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OPERA IN THE AGE OF ROUSSEAU (Cambridge University Press, 2012) ARCHIVE OF FRENCH SOURCES Chapter and page English translations French of book; source of as found in the main book text French materials. Spellings conform to sources, without editorial intervention. Quotations from a source are sometimes expanded where the (Page-references below latter underpins the book’s main text but was not quoted should be preferred to directly; and sentences have sometimes been added where the those in the book, where source throws extra light on relevant matters discussed either any differences occur.) © David Charlton at the point of citation or elsewhere in the book. Epigraphs, p. [xxii]: ‘In London, Milord, one speaks only of Vous ne parlez à Londres, Milord, que de l’ordre ‘Lettres d’un public order, European interests, the public, des intérêts de l’Europe, du commerce des Anglois’, commerce of nations. In Paris we speak only Nations. Nous ne parlons à Paris que de l’Opéra, & de Observations sur la of the Opéra and the playhouse. The la Comédie. Ici le Gouvernement semble ne regarder littérature moderne, Government here apparently regards them as ces objets que comme un pur amusement, & ce sont les III (Amsterdam, pure amusement, and these are the only seuls qu’il abandonne à la critique & aux raisonnemens 1750), 208. things that it gives over to the criticism and des François. Ce sont aussi les seuls qui peuvent les reasoned arguments of French persons. fraper; ils les ont toujours sous les yeux, ils s’en These are also the only things that can croyent les souverains arbitres, ils y décident, ils y energise them: they inspect them constantly, commandent, & leurs Jugemens sont des Arrêts. Toutes think themselves arbitrary rulers over them, les autres matieres sont hors de leur portée. make judgements about them, command them – and their decisions serve as orders. All other subjects are kept out of reach.’ Denis Diderot, Eloge de ‘What is virtue? It is […] an act of self- Qu’est-ce que la vertu? C’est, sous quelque face qu’on Richardson, sacrifice.’ la considère, un sacrifice de soi-même. DiderotOE, 31. Ch.1, p. 4: ‘At any given moment the authorities (27) A chaque instant, l’autorité intervient dans les LagraveTP, 27, 31, intervened in the theatres’ activities, activités des théâtres, d’une manière parfois tâtillonne; 38. sometimes to a pernickety degree; this cette surveillance constante se traduit par une quantité constant surveillance translated into d’ordres et de contr’ordres, aboutissant à une numerous orders and counter-commands, réglementation très étroite […]. Tout manquement à la resulting in very narrow regulation […]. règle est puni; les règlements prévoient, pour chaque Every breach of the rules was punished; the faute, une sanction, notamment sous forme d’amendes regulations provided for a sanction for every plus ou moins fortes. fault, notably through various fines. […]’ (31) En dix-huit articles, le règlement [de 1713] institue un fonds de 15,000 livres pour être distribué en gratifications et un autre fonds pour la caisse des pensions […]. (38) Bien qu’elles fussent quelque peu réduites en 1728, les pensions annuelles continuèrent à peser lourdement sur le budget de l’Opéra […]. Ch.1, p. 4: ‘The court! In that word is all the evil’, La cour, la cour, la cour! Dans ce mot est tout le mal. D’ArgensonJ, VI, wrote the liberal-aristocratic René-Louis La cour est devenue le seul sénat de la nation, le 321–22 (27 Dec. d’Argenson: it prevents reform, it corrupts moindre valet de Versailles est sénateur, les femmes de 1750). the armed forces by favouritism, it short- chambre ont part au gouvernement, si ce n’est pour circuits merit, authority and experience in ordonner, c’est du moins pour empêcher les lois et les ministers, and ‘It prevents the king from règles, et, à force d’empêcher, il n’y a plus ni lois, ni ruling and relocating in himself the virtues ordres, ni ordonnateurs. A plus forte raison quand il that he has.’ s’agirait de réformation dans l’Etat, quand la réforme serait si nécessaire, tout ministre tremble devant un valet, et combien cela est-il plus vrai quand une favorite a grande crédit, quand le monarque est facile et trop bon pour ce qui l’entoure! […] La cour corrompt l’état militaire de terre et de mer par des promotions de faveur, et empêche que les officiers ne s’élèvent au généralat par la bonne conduite et l’émulation. La cour empêche le mérite, l’autorité et la permanence aux ministres et à ceux qui travaillent sous eux aux affaires d’Etat. La cour corrompt les mœurs, elle prêche aux jeunes gens qui entrent dans leur carrière l’intrigue et la vénalité, au lieu de l’émulation par la vertu et le travail; elle casse le col au mérite dès qu’il se présente. Elle nous appauvrit de sorte que bientôt les financiers même n’auront plus d’argent. Elle empêche enfin le roi de régner et de retrouver en lui les vertus qu’il a. Ch.1, p. 4: ibid., VII, ‘The French people is […] aroused against Le peuple de France n’est pas seulement déchaîné 51 (18 Dec. 1751). royalty’, partly thanks to the intellectuals contre la royauté; la philosophie et presque tous les and wits, partly thanks to ‘this wind of anti- gens d’étude & de bel esprit se déchaînent contre notre monarchism and anti-religion blown across sainte religion […]. Ce vent d’anti-monarchisme & from England’. d’anti-révélation nous a soufflé d’Angleterre […]. Ch.1, p. 5: ibid., ‘Opinions concerning “the nation” are Les opinions nationales prévalent & peuvent mener VIII, 315 (26 June prevalent and might take us a long way. loin. L’on observe que jamais l’on n’avait répété les 1754). Never before have the nouns “nation” and noms de nation et d’état comme aujourd’hui: ces deux “state” been so much spoken: these two noms ne se prononçaient jamais sous Louis XIV […]. words were never uttered under Louis XIV’. Ch.1, p. 7: Arrêt du ‘His Majesty, in considering that the surest Sa Ma[jesté] mettant encore en consideration que le Conseil du Roi, 18 means of sustaining this company is to plus sur moyen de soutenir ce spectacle est de pourvoir Mar. 1744, AN provide rewards for those soloists who most aux recompenses des acteurs et actrices qui se E.2226, doc. 108, fo distinguish themselves by their assiduity, distingueront le plus par leur assiduité, par leurs talens, [4]. talents and good conduct, has ordered that an et par leur bonne conduite, sa Ma[jesté] a ordonné qu’il annual sum of 6000 livres be distributed […] sera destiné annuellement une somme de six mil livres each year at the closure of the theatre’. pour etre distribuée aux d[its] acteurs et actrices suivant l’état qui en sera arreté chaque année a la cloture du Theatre […]. Ch.1, p. 7: Mercure, ‘The King has wished to present a Festivity Le Roi voulant donner à Madame la Dauphine une fête Feb./2, 1745, 84ff, to Mme la Dauphine which was not simply qui ne fut pas seulement un de ces Spectacles pour les derived from the like those feasts for the eyes such as any yeux, tel que toutes les Nations peuvent les donner, & ‘Avertissement’ to nation might put on, which are over straight qui passent avec l’éclat qui les accompagne ne laissant La Princesse de away and leave no trace behind: he ordered après eux aucune trace, avoit commandé un Spectacle Navarre. an Entertainment which could qui put à la fois servir d’amusement à la Cour, & simultaneously amuse the Court and serve as d’encouragement aux Beaux Arts, dont il sçait que la an encouragement to the Fine Arts, knowing culture contribuë à la gloire de son Royaume. […] Il a that their cultivation adds to the glory of his fait élever un Théâtre de cinquante six pieds de Kingdom […]. He has had a theatre built in profondeur dans le grand Manège de Versailles. the great riding-stable [Grande Ecurie] at Versailles measuring 56 feet deep.’ Ch.1, p. 7: ‘a [new] phase in French theatre […] une étape dans l’architecture théâtrale en France. SouchalS, 458–62. architecture’. Ch.1, p. 6: FavartM, Even ‘a fairy palace in a tale would give you La cour de France donne à Versailles des spectacles III, 28, dated ‘1745’. only a slight idea of it.’ […] dans une nouvelle salle dont les palais des fées de nos contes ne te donneroient qu’une légère idée. Ch.1, p. 11: ‘all performers surpassed themselves and Les Chœurs & tous les Concertans se surpasserent, & Mercure, May 1742, drew the applause of the Queen and the s’attirerent les aplaudissemens de S.M. & de toute la 1255. whole court’. Cour. Ch.1, p. 11: ‘The Queen, the Dauphin, the princesses, La Reine, Monseigneur le Dauphin & Mesdames, Mercure, Dec. 1744, accompanied by over sixty lords and ladies accompagnés de plus de soixante Dames, des 167. of the court and foreign ministers entered the Seigneurs de la Cour & des Ministres étrangers se great apartments [at Versailles] for the rendirent dans les grands appartements pour le Concert; concert. Les Amours de Zéphire et de Flore on y exécuta les Amours de Zéphire & de Flore. was performed’. Ch.1, p. 18: RGMP ‘One could hardly have acted with more art, On ne pouvait guère jouer avec plus d’art, chanter avec 12 (1845) issue 39 sung with more taste, or moved and posed in plus de goût, marcher et poser d’un meilleur air.
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