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Under a Cloud of Secrecy: the French Nuclear Tests in the Southeastern Pacific Author(S): Bengt Danielsson Reviewed Work(S): Source: Ambio, Vol

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Under a Cloud of Secrecy: the French Nuclear Tests in the Southeastern Pacific Author(S): Bengt Danielsson Reviewed Work(S): Source: Ambio, Vol Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Under a Cloud of Secrecy: The French Nuclear Tests in the Southeastern Pacific Author(s): Bengt Danielsson Reviewed work(s): Source: Ambio, Vol. 13, No. 5/6, The South Pacific (1984), pp. 336-341 Published by: Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4313070 . Accessed: 23/03/2012 00:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Springer and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ambio. http://www.jstor.org in the SoutheasternPacific BY BENGT DANIELSSON The use of the Pacificas a testingground for nuclear weapons is perhapsone of the darkestchapters in the historyof the entireRegion. Before the PartialTest Ban Treatywent into effect in 1963, the US had testedat least 103 nuclearbombs in the Region.After 1963, however, the Americans,British and Sovietsmoved their nucleartesting programs out of the Pacificpermanently. Today, only the French insiston testingtheir nuclear bombs in the Pacific,on two Polynesianislands: Moruroaand Fangataufa.Since 1966 the Frenchhave explodedat least 105 bombs. Thedevastation caused by this testingis a continuingsource of con- troversyin the SouthPacific. But relevant fallout data from all the testshave never been made public by the Frenchgovernment and the actualextent of the contaminationof FrenchPolynesia and its neighborsfrom radioactive fallout remainsunknown. Two Pacific islands have become infamous By this time, France had detonated six Most political, church and civic leaders throughout the world: Bikini and Eniwe- nuclear bombs in the Sahara Desert and in French Polynesia immediately voiced tok. Between 1946 and 1958, 66 atomic was already looking for a new site, since strong fears that any nuclear tests made in bombs (including at least ten H-bombs) Algerian independence was impending. the Tuamotus might, as the American tests were detonated on these two islands, lead- Unavoidably, France followed the Ameri- did in Micronesia, adversely affect the ing to the irradiation of hundreds of Mi- can example and decided to establish a health of the 7 000 people living there. cronesians. But less known are the nuclear new nuclear test base in the Pacific. From These fears were played down by French tests made at two other locations: a political standpoint the choice seemed cabinet ministers, admirals and generals, Johnston Island and Christmas Island. even safer than the American decision to who swore that the French bombs were to Both are located in uninhabited areas of test in the Micronesian Trust Territory- be exploded only when the wind was blow- the Pacific. At Johnston Island, 1100 theoretically under the jurisdiction of the ing from the north, towards the empty kilometers southwest of Hawaii, US Air UN-because France had several colonial- ocean between Polynesia and Antarctica Force planes dropped two H-bombs in type possessions there. Among these in- (2). 1958, and then another ten A- and H- cluded the 80 Tuamotuan atolls in French By the beginning of July 1966, after bombs in 1962. On Christmas Island, the Polynesia. three years of intense preparations, the British detonated their first home-made Moruroa testing base was operational. The H-bomb in May 1957, and during the next first bomb was placed on a barge anchored fifteen months tested six more H-bombs THE BOMBS FALL in the lagoon and detonated. The result and two "ordinary" A-bombs (see Figure The islands eventually chosen were the two was a catastrophe-all the water contained 1). small, uninhabited atolls of Moruroa and in the shallow reef basin was sucked up Then in 1962 the British "loaned" Fangataufa, located in the southeast into the air and then rained down, cover- Christmas Island to the Americans, who corner of the Tuamotu archipelago (Fig- ing all islets with heaps of irradiated fish were then (like the Soviets) rushing to ure 2). No nuclear arms nation had ever and clams, whose slowly rotting flesh con- make the maximum number of atmos- tried the technically very difficult and tinued to stink for weeks (3). pheric tests during the last year of grace therefore costly and dangerous task of The next bomb was therefore dropped before the 1963 PTB (Partial Test Ban) making underground tests in the narrow from an airplane at an altitude of 16 000 treaty came into effect. The "nuclear base of a porous coral island, and the meters, one hundred kilometers south of fireworks" which shook this atoll from French technicians sent out to Polynesia in Moruroa, over the empty ocean. Since April through July 1962, proved to be the 1962 totally excluded this option in favor there was nobody there to make any scien- most concentrated series of tests ever of atmospheric tests. There was one seri- tific records of the experiment, the whole carried out, for not less than 25 bombs, of ous inconvenience, however; Moruroa and exercise was totally worthless. Two days which at least three were H-bombs in the Fangataufa were surrounded to the west, later, an untriggered bomb was exposed to ten megaton range, were detonated (1). north and east by inhabited islands. a "security test" on the ground, which was 336 AMBIO VOL. 13 NO. 54 1-f successfulin as much as it did not go off. U.S. S. R. But on the other hand, the case broke and its plutoniumcontents spilled out over the 0 <>, Ar . reef. In the sanguine hope of containing 'oIt the radiationsubstances, the contaminated la area was covered over with bitumen. All these bizarreexperiments were sim- JAPAN PACIFIC OCEAN U.S.A. ply rehearsalsfor the grand opening bang CHINA of the new Centre d'Experimentation du 0 *S ., Pacifique(CEP for short) which was to be Enewetak .%. Hawaii performedon September 10, 1966, in the MICRONESIA OV li Is.r ana . 0. presence of the godfather of the French lb Bikini I& 4 .- Johnston nuclear striking force, President-General 11.6 --;,,.Marshall"#4 .*. 1. "I" Palmyra ,O-, O.., I..;. Charlesde Gaulle himself. As duringpre- roline 1. I. 0--- ..:.,* Christmas vious tests, all techniciansand troops were ". ..:..- , r, %*.. - evacuatedto another island, while on the , . , *W.. .. 41 i., c". P.. .. t . appointed day de Gaulle embarked on a Samoa t, c,9 Monte Bello , .... FRENCH warship, especially equipped with protec- .. .." ;- 1. .(P-.. -.. , .POLYNESIA tive iron shields and sprinklersfor washing 0't:4'Fiji61'..Tahiti .. - -.. ., AUSTRALIA. Tonga away radioactive dust, which remained /0 close enough to Moruroato allow him to watch the glorious event from the bridge. /ITuamotu This time the bomb, or rather the box Ernu Field Group Mar containingthe 120 kiloton charge,was sus- linga NEW ZEALAND I pended 600 meters above the lagoon, from a blimp, anchoredto the reef. Figure 1. Map of South Pacific showing locations of major test sites for nuclear weapons. ....... :: :::::: -N.:. ... .. .. ... .. ..., .. .. .. 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