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Grammar Overview / Nyelvtani Összefoglaló Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló GRAMMAR OVERVIEW Nyelvtani összefoglaló a MagyarOK c. tankönyv 1. kötetéhez Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 1 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló TABLE OF CONTENTS The vowel harmony p. 3 The verb tenses p. 4 Verb forms in the present tense: Indefinite conjugation p. 5 Verb forms in the present tense: Definite conjugation p. 10 The verb van (lenni): Conjugation, negation, all tenses p. 12 The past tense: Past tense in the first person singular p. 15 Modal verbs I: tud, akar, szeret, szeretne p. 16 Modal verbs II: lehet, kell p. 17 The infinitive p. 18 Prefixes indicating directions p. 19 The article I: The definite article p. 21 The article II: The indefinite article p. 21 The plural of nouns p. 22 The direct object I: Meaning p. 24 The noun as direct object II: Types of the indefinite direct object p. 27 The noun as direct object III: Types of the definite direct object p. 26 The indirect object p. 27 Prepositional phrases: With whom? With what? By what? p. 27 Possessive endings p. 29 Possessive structures p. 32 More than one ending p. 33 Adverbs of place: Endings and postpositions p. 34 Adverbs of time p. 37 The adjective p. 40 Plural of the adjective p. 41 Suffixing adjectives p. 42 The numeral p. 43 Personal pronouns p. 46 The demonstrative pronoun p. 48 Conjunctions p. 49 Question words p. 50 The word order p. 53 List of grammar terms (Hungarian-English) p. 56 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 2 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló The vowel harmony A hangrend Front vowels: Back vowels: Magas magánhangzók: Mély magánhangzók: e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű a, á, o, ó, u, ú memoriter: TENISZÜTŐ memoriter: AUTÓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ Words with front vowels Words with back vowels Words with mixed (front only only and back) vowels Vegyes hangrendű szavak Magas hangrendű szavak Mély hangrendű szavak e, é, i stb. és a, á, o stb. csak e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű csak a, á, o, ó, u, ú üveg, ősz, öt, elefánt, zsiráf, tyúk, autó, ágy, dzsip, internet zebra, éjszaka saláta, joghurt Hungarian vowels can be divided into two groups according to the position of the tongue: • Front vowels are formed with the tongue in the front part of the mouth. These are: e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű. • Back vowels are formed with the tongue in the back of the mouth. These are: a, á, o, ó, u, ú. Hungarian words can be divided in three groups: • Many words contain front vowels only: üveg, ősz, öt etc. • Many words contain back vowels only: tyúk, autó, ágy • Some words contain mixed (front and back) vowels: elefánt, zsiráf etc. These words are mostly words of foreign origin and compound words. Most endings have two forms, one with a front and another one with a back vowel: -ban/-ben (in), -ra/-re (onto) etc. Identifying the type of vowels in a word is very important since the choice of the vowel in the ending depends on it. This feature of the language is called vowel harmony. • Words with front vowels only receive endings with a front vowel: üveg - az üvegbe (bottle - in the bottle), dzsip - dzsipbe (into the jeep) etc. • Words with back and mixed vowels receive endings with a back vowel: ágy - ágyba (bed - to bed), kávé - a kávéba (coffee - into the coffee) etc. Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 3 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló Verb tenses Igeidők Hungarian mainly uses two verb tenses: the present and the past tense. Hungarian does not differentiate between simple and continuous tenses. Time of the action Verb tense Examples A cselekvés ideje Igeidő Példák Future actions Holnap telefonálok Jánosnak. Jövőbeli cselekvés (I'll/I am going to call John tomorrow.) Present tense Éppen telefonálok. Present actions Jelen idő (I'm talking on the phone /right now/.) Cselekvés a Gyakran telefonálok. jelenben (I often talk on the phone.) Past actions Past tense Tegnap teniszeztem. Múltbeli cselekvés Múlt idő (I played/I was playing tennis yesterday.) There is only one present tense in Hungarian: Éppen boltba megyek. (I am going to the shop right now.) Magyarórára járok. (I take Hungarian classes.) Egy óra óta várlak. (I have been waiting for you since one o'clock.) We can always use the present tense to talk about events that will take place in the future. The context and/or the adverb of time in the sentence indicate the time of the action: Pénteken moziba megyek. (I am going to the cinema on Friday.) Jövő héten írok Balázsnak. (I'll write to Balázs next week.) 2040-ben már nem dolgozom. (I won't be working in 2040 anymore.) Hungarian has one past tense only. The ending for this tense is a -t or -tt: Adtam Katának egy könyvet. (I have given/I gave Kate a book.) Tegnap egyetemen voltam. (I was at the university yesterday.) Voltál már Japánban? (Have you ever been to Japan?) Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 4 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló Verb forms in the present tense : Indefinite conjugation Az ige alakjai Hungarian has two conjugations: an indefinite and a definite conjugation. The indefinite conjugation is used when • There is no direct object in the sentence. • The direct object is indefinite. ⇒ More on types of the direct object: p. 25-26 Dictionaries usually give the third form singular of the verb in the indefinite conjugation. Indefinite conjugation Határozatlan ragozás For the indefinite conjugation, Hungarian verbs can be divided in five groups: • Regular verbs (with or without connecting vowel) ⇒ s. p. 6-7 • Verbs ending in -ik ⇒ s. p. 8 • Verbs ending in -s, -sz, -z ⇒ s. p. 8 • Verbs ending in -ik and -s, -sz, -z (a combination of the last two groups) ⇒ s. p. 9 • Irregular verbs: jön, megy, van ⇒ s. p. 10 * Verbs ending in Verbs ending in Regular verbs Verbs ending in Irregular verbs: -ik -ik and -s, -sz, -z jön, megy, van -s, -sz, -z Szabályos igék -s, -sz, -z végű Rendhagyó igék: Ikes igék -s, -sz, -z végű ikes igék jön, megy, van ikes igék Éva vár. Pál gondolkodik. Márta olvas. Aladár Robi a boltból internetezik. jön. Éva is waiting. Pál is thinking. Márta is reading. Aladár is surfing Robi is coming on the Internet. from the shop. * Some more verbs are considered to be irregular because there is some difference between the stem of conjugated forms and the infinitive. Those are: • Nine irregular verbs whose infinitive ends in -nni: eszik - enni (eat) ⇒ s. p. 17 • A few other verbs, e.g.: alszik - aludni (sleep) etc. ⇒ s. p. 17 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 5 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló Note that most Hungarian verbs are regular. Most conjugated forms clearly indicate the type of the verb. Indefinite conjugation for regular verbs Szabályos igék határozatlan ragozása I. Regular verbs without connecting vowel Szabályos igék kötőhang nélkül vár szeret ül (várni) (szeretni) (ülni) én várok szeretek ülök te vársz szeretsz ülsz Ön vár– szeret– ül– ő mi várunk szeretünk ülünk ti vártok szerettek ültök Önök várnak szeretnek ülnek ők én → várlak szeretlek ––* téged, titeket * Ül (sit) is an intransitive verb and has therefore no form for én → téged, titeket. The vowel in the ending is determined by vowel harmony. • Verbs with back and mixed vowels are conjugated similar to vár. • Verbs with front vowels are conjugated similar to szeret. • The type with ül is quite small. It contains only verbs with ö, ő, ü or ű in the last syllable. → The personal ending of the verb clearly shows who is doing the action, we therefore usually omit the personal pronoun: Én magyarul tanulok. (I learn Hungarian.) Mi Prágában élünk. (We live in Prague.) → Emphasized pronouns cannot be ommited: Én tanulok japánul(, nem Éva). (I learn Japanese, not Eve.) Nem én vagyok Kis Péter. (I am not Peter Kis.) ⇒ More on personal pronouns: p. 42 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 6 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló → The ending -lak/-lek is used when the subject of the sentence is én and the direct object is téged or titeket/benneteket, e.g.: Téged kereslek. (I am looking for you.) Szeretlek benneteket. (I love you /guys/.) → When the sentence has two subjects in the third person singular we can use the singular or the plural conjugation: Péter és Jan Brüsszelben él. = Péter és Jan Brüsszelben élnek. (Péter and Jan live in Brussels.) II. Regular verbs with connecting vowel Szabályos igék kötőhanggal If a verb ends in -ít or two consonants the infinitive ending -ni, the endings for the second person singular (te) and the second and third persons plural (ti, Önök, ők) are connected with the vowel a or e to the stem. The extra vowel facilitates pronunciation. tart segít küld (tartani) (segíteni) (küldeni) én tartok segítek küldök te tartasz segítesz küldesz Ön tart– segít– küld– ő mi tartunk segítünk küldünk ti tartotok segítetek küldötök Önök tartanak segítenek küldenek ők én → tartalak segítelek küldelek téged, titeket Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin - All rights reserved. Minden jog fenntartva. 7 Szita Szilvia – Pelcz Katalin: MagyarOK 1. kötet Grammar overview / Nyelvtani összefoglaló Indefinite conjugation for verbs with irregularities Rendhagyóságokat mutató igék határozatlan ragozása I.
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