J. Exp. Zool. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 403-409, 2011 ISSN 0972-0030

STUDY OF THE COMPARATIVE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POTABLE AND POLLUTED GANGA RIVER WATER AT IN REFERENCE TO THE TANNERY EFFLUENTS DISCHARGED IN THE RIVER

Reeta Johri, Manjusha Dey and P. K. Johri Department of Zoology, D.A.V. College, Kanpur - 208 001, India. e mail : [email protected] (Accepted 18 February 2011)

ABSTRACT – In Kanpur, river Ganga takes entry at and passing along several and lakes it exist at covering a distance about 22 Km. The fish fauna in different region of river Ganga at Kanpur is of different categories according to a degree of pollution at various ghats. Therefore, for a study purpose a stretch of about 24 Km. of river Ganga is selected for the upper stream near Bithoor, middle stream to the Permat region and to the down stream at Kanpur near Jajmau up to new Jajmau bridge. The physico-chemical analysis of the water samples collected from upper, middle, and down streams of river Ganga from tannery area to Jajmau automobile transport bridge revealed that almost all the major characteristics were little beyond permissible limits. The water as such could not be used both for drinking and bathing purposes. It could only be used for irrigation in fields but after treatment. The low values of dissolved oxygen (8.993±8.50, 6.2±2.0 and 3.40±0.360) affected potability of water and caused mortality of fish and other aquatic animals in Bithoor, Permat and Jajmau, respectively. The magnesium toxicity (19.760±0.055, 32.150±0.046 and 68.30±0.30) caused nausea, muscular weakness or even paralysis to the villagers, residing near by areas. The high percentage of cadmium (1.660±0.55, 1.850±0.045 and 3.20±0.30) caused vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, giddiness, bone deformation, hypertension, choking, coughing and bronchitis to resident of the people residing in that areas particularly in Jajmau. The high percentage of chromium (2.830±0.026, 4.90±0.854 and 11.20±1.0) also caused mortality and low longevity of the aquatic organisms particularly fishes. The high MPN values (42.0±2.0, 91.0±6.0 and 112.0±2.0) and BOD values (11.70±1.30, 23.50±3.0 and 30.0±5.0) also indicated the organic pollution in the Bithoor, Permat and Jajmau region. The result of turbidity (4.0±0.10, 7.20±0.20 and 9.80±0.40) showed that water was very dirty near Jajmau region because it is the entry point of the tannery effluents discharged in the river Ganga while the water of Permat and Bithoor zone is not so dirty because it is diluting during the course of its movement, but it could not be recommended for animals and human beings before treatment. The water in the Bithoor region could be used for bathing and agriculture as such but could also be used for drinking purpose after treatment. Key words : River Ganga, , Bithoor, Permat, Jajmau, organic pollution.

INTRODUCTION bridge. The middle stream which is highly polluted due to It is well recognized that the tanning industries in India an entry of sewage and industrial effluents. is a potential polluting agent, which produces unpleasant The water samples were collected from three odor and causes nuisance, surface and ground water selected sites. A- Upper stream from Bithoor, B-Middle pollution. Main pollutants are the toxic chemicals used in stream (dense area of Kanpur city) and C- Down stream the tanneries besides the solid waste released as the liquid of river Ganga (from tannery area to Jajmau Automobile discharged of the factories. These chemicals alter the Transport Bridge), more or less at fixed early morning chemical composition of a natural aquatic environment hours. by the industrial effluents. Johri et al, (1991; 1993;1995), Collection of water samples : Johri (1998), Johri and Johri (2004). In Kanpur, river The water samples were collected in plastic Jerry Ganga takes entry at Bithoor and passing along several cans or in Polythene bags, from the selected zones of the ghats, takes it exit at Jajmau, covering a distance about river Ganga at Kanpur, below the surface of water, no 22 km. The fish fauna in different regions of river Ganga floating materials were allowed to enter the white plastic at Kanpur is of different categories according to the Jerry cans /Polythene bags, after collection they were degree of pollution at various ghats. Therefore, for the sealed on the mouth. The collected samples were study purpose stretch of 24 km of river Ganga is selected immediately transported to the laboratory for the analysis. from the upper stream near Bithoor to the down middle The maximum storage limit of water was 48 hr. The stream (dense area of Kanpur city that is Permat) to the water samples were analyzed for various pollution down stream at Kanpur near Jajmau up to new Jajmau parameters like BOD, COD, pH, SS, and OS etc. and 404 Reeta Johri et al standard methods, procedures as described by Kudasia high and were almost at saturation level. The bacterial (1980) and APHA (1998) were followed. count (35.00±5.00) and presence of nitrogen(7.900±0.953) Potable water : indicated a trace of organic pollution but dilution was also very significant due to high flow of river water current. Any water can be called a potable water if it is free The water could be used for bathing and agriculture as from undesirable odors, flavors and contains no bacteria such but could also be used for drinking purposes after incapable of creating human diseases. treatment. Polluted water : Interpretation of the result of mid stream water The presence of phenols, industrial waste, hydrogen that is potable Water of riverine zone at Permat sulfides etc. cause a undesirable off-flavors to the water region : and contain bacteria capable of creating human diseases The analysis of water (Table 1) showed that almost is called polluted water. all major characteristics were little beyond permissible For testing the potability of water the following three limits. The water was though transparent but was having types of examination were done. slightly earthy smell. The high values of B.O.D Physical examination : (15.670±0.065) ,volatile solid residue (75.00±5.0) and total 1. Color nitrogen (20.800±0.600) were clear evidence of organic 2. Odor and taste pollution. The high value of MPN coliform also suggested 3. Turbidity organic pollution. Both the value of MPN coliform 4. Ph (45.00±5.00) and B.O.D (15.670±0.065) were much 5. Oil and Grease. beyond the permissible limit for water intended for drinking Chemical examination : purposes. The high values of bacterial count and nitrogen (20.80±0.600) also provided that evidence of organic 6. Total Hardness pollution of animal origin. Such type of water could be 7. Acidity used for agriculture. Bathing was not advisable as there 8. Alkalinity was risk of contacting some diseases. Washing of clothes 9. Total Solids could also not be recommended as clothes might contain 10. Dissolved solids germs which could cause diseases. The water could not 11. Dissolved oxygen be recommended for drinking for animals and human 12. Free carbon dioxide beings before treatment. 13. Phenols Interpretation of the result of mid stream water 14. Sulfides that is potable water of riverine zone of Jajmau 15. Chlorides region : 16. BOD The water analysis (Table 1) have shown the presence 17. COD of some toxic substances like lead (3.100±0.100), 18. Chromium chromium (0.900±0.100), cadmium (1.200±0.200), zinc 19. All heavy metals. (1.200±0.050), Magnesium (22.70±0.500), nickel Microbiological examination : (3.00±0.500) and cobalt (0.900±0.020) which were highly Total count and coliform MPN injurious to health and could not be removed by normal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION method of water treatment. The water was semitransparent and was having semi foul smell. The high The physico chemical analysis of potable and polluted MPN values (87.00±4.582) and B.O.D.(23.510±0.065) river water is depicted in Table (1) and Table (2). values also indicated the organic pollution. The result of The comparative physico-chemical analysis of potable turbidity (6.750±0.050) showed that water was very dirty. river water : There was too much solid pollution also exceedingly high Interpretation of the result of mid stream water that suggesting that the water had high degree of organic is potable water of riverine zone at Bithoor region: pollution and was not fit for drinking and bathing both. It could only be used for agriculture purposes but after the The analysis of water (Table 1) showed that almost treatment. all major characteristics were within permissible limits. The water was transparent, odorless and have a good The comparative physico-chemical analysis of taste. The dissolved oxygen values (15.50±0.458) were polluted river water : Physicochemical analysis of Ganga river 405 Table 1 : Comparative physico-chemical analysis of potable Ganga river water in Water is one of the prime Bithoor, Permat and Jajmau zone. necessities of life. Our civilization Physical, chemical Riverine zone (water analysis values of selected areas faces a unique crises in the form of and microbiological water pollution turning the major rivers characteristics Bithoor Permat Jajmau into sewer threatening the health of 1 Color Transparent Transparent Semi-transparent millions of urban and rural folk, at the 2 Odor Odorless Slightly earthy Semi-foul smell receiving end of the industrial effluents 160.00±5.00 165.00±5.00 176.666±5.773 and the city wastes. Effluents from 3 Total residue S.E. 3.042, industries have changed the color and (mg/l.) SED 4.303 the qualities of water. Rivers are the ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 major source of drinking water for the CD 10.529 people of rural areas with these rivers 127.666±2.516 137.333±2.516 156.00±3.605 getting increasingly polluted by the 4 Filterable S.E. 1.688 industrial effluents and the city wastes, residue SED 2.388 (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 the villagers and the aquatic organisms CD 5.843 may be left nothing but depend upon 50.00±5.00 75.00±5.00 136.333±3.511 contaminated water. 5 Volatile S.E. 2.631 The present worker studied the residue SED 3.721 (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 effect of tannery effluent by the CD 9.106 comparative physico-chemical analysis 180.200±4.900 467.00±6.00 590.00±5.00 of polluted Ganga river water at three 6 Suspended S.E. 3.073 zones. solids(mg/l.) SED 4.346 Interpretation of the result of ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 10.635 mid-stream water that is polluted 3.500±0.500 3.800±0.100 6.750±0.050 water of riverine zone at Bithoor 7 Turbidity S.E. 0.170 region : (units) SED 0.241 The water sample analysis (Table. ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 2) showed that almost all major CD 0.590 6.900±0.400 7.100±0.200 9.800±0.655 characteristics were little beyond 8 pH S.E. 0.264 permissible limits. The water was light SED 0.374 yellow almost transparent, having ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 fragile earthy smell and had slight good CD 0.915 taste. The high values of 148.00±8.544 152.00±2.00 189.00±9.00 B.O.D.(11.700±1.300), volatile solids 9 Total S.E. 4.189 residues (55.50±5.00) and total alkalinity SED 5.925 (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 nitrogen (10.100±0.100) were clear CD 14.499 evidences of organic pollution. The 138.666±5.507 129.00±7.00 142.00±2.00 high value of MPN coliform 10 Total S.E. 3.042 (42.00±2.00) also suggested organic Hardness SED 4.303 pollution. The water sample also (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 showed the presence of some toxic CD 10.529 substances like lead (2.370±0.065), 339.00±9.00 580.00±2.00 780.00±5.00 chromium (2.380±0.026), cadmium 11. Chlorides S.E. 3.496 (1.660±0.055), zinc (0.850±0.045), (mg/l.) SED 4.944 ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 magnesium (19.760±0.055), nickel CD 12.097 (1.680±0.075) and cobalt 7.900±0.953 20.800±0.60 41.300±0.300 (0.730±0.030) which were highly 12 Total nitrogen S.E. 0.388 injurious to health and could not be (mg/l.) SED 0.549 removed by normal method of water ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 treatment. The values of total nitrogen CD 1.345 15.500±0.4583 10.500±0.458 7.200±0.100 (10.10±0.10), dissolved oxygen 406 Reeta Johri et al

13 Dissolved S.E. 0.218 (8.933±0.850), B.O.D.(11.700±1.300), oxygen SED 0.309 C.O.D. (1339.00±9.00) and MPN (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 coliform (42.00±2.00) suggested that CD 0.10759 water could be used for drinking after 5.910±0.010 15.670±0.065 23.510±0.065 treatment with chlorine. It could be used 14 BOD (5 days S.E. 0.031 for washing the clothes and for at 200C, SED 0.043 agriculture purposes. mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 0.107 Interpretation of the result of 35.00±5.00 45.00±5.00 87.00±4.582 mid-stream water that is polluted 15 MPN S.E. 2.808 water of riverine zone at Permat SED 3.972 region : ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 The water sample analysis CD 9.719 (Table.2) showed the evidence of 925.00±22.912 1590.00±15.00 1825.00±22.912 organic pollution as born out by high 16 COD S.E. 11.902 B.O.D. (23.500±3.00), volatile solid (mg/l.) SED 16.832 residues (124.00±4.00) and total ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 nitrogen (30.500±5.00) values. The CD 41.187 0.900±0.100 1.100±0.100 3.100±0.100 color of the water was pale yellow and was having fishy and pungent smell. The 17 Lead S.E. 0.057 high values of bacterial count and (mg/l.) SED 0.081 ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 nitrogen clearly indicated that water CD 0.199 was not suitable for drinking and bathing 0.500±0.100 0.900±0.100 4.300±0.300 purposes. The result of turbidity (7.200±0.200) showed that water was 18 Chromium S.E. 0.110 (mg/l.) SED 0.165 dirty. There was too much solid ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 pollution also as the values of volatile CD 0.382 residue was too high. The water as 0.400±0.100 0.900±0.100 1.200±0.200 such could only be used only for 19 Cadmium S.E. 0.081 agricultural purposes. (mg/l.) SED 0.115 Interpretation of the result of ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 mid-stream water that is polluted CD 0.282 water of riverine zone at Jajmau : 0.800±0.100 0.900±0.100 1.200±0.050 The water sample analysis 20 Zinc S.E. 0.050 (mg/l.) SED 0.700 (Table.2) showed that it was highly ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 polluted due to the blackish yellow color CD 0.173 and foul smell. The values of total 15.900±0.900 19.800±0.300 22.700±0.500 nitrogen (42.300±1.700), B.O.D. 21 Magnesium S.E. 0.357 (30.00±5.00), total hardness and MPN (mg/l.) SED 0.505 (112.00±2.00) were high suggesting too ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 much organic pollution. The analysis CD 1.236 showed that almost all major 0.200±0.100 0.500±0.100 3.00±0.500 characteristics were beyond 22 Nickel S.E. 0.173 permissible limits. The water as such (mg/l.) SED 0.244 could not be used for irrigation in fields ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 but after treatment. The low values of CD 0.599 dissolved oxygen (3.400±0.360) 0.013±0.005 0.050±0.10 0.090±0.20 affected the potability of water and 23 Cobalt (mg/l.) S.E. 0.007 caused killing of fish and other aquatic SED 0.10 animals. The magnesium (68.300 ± ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 0.300) toxicity caused nausea, muscular CD 0.026 weakness and even paralysis to the Physicochemical analysis of Ganga river 407 Table 2 : Comparative physico-chemical analysis of potable Ganga river water in villagers residing near by areas when Bithoor, Permat and Jajmau zone. interrogated revealed this fact. The high Physical, chemical Riverine zone (water analysis values of selected areas percentage of cadmium (3.200±0.300) and microbiological caused vomating, diarrhoea, abdominal characteristics Bithoor Permat Jajmau pain, giddiness, bone deformation, 1 Color Light yellow, Pale yellow Blackish hypertension, choking, coughing and almost transparent yellow bronchitis to the residents of the people 2 Odor Fragile earthy Fishy and pungent Foul smell residing in that areas. The high 179.633±4.509 23.500±5.00 265.00±5.00 percentage of chromium (11.200±1.00) 3 Total residue S.E. 2.795 also caused mortality and low longevity (mg/l.) SED 3.953 of the aquatic organisms particularly ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 9.673 fishes. 138.800±3.00 157.00±2.00 163.00±3.00 Water is one of the prime 4 Filterable S.E. 1.563 necessities of life. Any factor, weather residue (mg/l.) SED 2.211 biotic or abiotic contributing to the ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 degradation of environment is pollution. CD 5.410 55.500±5.00 124.00±4.00 138.00±3.00 Water pollution is a alteration of physical, chemical. and biological 5 Volatile residue S.E. 2.357 (mg/l.) SED 3.333 properties of water in a water body ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 which renders it unsuitable for use as a CD 8.156 drinking water source or renders it 185.200±5.00 585.00±5.00 780.00±5.00 unsafe for human or animal health, for 6 Suspended S.E. 2.886 industry, agriculture or recreation. The solids (mg/l.) SED 4.082 effects of organic pollution can be ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 9.989 represented as increase in biochemical 4.100±0.100 7.200±0.200 9.800±0.400 oxygen demand, depletion of oxygen, 7 Turbidity S.E. 0.152 eutrification of lakes, detrimental to fish (units) SED 0.216 life, detrimental to water use for ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 drinking, bathing, industry, recreation and CD 0.528 increase in cost of water purification 7.00±0.500 8.600±0.600 9.00±0.500 effects of inorganic and mineral 8 pH S.E. 0.309 SED 0.437 pollution (Sulfate, Chlorides, Calcium ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 and Magnesium compounds) causes CD 1.069 damage corrosion, renders water 153.00±3.00 189.500±4.00 207.50±0.50 unpalatable, increase hardness of water, 9 Total alkalinity S.E. 1.674 an increase cost of water purification (mg/l.) SED 2.368 considerably. Pollutant toxins are ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 capable of causing injury by way of CD 5.796 121.30±1.0 197.30±2.00 195.50±5.0 impairing or killing living organism. 10 Total Hardness S.E. 1.825 When the exceed threshold (mg/l.) SED 2.581 concentration (heavy metals, acids, ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 alkalies, phenols, cyanides, pesticides, CD 6.317 PCBs are examples of toxic 365.50±5.0 780.0±10.0 1000.0±10.0 contaminants). 11 Chlorides S.E. 5.0 (mg/l.) SED 7.071 Its also cause taste and odor ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 problems in drinking water. Suspended CD 17.302 solid and sludge into water bodies 10.10±0.10 30.50±5.0 42.30±1.70 reduces self purification capacity of 12 Total nitrogen S.E. 1.760 rivers. Toxicity of many substances (mg/l.) SED 2.489 increases with rise in temperature ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 6.092 affecting the fish migration and fish kills 408 Reeta Johri et al

8.933±0.850 6.20±0.20 3.40±0.360 at temperature beyond 40oC. Thermal 13 Dissolved S.E. 0.315 pollution increase oxygen deficiency oxygen SED 0.445 due to reduce oxygen solubility. (mg/l.) ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 That almost all the major CD 1.090 characteristics were little beyond 11.70±1.30 23.50±3.0 30.0±5.0 permissible limits. The water as such 14 BOD (5 days at S.E. 1.991 could not be used both for drinking and 200C, mg/l.) SED 2.816 bathing purposes. It could only be used ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 6.891 for irrigation in fields but after 42.00±2.0 91.0±6.0 112.0±2.0 treatment. The low values of dissolved oxygen affected potability of water 15 MPN S.E. 2.211 SED 3.126 and caused mortality of fish and other ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 aquatic animals. The magnesium CD 7.651 toxicity caused nausea, muscular 1339.0±9.0 2239.0±9.0 2844.0±10.535 weakness or even paralysis to the 16 COD (mg/l.) S.E. 5.507 villagers, residing near by areas. The SED 7.788 high percentage of cadmium caused ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 vomating, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, CD 19.058 giddiness, bone deformation, 2.370±0.065 3.910±0.026 8.20±0.264 hypertension, choking coughing and 17 Lead (mg/l.) S.E. 0.091 bronchitis to the residents of the people SED 0.129 residing in that areas. The high ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 0.315 percentage of chromium also caused 2.830±0.026 4.90±0.854 11.20±1.0 mortality and low longevity of the aquatic organism particularly fishes. 18 Chromium S.E. 0.438 (mg/l.) SED 0.620 The high MPN values and BOD ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 values also indicated the organic CD 1.517 pollution. The result of turbidity 1.660±0.055 1.850±0.045 3.20±0.30 showed that water was very dirty near 19 Cadmium S.E. 0.102 Jajmau region. While the water of (mg/l.) SED 0.145 Permat zone could not be ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 recommended for drinking for animals CD 0.355 and human beings before treatment. 0.850±0.045 1.230±0.080 2.870±0.065 While the water in the Bithoor region 20 Zinc (mg/l.) S.E. 0.037 could be used for bathing and SED 0.053 agriculture as such but could also be ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 0.130 used for drinking purposes after 19.760±0.055 32.150±0.046 68.30±0.30 treatment. 21 Magnesium S.E. 0.102 The result are in conformity with (mg/l.) SED 0.145 Zeethilis (1974), Bhattacharya and ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 Mukherjee (1975), Brown (1975), CD 0.355 Verma et al. (1978), Mandal and 1.680±0.075 3.120±0.020 5.60±0.556 Kulshreshtha (1980), Sastry and 22 Nickel (mg/l.) S.E. 0.187 Singhal (1980), Ghosh and Kanar SED 0.265 (1980), Abbasi and Ahmed (1980), ‘t’ at 5% 2.446 CD 0.648 Chaterjee and Bhattacharya (1984) 0.730±0.030 1.120±0.045 1.290±0.085 observed decrease in glutathion exposed to industrial pollutants after 23 Cobalt (mg/l.) 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