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Agronomic Properties and Nutritional Status of Plum Trees (Prunus Domestica L.) Influenced by Different Cultivars

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Agronomic Properties and Nutritional Status of Plum Trees (Prunus Domestica L.) Influenced by Different Cultivars Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 2013, 13(3), 706-714 Agronomic properties and nutritional status of plum trees (Prunus domestica L.) influenced by different cultivars T. Milošević1*, N. Milošević2 and I. Glišić1 1Department of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dusana 34, 32000 Cacak, Serbia. 2Department of Pomology and Fruit Breeding, Fruit Research Institute Cacak, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 Cacak, Serbia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The tree growth, fruit weight and leaf mineral status of ten plum cultivars grafted on rootstock of autochthonous plum ‘Belošljiva’ under high density planting system (HDP) on acidic soil was investigated in the fifth and sixth leaf. Results indicated that tree vigour, fruit weight and productivity significantly depend on the cultivar. ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ had the most vigorous trees, while ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ had the smallest. The fruit weight was the highest in ‘Čačanska Rana’, and the lowest in ‘d’Agen’. ‘Stanley’ was the most productive cultivar in 2006 and ‘Čačanska Rodna’ in 2007. Yield efficiency was the highest in ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and the lowest in ‘Ruth Gerstetter’, ‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Opal’, respectively. Significant differences were observed among cultivars for leaf major nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) levels at 120 DAFB. Larger imbalance of leaf major elements was observed in ‘d’Agen’, whereas good balance was found in ‘Violeta’. Keywords: Fruit weight, leaf nutrient content, plum, yield efficiency 1. Introduction European plum (Prunus domestica L.) commonly al., 2010a). Serbian plum production in 2011 was known as “Šljiva” is an important commercial fruits, 581,874 tons or 5.29% of the total world production which has been traditionally cultivated in most of (FAOSTAT, 2013), being the second largest world the areas of Serbia. Plum fruit are mainly marketed producer after China. In this context, plum is the most as fresh consumption as well as for drying. Also, important fruit species in Serbia. main processed products made from plums include compotes, mousse, pulp, candied fruit, frozen fruit, Plums in Serbia are grown throughout the country both jams, jelly products and traditional Serbian plum in commercial orchards and home gardens. Extensive drink called “Rakija” or “Šljivovica” (Milosevic et growing technology, low unstable yields, low-quality 706 707 Milošević et al. fruit, multitude of cultivars, and PPV-induced 2. Materials and Methods problems are main distinctions in plum production in Serbia (Milosevic et al., 2010b). This has 2.1. Plant material resulted in low yield per tree of 8.6 kg (Nenadović- Mratinić et al., 2007a). In addition, the structure of Cultivars chosen for this study included four Serbian the assortment of plums is unfavorable. About half (‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Čačanska of the total numbers of trees are native cultivars Rodna’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’) and six introduced that have small fruits, followed by poor quality. On (‘Ruth Gerstetter’, ‘Stanley’, ‘d’Agen’, ‘Opal’, the other hand, over 75% of the plum orchards are ‘Bluefree’, ‘Violeta’) plum cultivars. Cultivars were located in mountain areas (Nenadović-Mratinić et compared in one private orchard established in the al., 2007b). In these areas, the main limiting factor February of 2001. This choice was due to the possible for intensive plum production is acidic soils with interest in these cultivars in the Cacak area, because deficiency of organic matter and inadequate major of their maturity time and good fruit quality. Cultivars nutrients availability. Appearance of nutrients were grafted on rootstock of autochthonous plum deficiencies symptoms and responses to added cultivar ‘Belošljiva’ (P. domestica L.). nutrients indicated the prevalence of nutritional disorders of macronutrients. Therefore, limited 2.2. Field trial, soil mineral status and weather vegetative growth, low productivity and poor fruit conditions quality are presented in Serbian orchards (Milosevic ο and Milosevic, 2010). The trial was carried out at the village Prislonica (43 57’ N, 20 o26’ E, 344 m a.s.l.), near Cacak city (Western Several techniques and methods have been Serbia), five and six years after planting (2006 and developed in order to recognize and diagnose 2007). Trees were planted at HDP system with spaces the nutrient disorder(s) caused by deficiency or of 4 m x 2 m; the training system was Spindle bush. excessive contents of essential macronutrients This training system controlled tree height by pruning in fruit trees. Leaf analysis at 120 days after full in the summer. The orchard was managed following bloom (DAFB) can be a very useful tool for plum the usual standard procedures, except irrigation, and nutritional diagnosis (Singh-Sidhu and Kaundal, fertilized with 400 kg of NPK (15:15:15) compound 2005) and Deviation from Optimum Percentage mineral fertilizer in autumn and with 300 kg ha-1 of (DOP index and ΣDOP) have been proposed and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) containing 27% used for this purpose (Montañés et al., 1991). of NTOT prior to the onset of the growing season. However, little is known about the influence of plum cultivars grown in HDP system on leaf major Soil mineral analyses carried out in autumn 2005 and nutrient content. The prognosis of leaf major 2006, before fertilization. Soil texture in plum orchard element deficiencies by foliar analysis reading is is sandy-loam, moderate in organic matter (1.62%) and poor in total nitrogen (0.14%). The contents of P O , usually performed too late in the growing season 2 5 K O, CaO and MgO were 178 mg kg-1, 220 mg kg-1, to efficiently apply correcting measures before 2 -1 harvesting (Sanz, 1999). 0.39% and 6.2 mg kg , respectively. Soil pH in 0.01 M KCl was 4.86. The soil major nutrients content is The present study was carried out to investigate tree average values for two successive years. vigour, productivity, fruit size and nutritional status of the leaves at 120 DAFB in ten plum cultivars The climate is maritime temperate with moderate to grown under HDP system. strong winters, and hot and semi to dry summers. Local rainfall averages between 500 and 600 mm per Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2013, 13(3), 706-714 Impact of cultivar on agronomic traits of plum trees 708 year mostly concentrated in late spring and in autumn. The annual average temperature is 11.3 °C, whereas mean temperature for vegetative cycle is 17.0 oC. 2.3. Measurements of tree vigour, fruit weight, where: C is the major element content in the sample productivity and leaf macronutrient content to be studied, and Cref is the major nutrient content considered as optimum; both values were given on a dry The following parameters were measured and/or weight basis. The Cref has been taken from optimum calculated: trunk circumference at 10 cm above the values, proposed by Shear and Faust (1980) for major graft union, the yield per tree (YT, kg) and yield nutrients in plum leaves. The ΣDOP is obtained by efficiency (YE, kg cm-2). The trunk circumferences adding the values of DOP index irrespective of sign. were converted into trunk cross-sectional areas The larger the ΣDOP, the greater is the intensity of (TCSA, cm2). For a period of two harvest seasons, imbalances among nutrients. 25 fruits from each cultivar of each of four replicates were collected and fruit weight (FW, g) was measured 2.4. Data analysis using a Tehnica ET-1111 technical scale (Iskra, Horjul, Slovenia). Data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using F test. The treatment Cumulative yield per tree (CY, kg) and YE of each means were compared using Duncan’s multiple cultivar were computed from the harvest data. An ACS range test at p ≤ 0.05, using the MSTAT-C statistical System Electronic Scale (Zhejiang, China) was used to computer package (Michigan State University, East measure fruit yield. The plant YE was expressed as the Lansing, MI, USA). The figure is performed by the ratio of total CY in kg per final TCSA. The final TCSA Excel software (Microsoft Corporation, Roselle, IL, was measured at the end of 2007. USA). All data, except TCSA and yield efficiency, are averages for 2006 and 2007. Leaf major nutrients content were determined at 120 DAFB. Leaf samples were collected from the middle part of bearing shoots of the trees in five blocks. The mineral composition of the dried samples was 3. Results and Discussion measured using the standard laboratory methods. Leaf 3.1. Tree vigour, fruit size and productivity N content was determined by Kjeldahl method using Gerhardt Vapodest 50s equipment (Königswinter, Data in Table 1 indicated that mean TCSA were higher in Germany); P was analyzed spectrophotometrically by ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Ruth Gerstetter’, and lower the phospho-vanadate colorimetric method (Hewlett in ‘Čačanska Lepotica’. This result is in agreement with Packard 8452A, Ontario, CA); K were determined previous work in plum (Sosna, 2002), who reported by flame photometry (Corning 405, Corning, that ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ had the highest TCSA in Halstead, UK), and Ca and Mg by atomic absorption plum orchard established at 4 m x 2 m spacing when spectroscopy (Pye Unicam SP 191, Cambridge, UK). compared with rest cultivars. Furthermore, Vitanova et al. (2004) reported that ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and The DOP index was estimated for the diagnosis of ‘Stanley’ had the moderate values of TCSA and ‘Opal’ the leaf mineral status of the trees (Montañés et al., the high. Meland (2005) and Peppelman et al. (2007) 1991). The DOP index was calculated from the leaf reported that TCSA of plum trees in HDP increased analysis at 120 DAFB by the following mathematical with increasing tree spacing and ‘Opal’ was the most equation: vigorous, which confirmed our results. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2013, 13(3), 706-714 709 Milošević et al.
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