?/ Ecstasy in het uitgaansleven: feest! / Product en gebruik: slikken en tikken / Betekenisgeving en beleving: spirit en space / Ongewenste effecten: trekbek en brak / Frequentie, patronen en trendremmende factoren: pillenmoe of prioriteiten / Ecstasytrends 9 Cocaïne: terug van nooit echt weggeweest 213 Van wondermiddel tot zedenbederver / Van crimineel tot jet set / De verbeelding van cocaïne / Een cocaïnerevival in het uitgaansleven: helder! / Product en gebruik: nakkie en snorkelen / Bete- kenisgeving en beleving: egoïstisch, gezellig en elitepep / Ongewenste effecten: jachtig en futloos / Frequentie, patronen en trendremmende factoren: sporadisch of time out / Cocaïnetrends 10 Amfetamine: de radicalisering van energie 241 Van antidepressivum tot speedspuiters / Van rock ‘n roll tot punk /Amfetamine in het uitgaansleven: door! /Product en gebruik: nippen en bommen / Betekenisgeving
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