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Geologi Kedah Utara Dan Perlis

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Geologi Kedah Utara Dan Perlis STAG2022 Stratigrafi Malaysia Stratigrafi Semenanjung Malaysia Geologi Kedah Utara - Perlis Stratigrafi Nama unit Usia Alluvium Resen-Pleistosen Lapisan Arang Bukit Arang Tertiar (?Miosen) Lapisan Saiong Jura-Kapur ? Formasi Chuping (Formasi Kodiang) Perm Tengah – Trias Awal Formasi Semanggol Formasi Kubang Pasu Devon, Karbon & Perm Awal (mungkin sampai Trias di Kedah Utara) Formasi Setul Ordovisi-Devon Awal Formasi Machinchang Kambrias Akhir FORMASI SETUL Pengenalan Formasi Setul merupakan formasi batuan karbonat yang tertua di Semenanjung Malaysia. Formasi batuan yang berusia Ordovisi hingga Devoni Awal ni terdiri daripada batu kapur tidak tulen yang bercampur dengan lumpur dalam amaun yang agak tinggi, batu kapur berdolomit dan dua ahli gersik yang terdiri daripada perlapisan syal, batu lumpur kaya silika, batu lodak dan sedikit rijang. Pemendapan sedimen telah berlaku di dalam sekitaran pelantar laut cetek di dalam keadaan iklim yang lebih dingin daripada sekarang yang ditunjukkan oleh kehadiran fosil-fosil yang mirip kepada fauna beriklim sedemikian. FORMASI KUBANG PASU Pengenalan Formasi Kubang Pasu tersingkap di kawasan Kedah, dan terdiri daripada selang lapis batuan syal, batu lodak dan juga batu pasir. Selain itu terdapat juga sedikit lapisan rijang yang berpelapisan nipis, terutamanya di bahagian bawah jujukan. Bahagian atas jujukan formasi ini terdapat suatu fasies perantaraan yang terdiri daripada lapisan klastik dan lapisan berkapur (termasuk batu kapur nipis). Formasi Kubang Pasu adalah setara dengan Formasi Singa yang tersingkap di Kepulauan Langkawi. Perlapisan batu pasir yang dominan dan terdiri daripada batu pasir kuarza dan batu pasir kaya feldsfar yang terdapat dalam Formasi Kubang Pasu merupakan perbezaan yang agak nyata antara Formasi Kubang Pasu dengan Formasi Singa. FORMASI KUBANG PASU Taburan FORMASI KUBANG PASU Litologi Formasi Kubang Pasu terdiri daripada syal, batu lodak dan batu pasir. Terdapat juga sedikit lapisan nipis rijang. Batuan arenit kebanyakannya mempunyai isihan buruk seperti batuan grewak dan juga boleh terdiri daripada arkos dan sub-arkos (Yap, 1991). Batuan berargilit terdiri daripada syal yang mempunyai pelbagai warna, daripada kelabu gelap, kelabu, kemerahan hingga keperangan. Laminasi dalam syal adalah jelas. Selain syal, terdapat juga batu lodak. Di bahagian timur laut Perlis, Yap (1991) membahagikan jujukan Formasi Kubang Pasu kepada tiga fasies; 3 - Fasies perantaraan (“passage beds”) 2 - Fasies batu pasir dominan 1 - Fasies batuan argilit FORMASI KUBANG PASU Stratigrafi Formasi Kubang Pasu menindih batuan Formasi Setul di Perlis, dan menindih Formasi Mahang di bahagian selatan (Kedah). Formasi Kubang Pasu menindih Formasi Setul secara selaras (Zaiton & Basir, 1999). Sempadan bawah Formasi Kubang Pasu ini boleh dijumpai di Gunung Utan Aji, dan juga di Wang Tangga, Perlis. Jones (1981) juga mencadangkan sempadan tidak selaras antara Formasi Setul dan Formasi Kubang Pasu. Formasi Kubang Pasu menindih Formasi Mahang secara selaras (Hutchison, 1989). Hubungan antara Formasi Mahang dan Formasi Kubang Pasu ini boleh diperhatikan di Bukit Jabi, Bukit Kerangan, Ladang Cheong Chong Kaw dan Kampong Panchor. Kedua-dua formasi ini dipisahkan oleh sesar sungkup sehinggakan dapat dicerap jujukan batuan Formasi Mahang menindih Formasi Kubang Pasu (Zaiton & Basir (1999). FORMASI KUBANG PASU Stratigrafi FORMASI KUBANG PASU Stratigrafi Di Perlis, Formasi Kubang Pasu ditindih secara selaras oleh Batu Kapur Chuping yang terdiri daripada jujukan batuan karbonat, manakala di Kedah pula Formasi Kubang Pasu ditindih secara selaras oleh Formasi Semanggol (Basir Jasin, 1999). FORMASI KUBANG PASU Usia Bahagian dasar atau bawah jujukan batuan Formasi Kubang Pasu di Gunung Utan Aji terdiri daripada batu lumpur kelabu dan kemerahan, batu di dalamnya mengandungi fosil Posidonia perlisensis dan tribobit Cyrtosymbole yang mencadangkan usia Devon atas atau Awal Karbon. Kekanta rijang yang terdapat di bahagian tengah Perlis mengandungi fusulina konnoi yang berusia Moscovian (Karbon Tengah) (Scrivenor, 1926). Basir Jasin (1995) menemui fosil radiolaria dalam lapisan rijang di Bukit Beringin dan Bukit Telaga Jatoh berhampiran pekan Pokok Sena. Lapisan rijang ini terletak di bahagian bawah jujukan Formasi Kubang Pasu, iaitu terletak di atas lapisan syal yang kaya dengan Posidonia. Fosil radiolari Entactinia variospina dan Callella sp. mencadangkan usia Karbon Awal untuk Formasi Kubang Pasu. Bahagian atas jujukan formasi ini terdiri daripada lapisan perantaraan (“passage beds”) yang terdiri daripada perlapisan nipis batu kapur dan batuan klastik. Dalam lapisan perantaraan ini terdapat banyak fosil fusulinid, karang, brakiopod dan briozoa. Fosil brachiopoda Cancrinella sp. dan Micraphella sp., bivalvia Schizodus sp. dan Eoschizodus sp., briozoa Fistulipora sp. dan Fenestella sp. Serta fosil mikri seperti Monodiexodina sp. dan Lunucammina sp. Yang ditemui dalam fasies perantaraan (“passage beds”) mencadangkan usia atas untuk Formasi Kubang Pasu ialah akhir Perm Awal (Arkinskian) (Yap, 1991). FORMASI KUBANG PASU Sekitaran endapan Formasi Kubang Pasu yang terdapat di Perlis telah terbentuk atau terendap di sekitaran lautan. Fasies batuan argilit yang terdiri daripada selang lapis batu lodak dominan dengan batu lumpur, serta sedikit batu pasir ditafsirkan diendapkan dalam pelantar benua bahagian luar berhampiran dengan cerun benua. Lapisan rijang banyak terdapat di bahagian bawah jujukan Formasi Kubang Pasu ini, dan menurut Basir Jasin (1999), rijang ini terbentuk atau terendap di sekitaran tepian benua (continental margin). Kemudian, fasies kedua, iaitu batu pasir dominan, berlapis dengan syal serta lodak ditafsirkan terendap di sekitaran pelantar benua bahagian dalam berhampiran zon neritik, yang secara relatifnya lebih cetek berbanding fasies pertama tadi. Fasies atau lapisan perantaraan (passage beds) pula ditafsirkan mewakili pengendapan yang berlaku di kawasan lebih cetek, iaitu di antara zon pasang-surut dengan zon neritik. Turun naik kadar pemendapan sedimen detrital ini menyebabkan terbentuknya fasies perantaraan, dan apabila tiada lagi sedimen detrital, maka terbentuklah batu kapur Formasi Chuping. Secara keseluruhannya, proses maraan atau regresi yang berlaku semasa pengendapan Formasi Kubang Pasu menyebabkan terbentuknya jujukan mengkasar dan mencetek ke atas. FORMASI SEMANGGOL Pengenalan Nama Formasi Semanggol digunakan sempena dengan nama Gunung Semanggol yang terdapat di kawaasan Taiping, Perak. Nama ini mula digunakan sejak 1959 oleh Alexander, dan Burton (1965) mengkorelasikan jujukan di kawasan Gunung Semanggol ini dengan jujukan yang terdapat di selatan dan tengah Kedah. Lokaliti tip untuk formasi ini tidak diberikan dengan jelas, tetapi Burton (1973) mencadangkan lokaliti tip ini di Bukit Merah, yang terletak di utara Gunung Semanggol. FORMASI SEMANGGOL Taburan Formasi Semanggol pada mulanya diperkenalkan untuk batuan klastik yang berusia Trias Tengah-Akhir, yang terdapat di kawasan barat laut Semenanjung Malaysia. Formasi Semanggol tersebar di tiga kawasan utama, iaitu; - kawasan utara Perak, di sekitar Gunung Semanggol, dimana Formasi Semanggol ini mula diperkenalkan - kawasan selatan Kedah, di sekitar Kuala Ketil – Tawar - kawasan utara-tengah Kedah iaitu di kawasan Kuala Nerang hingga Pedu. Taburan Sesar dipercayai telah menyebabkan batuan lembangan pengendapan Semanggol menjadi tiga bahagian. FORMASI SEMANGGOL Litologi Formasi Semanggol terdiri daripada jujukan batuan klastik yang berusia Trias semasa ianya mula diperkenalkan. Jujukan yang seusia dengannya tetapi terdiri daripada batuan karbonat dikenali sebagai Batu Kapur Kodiang. Batuan utama yang terdapat dalam Formasi Semanggol boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga unit atau fasies; -Fasies rijang - yang terdiri daripada batuan rijang berlapis. Di antara lapisan rijang ini, terdapat lapisan nipis beberapa mm batuan syal. -Fasies berirama yang merupakan selang lapis antara lapisan batu pasir, batu lodak dan syal. Dalam fasies ini terdapat juga lapisan konglomerat. -Fasies konglomerat yang terdiri daripada batu konglomerat yang dominan, berlapis dengan lapisan batu pasir serta syal. Sejak akhir-akhir ini, ditemui unit atau fasies batu kapur dalam jujukan Formasi Semanggol. FORMASI SEMANGGOL FORMASI SEMANGGOL FORMASI SEMANGGOL FORMASI SEMANGGOL FORMASI SEMANGGOL Usia Formasi Semanggol mengandungi banyak fosil. Kebanyakan fosil ditemui dalam fasies berirama, dan juga rijang. Pada peringkat awal (tahun-tahun 1970 dan 1980’an), fosil yang ditemui menunjukan usia Trias Tengah-Akhir. Antara fosil yang banyak ditemui ialah daripada jenis Halobia, Posidonia, Daonella serta ammonid. Kesemua fosil ini mencadangkan usia Trias Tengah-Akhir. Sekarang ini, dalam batuan rijang ditemui banyak fosil radiolaria. Selain daripada radiolaria Trias, dilaporkan juga terdapat fosil radiolaria yang berusia Perm. Jadi sekarang ini, usia Formasi Semanggol bermula daripada Perm hingga Trias Akhir, iaitu setara dengan usia Formasi Chuping. FORMASI SEMANGGOL Stratigrafi FORMASI SEMANGGOL Sekitaran endapan Pengendapan berlaku di bawah pengaruh graviti, antaranya dengan cara aliran debris dan aliran turbidit. Aliran graviti ini menyebabkan terbentuknya sedimen atau fasies yang mempunyai asingan buruk, dan lapisan yang menunjukkan lapisan bergred (jujukan Bouma). Fasies sebegini selalunya terbentuk di sekitaran yang bercerun, biasanya di kipas laut dalam. Fasies rijang yang mengandungi radiolaria jelas mencadangkan pengendapan berlaku di sekitaran laut dalam. Fosil yang ditemui
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