Time Limit at the Minimum Velocity Corresponding to Characterisation
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Time limit at the minimum velocity corresponding to V & O 2 max : characterisation and determinant factors A study conducted in swimmers with different competitive levels and gender Tese apresentada às provas de Doutoramento no ramo das Ciências do Desporto, nos termos do Decreto-Lei n.º 216/92, de 13 de Outubro, orientada pelo Professor Doutor João Paulo Vilas-Boas Presentation of Doctoral Thesis in Sport Sciences according to the Decree-Law nº 216/92, of 13 of October, under the supervision of Professor Doutor João Paulo Vilas-Boas Ricardo Jorge Pinto Fernandes Porto, 2006 Fernandes, Ricardo J. P. (2006). Time limit at the minimum velocity corresponding to V& O2max characterisation and determinant factors. A study conducted in swimmers with different competitive levels and gender. Doctoral Thesis in Sport Sciences according to the Decree-Law nº 216/92, of 13 of October. University of Porto, Faculty of Sport. KEY WORDS: SWIMMING, TIME LIMIT, ENERGY COST, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS, STROKING PARAMETERS PALAVRAS CHAVE: NATAÇÃO, TEMPO LIMITE, CUSTO ENERGÉTICO, CONSUMO DE OXIGÉNIO, LACTATEMIA, PARÂMETROS BIOMECÂNICOS GERAIS Acknowledgments At this point, I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to all that have supported me on the process of elaboration of this Doctoral Thesis. First, I would like to deeply acknowledge the University of Porto, in particular to the Faculty of Sport, for enabling me to get a PhD and to give me all the facilities and means to proceed with all the implicit tasks of a work of this nature. In particular, I have to thank Prof. Dr. João Paulo Vilas-Boas, who gave me the honour of been my promoter. This Thesis was completed under his guidance and the PhD design was made following his suggestions. I wish to express my personal admiration for Professor João Paulo work and for being one of the major European swimming personalities. I also want to thank him for the entire support trough my academic career. Next, I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Dr. Véronique Billat. Being a great stimulator of the “time to exhaustion” topic of research, Professor Véronique gave specific suggestions and ideas for some of the experiments that followed. Her advice was very important for me. I owe warm thanks for the contribution of Prof. Dr. Kari Keskinen. His generous help being in Porto for the several days of physiological and biomechanical evaluations of the Portuguese National Swimming Team was invaluable. Professor Keskinen, with his professionalism, but also with his friendship, inspired me, and gave me strength to fulfil this objective. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. José Soares, from the Biology Department of our Faculty, for his cooperation in borrowing the Sensormedisc 2900 oximeter, the YSI1500LSport auto-analyser and the Polar cardiofrequencimeters. Also, I would like to express appreciation for the invaluable discussions had with Prof. Dr. José Alberto Duarte, from the Biochemistry Department and Prof. Dr. Paulo Santos, Prof. Dr. José Magalhães and Prof. Dr. António Ascensão, from the Biology Department of our Faculty. Additionally, I’m very grateful to them for their help in some experimental proceedings and in revising some manuscripts. I want to thank Prof. Dr. Tiago Barbosa, Prof. Dr. António Barroso Lima and MSc Paulo Colaço, my earlier fellows of graduate studies, for their participation in experimental procedures, technical support and friendship. A warm thanks also to MSc Carla Cardoso that accompany me along this journey. I also want to thank To MSc Susana Soares, for her help in collecting capillary blood, for the statistical expertise and for all her collaboration in the day-to-day routine tasks in the Swimming Department. I also owe MSc Carla Carmo a warm thank you for all her friendship and for being a very important member of the Swimming Department of our Faculty. Special thanks go also for the members of the Biomechanics Department of FADEUP, namely Prof. Dr. Leandro Machado and Eng. Pedro Gonçalves for all their help in solving the emerging “natural” problems, and to MSc Filipa Machado for her friendship. Thanks to Dr. João Carvalho for his comradeship, interesting ideas and his commitment to “our” Faculty. Thanks to Mr Rui Biscaia and Mr Fernando Teixeira for their help with the swimming-pool experimental equipment. Thanks to all my students of Methodology I - Swimming, that actively participated in the experimental proceedings. Special thanks to the swimmers, and their coaches, who participated in these studies, for their time, commitment and enthusiasm. I want to express also my recognition to Prof. Dr. Francisco Alves and MSc Paulo Cunha, from the Portuguese Swimming Federation, for their cooperation. My personal recognition to Paulo Cunha and to Luís Cardoso. A warm thanks to my swimmers. During all my academic carer I have never stopped being a coach. My swimmers are also one of the reasons I started, and finished, this Thesis. Complementarily, I wish to thank my earlier assistance coaches, especially MSc Ana Querido, for their professionalism understanding and friendship. Very special thanks for my true friends: Paulo, Toni, Filipe, Tiago, Susana, Sandra (we all miss you), Pedro, João, Zé and André David. Thanks to Sónia, for her help in revising the manuscript, and for being herself. This work is also yours. All my gratitude I express to my family, namely to Bárbara, in her innocence, for the future that I see in her eyes. This Thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred in the text by their Arabic and Roman numerals, respectively: 1. Fernandes, R.; Billat, V.; Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2003). Time limit at v V& O2max and V& O2max slow component in swimming. A pilot study in university students. In J.-C. Chatard (Ed.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX (pp. 331- 336). Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne: France. 2. Fernandes, R.J.; Cardoso, C.S.; Soares, S.M.; Ascensão, A.A.; Colaço, P.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2003). Time limit and V& O2 slow component at intensities corresponding to V& O2max in swimmers. Int. J. Sports Med. , 24, 576-81. 3. Fernandes, R.J.; Billat, V.L.; Cruz, A.C.; Colaço, P.J.; Cardoso, C.S.; Vilas- Boas, J.P. Does net energy cost of swimming affect time to exhaustion at the individual’s maximal oxygen consumption velocity? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. (in press). 4. Fernandes, R.J., Billat, V.L., Cruz, A.C., Colaço, P.J., Cardoso, C.S., Vilas- Boas, J.P. (2005). Has gender any effect on the relationship between time limit at V& O2max velocity and swimming economy? J. Hum. Movement Stud. , 49, 127-148. 5. Fernandes, R.J.; Marinho, D.A.; Barbosa, T.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2006). Is time limit at the minimum swimming velocity of V& O2max influenced by stroking parameters? Percept. Mot. Skills , 103, 67-75. 6. Fernandes, R.J.; Keskinen, K.L., Colaço, P.J.; Querido, A.J.; Machado, L.J.; Morais, P:A.; Novais, D.Q.; Marinho, D.A.;Vilas-Boas, J.P. Time Limit at V& O2max velocity in elite crawl swimmers. Submitted for publication to Int. J. Sports Med. 7. Fernandes, R.J.; Cardoso, C.S.; Silva, J. A.; Vilar, S. O.; Colaço, P.J.; Barbosa, T.M.; Keskinen, K.L.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2006). Assessment of time limit at lowest speed corresponding to maximal oxygen consumption in the four competitive swimming strokes. In J.P. Vilas-Boas; F. Alves; A. Marques (Eds), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences , 6(2), 128-130. ------------------- I. Barbosa, T.M.; Fernandes, R.; Keskinen, K.L.; Colaço, P.J.; Cardoso, C.S.; Silva, J.A.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2006). Evaluation of the energy expenditure in competitive swimming strokes. Int. J. Sports Med. , first on-line April 11. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923776. II. Cardoso, C.; Fernandes, R.; Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2003). Comparison of continuous and intermittent incremental protocols for direct V& O2max assessment. In J.-C. Chatard (Edt.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX (pp. 313-318). Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne: France. III. Marinho, D.A.; Vilas-Boas, J.P.; Keskinen, K.L.; Rodríguez, F.A.; Soares, S.M.; Carmo, C.M.; Vilar, S.O.; Fernandes, R.J. Behaviour of the kinematic parameters during a time to exhaustion test at V& O2max in elite swimmers. J. Hum. Movement Stud. (in press) IV. Fernandes, R.; Almeida, M.; Morais, P.; Machado, L.; Soares, S.; Ascensão, A.; Colaço, P.; Morouço, P.; Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2005). Individual anaerobic threshold assessment in a swimming incremental test for V& O2max evaluation. In N. Dikic, S. Zivanic, S. Ostojic, Z. Tornjanski (Eds.), Abstract Book of the 10 th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science (pp. 266). Belgrade, Serbia. V. Machado, L.; Almeida, M.; Morais, P.; Fernandes, R.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2006). Assessing the individual anaerobic threshold: the mathematical model. In J.P. Vilas-Boas; F. Alves; A. Marques (Eds), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences , 6(2), 142-144. VI. Querido, A.; Machado, L.; Keskinen, K.; Vilar, S.; Cardoso, C.; Cruz, A; Vilas- Boas, J. P.; Fernandes, R. (2006). Comparison between different methods for the assessment of the V& O2 slow component of front crawl swimmers. In J.P. Vilas-Boas; F. Alves; A. Marques (Eds), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences , 6(2), 165-167. Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction. 1 Chapter 2 Time limit at v V& O2max and V& O2max slow component in 11 swimming. A pilot study in university students. Chapter 3 Time limit and V& O2 slow component at intensities 21 corresponding to V& O2max in swimmers.