WOMEN IN OCEANOGRAPHY An Experiment in Institutional Transformation THE NSF ADVANCE PROGRAM FOR WOMEN AT THE EARTH INSTITUTE AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BY ROBIN BELL, JENNIFER LAIRD, STEPHANIE PFIRMAN, JOHN MUTTER, ROBERTA BALSTAD, AND MARK CANE Following the Civil War, women in New economic importance of the common companions turned the estate house York City began to clamor for advanced mineral found in building stones: The into a geochemistry laboratory and the education at Columbia University. Al- relative effects of frost and the sulphate swimming pool into a seismic vault, a though the professors of the classics felt soda tests on building stones.” In 1929, small group of women—including re- that women in the classroom were a Katharine Fowler was the fi rst woman to nowned oceanographic cartographer distraction, women were welcomed into receive her Ph.D. from Columbia Uni- Marie Tharp—were fi nding their niche geology, physics, and chemistry classes versity based on major geological fi eld- at the Observatory. Women are promi- (Rosenberg, 2004). For almost thirty work studying anorthosites in Laramie, nent in the early photographs, but their years, women learned, side by side with Wyoming. She conducted two summers men, in geology classes until the School of fi eldwork with only a pistol and a dog Robin Bell (
[email protected]) is of Engineering—then one of the largest as her fi eld assistants (Figure 1); no man Senior Research Scientist, Lamont-Doherty schools at Columbia University—deter- would accompany her to the fi eld. Fowl- Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA. mined that it was improper for women er later went on to map Sierra Leone and Jennifer Laird is ADVANCE Coordina- and men to conduct fi eldwork together.