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Embracing the Void: Nietzsche's "Zarathustra" and the Political. James Daniel Stewart Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Embracing the Void: Nietzsche's Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 Embracing the Void: Nietzsche's "Zarathustra" and the Political. James Daniel Stewart Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Stewart, James Daniel, "Embracing the Void: Nietzsche's "Zarathustra" and the Political." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 436. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/436 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EMBRACING THE VOID: NIETZSCHE'S ZARATHUSTRA AND THE POLITICAL A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science By James Daniel Stewart B.A., Mississippi College, 1994 M. A., Louisiana State University, 1997 December, 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3042652 Copyright 2001 by Stewart, James Daniel All rights reserved. ____ _______ (f t UMI UMI Microform 3042652 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright 2001 James Daniel Stewart All Rights Reserved ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. T able o f Co n t e n t s A b st r a c t ................................................................................................................................iv Ch apter I N ietzsche a n d Po litical T h o u g h t ..................................................1 ChapterII The Hermeneutics o f E x is t e n c e...................................................... 35 Ch a pt e r DI T h e Co l d Mo nster : T h e St a t e a n d M a s s Cu l t u r e ................8 3 Chapter IV The Higher Men: Friendship a n d the Community 123 Ch a pt e r V T h e G reat N a u s e a .............................................................................. 154 Chapter VI The Ethics o f A b s u r d ity................................................................... 189 Ch a pt e r V H M etamorphosis : T h e Tr a n s m u t e d S e l f ...................................... 222 C h a p te r v mZarathustra as Anti-Prophet..................................................... 256 R e f e r e n c e s .......................................................................................................................... 290 A p pe n d ix : a Re sp o n se to H eidegger 's Q u e s t io n : "W h o is N ietzsch e 's Z a r a t h u st r a ?" ................................................................................................... 299 V it a .........................................................................................................................................337 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A bstract This dissertation explores Nietzsche's political theory through an analysis of his major work,Thus Spoke Zarathustra. It is demonstrated that the narrative structure ofZarathustra follows from a politically-grounded critique of collective human existence. Nietzsche critiques the state and mass society as inherently repressive. He critiques the concept of the community and friendship as producingressentiment and bad conscience. One of the central metaphors in Zarathustra proves to be that of nausea, arising from contempt for the mediocre masses of humanity and the realization of the chaotic and contingent nature of existence. Through nausea, the individual necessarily becomes separated from the masses and is able to begin the process of constructing an individually-actuated selfhood. Nietzsche then discusses the possibility of self-creation, spurred by the confrontation with individual finitude. This project of self­ overcoming proceeds thorough an aesthetic ethics of resistance to repression and acts of protean creation. Nietzsche's theory of transmuted selfhood is one that embraces multiplicity and contradiction within the consciousness. It is ultimately shown that the model of selfhood presented inZarathustra depends upon resistance and solitude, thus precluding the possibility of constructive political theory in the traditional statist sense. Rather, Nietzsche's relevance for politics is the imperative to seek new permutations of personal existence. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ch a p t e r I N ietzsch e a n d Po litical T h o u g h t Nietzsche has received a great deal of attention in recent years and has had a profound influence over contemporary scholarship. However, there has been less attention paid to Nietzsche in political theory than in other areas of the humanities. Despite the dearth of literature addressed to Nietzsche's political thought, there is surprisingly little consensus as to its content Interpretations range from the assertion that Nietzsche was a deeply political thinker concerned with the institutional arrangements of the state to the rival interpretation that Nietzsche had little political interest outside of the internal struggle within die individual soul. Certainly textual support can be found for both of these assertions, with a broad intermediate ground lying in between. The lack of unanimity concerning Nietzsche's political thought is troubling as Nietzsche had a profound impact upon most contemporary political thinkers and has helped to shape postmodern thought This project is designed to remedy a serious omission in the political literature on Nietzsche. The ambiguity regarding Nietzsche's political thought is largely an artifact of the strategies and presuppositions of the interpreters of his texts rattier than an accurate representation of Nietzsche's political reflections. This project will demonstrate that Nietzsche's political thought is not as fragmented and contradictory as the literature suggests. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Rather, Nietzsche's political and social thought is relatively coherent and follows from his epistemological and ontological project The misunderstanding of Nietzsche's political thought is largely due to the stubborn neglect by political theorists of Nietzsche's major work,Thus Spoke Zarathustra. This project will demonstrate that Zarathustra is Nietzsche's most important contribution to political thought and provides the key for interpretation of Nietzsche's thought as a whole. It is only inZarathustra that Nietzsche, freed from the constraint of conventional philosophical discourse, is able to discuss his own very unconventional theories of philosophical anthropology and the creation of the individual self. It will be shown that Zarathustra bridges Nietzsche's early praise of Homeric societies and the mediating force of tragedy with his later discussions of the transmuted self and the ethic of resistance to societal norms and institutions. Without referring to Zarathustra, it is ultimately impossible to understand Nietzsche in any but a fragmented and superficial fashion. Furthermore, by concentrating onZarathustra, it is possible to examine Nietzsche at his
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