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Moruroa, La Bombe Et Nous a Été Conçu Par L a D É L É G a Ti O N P O U R Le Suivi Des Conséquences Des Essais Nucléaires

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Moruroa, La Bombe Et Nous a Été Conçu Par L a D É L É G a Ti O N P O U R Le Suivi Des Conséquences Des Essais Nucléaires Bruno BARRILLOT Heinui LE CAILL DSCEN Délégation pour le suivi des conséquences des essais nucléaires “Dans le monde tel qu’il devient, Tahiti jusqu’à présent lointaine, isolée au milieu des mers, Tahiti tout à coup voit s’ouvrir un rôle important, un rôle nouveau sur le globe terrestre (...) Tahiti peut être demain un refuge et un centre d’action pour la civilisation toute entière.” Général de Gaulle à Papeete, 1956 SOMMAIRE p.2 Hiroshima, 1945 p.4 Les essais nucléaires français p.6 Les chantiers du CEP p.8 Le CEP dans les îles p.10 Le 2 juillet 1966, une bombe comment ça marche ? p.16 Le courageux discours du député John Teariki p.18 Histoire de Tureia (1967 – 1968) p.22 La contestation p.24 Bouleversement économique et social de la Polynésie p.26 Les essais souterrains à Moruroa p.28 1995 : La reprise des essais Hiroshima, 1945 Dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, de grands savants, comme Albert Einstein, Pierre et Marie Curie découvrent la radioactivité et ses applications. Au cours de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les États-Unis mettent en place un grand programme secret pour transformer l’énorme puissance explosive de l’atome en arme de guerre. Des milliers de scientifiques et de militaires furent engagés dans le cadre du « Manhattan Project » pour mettre au point la bombe atomique. Albert Einstein Pierre et Marie Curie 2 En 1945, pour mettre un terme à la guerre contre le Japon, le prési- dent américain Harry Truman décida de larguer une première bombe atomique nommée « Little Boy » sur la ville d’Hiroshima le 6 août et une seconde nommée « Fat Man » sur la ville de Nagasaki le 9 août. En quelques minutes, 140 000 êtres humains périrent à Hiroshima et près de 90 000 à Nagasaki. Les conséquences de ces bombardements se poursuivent encore aujourd’hui : des milliers de survivants sont morts par la suite ou ont été atteints de graves maladies à cause des radiations* provoquées par l’explosion de ces bombes. Bombardement atomique du 6 août 1945 de la ville d’Hiroshima Chaque année la ville d’Hiroshima organise le 6 août la cérémonie des lanternes en mémoire des victimes de la bombe atomique. 3 > *Radiation : propagation de l’énergie à partir d’une source rayonnante Les essais nucléaires français Dès 1945, en créant le Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA), le général de Gaulle avait compris que la bombe atomique placerait la France parmi les grandes puissances de la planète. Peu après son retour au pouvoir comme président de la Cinquième République en mai 1958, le général de Gaulle confirma la mise en place du pro- gramme d’armement nucléaire de la France. Entre 1960 et 1966, la France fit exploser dans l’atmosphère quatre bombes atomiques à Reggane dans le centre du Sahara, puis 13 essais souterrains dans la montagne du Tan Afela au nord du massif du Hoggar dans le sud saharien. En 1962, lors des négociations pour l’indépendance de l’Algérie, la France obtint de continuer ses essais nucléaires au Sahara en attendant la construction du nouveau site d’essais en Polynésie française. Le 6 février 1964, la Commission permanente de l’Assemblée terri- toriale de la Polynésie française décide de donner gratuitement à la France les deux atolls de Moruroa et de Fangataufa pour effectuer ses expériences nucléaires. Désormais, de grands travaux dans les îles allaient commencer. 4 Reggane, Sahara Tan Afela, Sahara Essai atomique aérien 1960 Essai atomique souterrain 1962 La bombe explosait La bombe explosait au sommet d’une tour. dans la montagne. À Tureia, l’atoll le plus proche de Moruroa qui compte près de 80 habitants, on n’a jamais vu autant de popa’a. Des légionnaires construisent un grand village appelé « base vie » derrière le cimetière. De l’autre côté du village d’Hakamaru, ils montent une station météo avec une tour métallique et quelques bâtiments. Les enfants sont ravis tandis que les adultes du village donnent un coup de main aux militaires et échangent langoustes, coquillages et poissons du lagon contre des caisses de bière et autres produits alimentaires jusque là inconnus à Tureia. 5 Les chantiers du CEP À partir de 1964, de gigantesques travaux sont engagés à Moruroa, Fangataufa et Hao pour les besoins du Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique. Les cocoteraies sont rasées, trois pistes d’aviation, des installations portuaires et des routes sont construites, d’énormes blockhaus* de béton vont bientôt s’élever au bord des lagons de Moruroa et de Fangataufa. À Hao, des laboratoires, des hangars, des centaines de logements sont installés encadrant le petit village d’Otepa. Des dizaines de cargos accostent près des atolls, déversant des tonnes et des tonnes de ciment et de matériaux de toutes sortes. Depuis l’ins- tallation de la base militaire américaine de Bora Bora en 1942 et la construction de la piste d’aviation de Faa’a en 1961, jamais la Polynésie n’avait connu une telle activité. Des centaines de travailleurs polynésiens sont recrutés dans tous les archipels par les agents du CEP et du CEA ou leurs auxiliaires. Des milliers de militaires, de marins, de légionnaires et de jeunes appelés du contingent* participent également à cette immense entreprise. En 1965, on comptait près d’un millier d’entreprises sous-traitantes en Polynésie, toutes au service des chantiers du CEP ou du CEA, sous la direction des plus grandes entreprises de travaux publics de Métropole. > *Contingent : ensemble de jeunes gens appelés au service militaire pour une même année *Blockhaus : fort de protection en béton armé 6 Moruroa Blockhaus Dindon 1964 1965 Difficile de loger tout ce monde quand tout est en chantier sur les atolls de Moruroa et de Fangataufa. Tout le personnel est hébergé dans des « bateaux-base » amarrés à quai près du chantier, à Denise, Dindon, Kathie où se construisent les principales infrastructures du CEP. Pour les travailleurs polynésiens, le changement est complet. Dans les îles, l’agriculture et les activités traditionnelles disparaissent. Tous les hommes sont à Moruroa. Bientôt, c’est l’exode vers Tahiti de familles entières qui s’entasseront par quartiers autour de Faa’a et de Papeete. 7 Le CEP dans les îles Mais l’organisation des essais nucléaires nécessite d’autres installations dans les archipels polynésiens. Dès 1965, aux Gambier, à 400 km à l’ouest de Moruroa, le CEP installe une base militaire et une piste d’aviation sur le récif de Totegegie, face à l’île de Mangareva. Bientôt, les 400 habitants de Mangareva, d’Akamaru et de Taravai seront dépassés par cet afflux de centaines de militaires. Au nord de Moruroa, outre Tureia, des stations météorologiques et des postes de contrôle radiologique sont installés sur les atolls de Reao, Puka- rua, Puka Puka et même jusqu’aux Marquises à Hiva Oa et Nuku Hiva. Au sud, à Rapa principalement mais aussi à Raivavae et Rimatara, d’autres stations météo sont construites. À l’ouest, en direction de Tahiti, le CEP installe une petite base militaire à Tematangi et une équipe de météorologistes civils à Hereheretue. À Tahiti, la Direction des Centres d’Expérimentation Nucléaire installe ses deux directions locales : l’une militaire avec le Commandement Supérieur du CEP à Pirae, l’autre civile avec le Commissariat à l’Éner- gie Atomique à Mahina. À Arue, un immense camp militaire assure l’intendance et l’approvisionnement de toutes les infrastructures du CEP. Au port de Papeete, le chantier naval militaire est renforcé pour permettre l’accueil et la maintenance des centaines de bâtiments de la Marine nationale qui vont désormais naviguer dans les eaux polynésiennes. 8 Stations 1965 météo Sur l’île de Mangareva, le Père Daniel – l’autorité incontestée de l’île – a bien du mal à « protéger » ses ouailles de l’afflux de jeunes militaires qui, depuis Totegegie, accostent par dizaines à l’embarcadère de Rikitea pour faire la fête dans les bars du village. L’alcool et la bière coulent à flots ! La petite station météo du col de Taku s’installe pendant que les militaires terminent la construction du blockhaus de Taku. Puis, un jour de 1966, une immense tente gonflable est installée à proximité de l’embarcadère de Rikitea. Pourquoi ? 9 Le 2 juillet 1966, une bombe comment ça marche… La bombe atomique – la bombe A – repose sur le principe simple : lorsque les petites particules ou « noyaux » des atomes de plutonium ou d’uranium sont cassés en deux parties, ils produisent une très grande chaleur et éjectent des radiations très dangereuses. L’uranium et le plutonium sont les « matières premières » principales de la bombe. Pour casser (les scientifiques disent « fissionner ») les noyaux des atomes, on rapproche brutalement deux demi-sphères de plutonium ou d’uranium au moyen d’explosifs chimiques. Des radiations très violentes se produisent alors et cassent les noyaux des atomes : c’est ce qu’on appelle la « réaction en chaîne » qui, une fois déclenchée, provoque une explosion d’une puissance considérable. L’explosion atomique a trois effets principaux : la production d’une chaleur de plusieurs millions de degrés, un souffle très violent et une onde de choc destructrice et une éjection de radiations mortelles à courte distance mais très nocives pour les êtres vivants et l’environnement à de grandes distances. La bombe H ou – thermonucléaire – repose sur un principe différent : en produisant une chaleur énorme et en compressant fortement des gaz « isotopes » de l’hydrogène, les noyaux de ces gaz « fusionnent » en produisant une chaleur considérable et en éjectant de grandes quantités de radiations. Il n’y a pas de limite à la puissance d’une bombe H. Les militaires se sont intéressés à ces armes dites nucléaires pour une raison bien simple : la seule bombe atomique qui détruisit la ville d’Hiroshima a développé une énergie mille fois supérieure à celle de la plus puissante bombe « conventionnelle » utilisant des explosifs chimiques.
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