Graham D with Narunsky L 2019 the Jewish Population of Australia

/ Contents 1 Executive summary 3 2 How the 2016 Census was different 7 3 Australia’s Jewish population in context 9 Global Jewish context 9 The Jewish population in an historical context 12 4 Geography 14 Jewish neighbourhoods 16 5 Demography 19 Jewish age and sex structure 19 Age structure of the Jewish and general population 21 Median age and sex ratio 22 Jewish births and fertility 22 6 Origins 25 Place of birth 25 Year of arrival 28 Language 30 7 Jewish families and households 33 Jewish households 33 Average household size 34 Jewish family types 35 Same-sex couples 38 Children in families 38 Non-private dwellings 38 8 Housing 41 Dwelling type 41 Home ownership 41 9 Intermarriage 44 Intermarriage by religion of partner 44 Intermarriage by partnership type and sex 46 Intermarriage by age and location 47 Children of intermarried couples 48 10 Education and employment 50 Education 50 Qualifications 51 Employment 53 11 Income 57 Personal income 57 Household income 60 12 Non-commercial economy 61 Volunteering 61 Domestic work 62 13 Health, disability and care 64 Unpaid care provision 64 Appendix 1. Jewish population by various geographies 65 Appendix 2. Mode of response: Online versus Paper form 69 Appendix 3. 2016 Census adjustment methodology 70 Appendix 4. Rebasing the 2006 and 2011 Census adjustment factors 73 Appendix 5. ERP adjustment for the general population 2006, 2011 and 2016 74 Appendix 6. The use of unadjusted census data for Jewish families and households 74 Appendix 7. Glossary 75 1 / Executive summary The Australian census was held on 9th August in Australia (11,169a) and Jews made 2016 and was carried out by the Australian Bureau up over half (51%) the population there. of Statistics (ABS). Demography In the following report unadjusted census data (enumerated/raw) are denoted with the subscript • The median Jewish age was 44 years, ‘u’, (123u), adjusted (estimated) data have older than the median age of Australians subscript ‘a’ (123a), and interpolated data have generally (38 years). Tasmania had the subscript ‘i’ (123i) (see Appendix 3). The status oldest Jewish population (54 years); of data shown in tables is indicated in table titles. ACT had the youngest (36 years); Total Jewish population • Between 2006 and 2016 the proportion of Jews aged in their • Australia’s total Jewish population was sixties increased by 70%; estimated to be 117,903a in 2016 and constituted 0.5% of the national population; • 1,224a babies were born to Jewish parents in the year to 9th August 2016, • Between 2011 and 2016 the Jewish slightly fewer than in 2011 (1,291a) population grew by 1%, rather slower and 2006 (1,301a); than the 6% growth achieved between 2006 and 2011;1 • Communal records indicated that there were 1,007 Jewish funerals • Although the enumerated Jewish in Australia in 2016; population total of 91,023u in 2016 suggests a 6.5% decline since 2011 • Since births outnumbered deaths by (97,336 u) this cannot be regarded 217, Australian Jews experienced ‘natural’ as an accurate indicator of change population increase in 2016. (see Section 2). Origins Geography • A majority (53%) of Jews were • The vast majority (95%) of Australia’s Australia-born, far lower than in the Jewish population lived in its capital cities, general population (72%) but higher more than double the national proportion than ten years earlier (49% in 2006); (40%); 84% of Jews lived in either Melbourne (54,735a) or Sydney (47,800a); • The largest overseas-born groups were from South Africa (13%, 15,663a) and • Caulfield North in Melbourne remained Israel (7%, 7,887a). In 2011 these groups the most populous Jewish neighbourhood numbered 15,614a and 7,280a respectively; 1 Note that for reasons outlined in Section 2, a revised adjustment methodology has been applied to 2006 and 2011 Census data. Therefore, estimated census figures relating to 2006 and 2011 may differ from those published in earlier reports. 4 / The Jewish population of Australia • 4,128a Jewish immigrants arrived in • Overall, in 61% of Australian Jewish families Australia from 2011 to 2015 (inclusive), all persons were Jewish; in Victoria this was 30% fewer than in the previous period 68% and in South Australia this was 27%; (5,908a arrived from 2006 to 2010); • Jews were just as likely to live in de • 62% of Australia-born Jews were aged facto families as the general population under 40 years, compared with 47% of (14% each). But in Jewish families where Israel-born, 27% of South Africa-born, at least one person reported No religion and 18% of FSU-born Jews; or Not stated this rose to 29%, and where at least one person reported an Other • For what was probably the first time, religion (mostly Christian) this was 22%. Hebrew became the most common non- But when all members reported Jewish English language spoken in Jewish homes the proportion was just 6%; (10,707 speakers), now surpassing Russian (9,496 speakers). • 14,886u Jewish families had dependent children at home, an average of 2.0 Jewish families and households per family; • There were 42,953u Jewish households • An estimated 4,084a Jews lived in ‘non- 2 in Australia in 2016. In 68% of these, all private dwellings’ including 1,305a in persons were Jewish (a proportion boosted nursing homes where 45% of residents by 9,447u Jews who were living alone); in were aged 90 years old or above. a further 15% at least one person reported No religion or was Not stated, and in 17% Housing at least one person had an Other religion (mainly Christian); • Jews were more than twice as likely to live in apartments than general (29% v 13% 3 • There were 31,594u Jewish families. respectively) and more likely to live in semi- In 18% of these at least one person detached homes/townhouses (21% v 13% reported No religion or Not stated, respectively); and in a further 21% at least one person had an Other religion (mainly Christian); • 38% of Jews owned their home outright (32% generally). This is the case for 47% • Jews were less likely to live in lone of lone person householders; parent families (9%) than in the general population (16%) and were slightly more • Jews who rented were more than twice likely to live in couple families with as likely to pay $450 per week or more in children (48% v 45% respectively); rent ($1,950 per month) than the general population (53% v 24%). • The average Jewish household size was 2.6, the same as in the general population; 2 A ‘Jewish household’ refers to any dwelling in which at least one occupant reported Jewish by religion. 2016 Census data on Jewish households and families are unadjusted (see Appendix 6). 3 A ‘Jewish family’ comprises any household in which at least two or more related people live together and at least one of whom reported Jewish. Key Findings from the 2016 Census / 5 Intermarriage Education and employment • Almost three-quarters (75%) of Jews in • Between 2006 and 2016, there was Australia who were living with their partner a 27% increase in the number of Jewish had a Jewish partner.4 12% had a partner children attending primary schools in who reported No religion and 14% had Australia; there was a 1% decrease at a partner who reported an Other religion secondary school level. In the same period, (mostly Christian); the number attending government primary schools increased by 61%, compared • The proportion of Jews with a Jewish with a 9% increase for non-government partner has been slowly decreasing since primary schools; at least 2001 when it was 80%, down to 75% in 2016. Meanwhile, the proportion • ACARA5 data indicate 9,030 children were whose partner had an Other religion enrolled in Australian Jewish schools in remained the same (around 14%); the 2016, among whom 57% were in Victoria proportion whose partner had No religion and 38% were in NSW. This also suggests almost doubled (from 6% in 2001 to 50% of Jewish school children attended 12% in 2016); Jewish schools in Australia; • Between 2006 and 2016 the number of • Jews aged in their thirties were almost Jews in couples increased by 15% but the twice as likely to hold a bachelor degree number with a partner reporting No religion or higher level qualification than Australians doubled (to 5,709i) and the number with generally (68% v 36%); a non-Jewish partner increased by 40% (to 6,796i); • Jews worked on average 35 hours per week, similar to the general population; • Jews in de facto partnerships were half as likely to have a Jewish partner as • 42% of Jewish women were not in married Jews (38% v 79% respectively); the labour force, compared with 29% of Jewish men; • 88% of married Jews aged 75 years and over had a Jewish spouse, compared with • Jews were twice as likely to be self- 71% of Jews aged 30–34; employed (‘owner managers’) than the general population (32% v 16%); • 81% of married Jews in Victoria had a Jewish spouse, compared with 36% • Jews were almost twice as likely to work of Jews in South Australia; in Professional occupations than the general population (43% v 23%); • Among married couples where both parents are Jewish, 96% reported their • Jews were nine times more likely to be children as Jewish, compared with 44% Specialist Physicians and six times more when the mother is Jewish and the father likely to be Solicitors or Psychologists has an Other religion and 13% when the or Dentists than the general population. father is Jewish and the mother has an Other religion.

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