DOCSLIB.ORG

Prunus Prunus Prunus Is a Large Genus of Over 400 Species and Hybrids in the Rose Family Which Includes Apri­ Cots, Nectarines, Peaches, Cherries, Plums and Almonds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prunus Prunus Prunus Is a Large Genus of Over 400 Species and Hybrids in the Rose Family Which Includes Apri­ Cots, Nectarines, Peaches, Cherries, Plums and Almonds nysipm.cornell.edu 2019 Search for this title at the NYSIPM Publications collection: ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/41246 Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants Mary Thurn, Elizabeth Lamb, and Brian Eshenaur New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University Prunus Prunus Prunus is a large genus of over 400 species and hybrids in the rose family which includes apri­ cots, nectarines, peaches, cherries, plums and almonds. Stone fruit trees are important agri­ cultural crops, but many are also grown for their ornamental value. Flowering cherries are prized for their showy spring blooms, fall foliage and attractive bark. The historic Tidal Basin cherry trees in Wash­ ington, DC are perhaps the most famous display of this popular landscape plant in the US. Flow­ ering plums, particularly purple-leaved cultivars, are also widely grown. Like other members of the rose family, Prunus has many potential disease and insect prob­ lems and some types may be short-lived in the landscape. DISEASES Bacterial Canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae affects many plants, including ornamental cherries and plums. It is a common problem in parts of the Pacific Northwest where cool, wet spring weather is prevalent (15). On Prunus, the disease causes blossom blight, necrotic spots on leaves and fruit, and branch cankers. Prunus sargentii ‘Rancho' and P. x yedoensis ‘Akebono' appear to have some resistance (16). Black Knot is a fungal disease caused by Apiosporina morbosa (syn. Dibotryon morbosum) that affects both wild and cultivated species in the genus Prunus, especially plums and cherries. Infected branches develop unsightly elongated swellings or galls that can girdle branches, causing decline and dieback. As the disease progresses, trees lose vigor and may eventually die. In early stages, this disease can be managed by pruning to remove affected branches. Host species are numerous and include P. americana, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. mahaleb, P. nigra, P. padus, P. pensylvanica, P. salicina, P. serotina, P. virginiana (21), and P. cerasif- era ‘Thundercloud' (5). A range of susceptibility has been reported for cultivars of edible or domestic plums. Black Knot Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Prunus domestica Bluebyrd 19 Bluefre 19 Damson 19, 25 Early Italian 19 (Early Fellenberg) Formosa 25 HoneySweet 19 Italian (Fellenberg) Lombard 19 Orablue 19 President 19, 22, 25 Santa Rosa 25 Shiro 25 Shropshire 19, 22 Stanley 19, 22 Veeblue 19 Prunus x Bruce 11 Crimson 11 Methley 11 Munson 11 Ozark Premier 11 Brown Rot caused by Monilinia spp. is a fungal disease of stone fruits which causes blossom and shoot blight, twig cankers, and fruit rot. Common hosts are P. avium, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. glandulosa, P. triloba, P. serotina, and P. virginiana (2, 21). Some resistance is reported for P. sargentii ‘Columnar', P. serrulata ‘Mt. Fuji', and P. x yedoensis ‘Akebono' (16). Researchers in the Czech Republic evaluated 69 domestic plum cultivars for resistance to blight caused by M. laxa. ‘Bluefre', ‘Empress', ‘Tipala', ‘Topstar', and ‘Vanier' were highly susceptible. Resistant cultivars included ‘Colora', ‘Common Prune', ‘Jubileum', ‘Kometa', ‘Najdona', and ‘Zurna' (9). Cherry Leaf Spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeriella jaapii, is a major disease of Prunus in all humid cherry-growing regions of the world (23). There are many hosts of cherry leaf spot in­ cluding ornamental cherries, sweet cherries (P. avium), black cherries (P. serotina), and especially sour cherries (P. cerasus) (6). Symptoms include reddish-purple spots on upper sides of leaves which may develop into “shot holes”, leaf chlorosis, decreased fruit quality, and premature defoliation. The wild Prunus species P. canescens has been identified as a source of cherry leaf spot resistance (23). Researchers at Michigan State University's sour cherry breeding program report P. canescens-derived resistance increases the potential for successful breeding of resistant cultivars (1). Researchers at Tennessee State University evaluated six commercially available ornamental cherry cul- tivars for host resistance. Cherry Leaf Spot Species/Hybrids Cultivar Rating* Reference Prunus serrulata Kwanzan MR 10 Prunus subhirtella Autumnalis MS 10 Prunus x yedoensis Akebono MS 10 Yoshino S 10 Prunus x Okame MS 10 Snowgoose MS 10 *R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible Plum Pox is a disease of stone fruits caused by multiple strains of plum pox virus (PPV). Known as sharka disease in Europe where it was first observed on Bulgarian plums in 1910, it reduces fruit yield and quality, causing leaf mottling, fruit malformation, fruit drop and dieback (21). Plum pox was first reported in the US in Pennsylvania in 1999, New York and Michigan in 2006, and in Canada in 2000. It can infect all cultivated stone fruit species, as well as wild and ornamental Prunus (4). Most culti- vars of P. domestica are susceptible (14). European plum breeding programs have developed P. domestica cultivars with resistance to PPV. The Fruit Growing Institute of Bulgaria reports ‘Ostromila', ‘Ulpia' and ‘Sineva' are tolerant (26, 27). Re­ searchers in the Czech Republic observed partial resistance in ‘Jojo' (14), and researchers in Poland have released a tolerant cultivar, ‘Kalipso' (24). A team of US and French scientists developed ‘HoneySweet', the first genetically engineered PPV-re- sistant cultivar (20). The USDA deregulated this cultivar in 2007 providing a source of germplasm for plum breeding programs. For more information on PPV in the US, visit the USDA APHIS website: aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/ plum-pox/ct plum pox Root Rot, caused by various soil-borne Phytophthora spp., is a water mold disease that affects many ornamentals, particularly in sites with poor drainage. Favored by high soil moisture and warm soil temperatures, the disease kills roots which disrupts movement of water and nutrients eventually re­ sulting in wilt and death of the plant. Water and site management are key to prevention-avoid heavy, poorly drained soils and overwatering. Symptoms caused by root damage vary depending on host plant and pathogen and may include leaf and shoot dieback, stem cankers and death of roots (21). Researchers at the US National Arboretum assessed susceptibility of eight Prunus spp. used in the ornamental shrub breeding program to a combination of flooding and Phytophthora soil infestations. Prunus takesimensis ‘Nakai', P. mahaleb, and P. yedoensis showed some tolerance to flooding and the pathogen. Prunus sargentii appeared to be least tolerant of the pathogen (7). INSECTS Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, was introduced to the US from Europe in 1870 near Boston. With no natural enemies to slow its spread, this invasive species is one of the most destructive forest pests in the Northeast and has been found with increasing frequency in many other states and parts of Canada. Among hardwoods, oaks are the primary host, but many other species may also be attacked (8). A study on the susceptibility of selected landscape trees to gypsy moth defoliation in Michigan found heavy defoliation (30-70%) on P. cerasifera ‘Thundercloud' and less than 4% on P. serrulata ‘Kwanzan' (13). Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, is an invasive insect pest native to China, Vietnam and India. First discovered in the US in Pennsylvania in 2014, it has since been found in Delaware, Mary­ land, Virginia, New Jersey, and New York. Preferred hosts for adults are Ailanthus altissima, Tree of Heaven, and Vitis vinifera, grapevine. Nymphs feed on many hosts, including stone fruits in the genus Prunus. For more information on this potential threat to many plant species, visit NYS IPM's Invasive Species website at: nysipm.cornell.edu/environment/invasive-species-exotic-pests/spotted-lanternfly/ Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, is a common foliage feeder of woody ornamentals including many Prunus species. Flowering cherry is a common host (8). Japanese Beetle Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Susceptible Prunus avium 3 Prunus bessyi 12 Prunus cerasifera Frankthrees 18 Newport 18 Thundercloud 18 Prunus cerasus 3 Prunus domestica 3 Prunus laurocerasus 12 Prunus mahaleb 12 Prunus padus 12 Prunus salicina 3 Prunus sargentii 17 Prunus serrulata 3 Prunus serrulata Kwanzan 17 Mt. Fuji 17 Tai Haku 17 Prunus serotina 3 Prunus subhirtella Autumnalis Rosea 17 Prunus virginiana 3 Prunus virginiana Canada Red 12, 18 Prunus x blireiana 18 Prunus x cistena 18 Prunus x incamp Okame 17 Prunus x yedoensis 10 Prunus x yedoensis Afterglow 17 Akebono 17 REFERENCES 1. Anderson, K.L., A.M. Sebolt, G.W. Sundin, and A.F. Iezzoni. 2017. Assessment of the inheritance of resistance and tolerance in cherry (Prunus sp.) to Blumeriella jaapii, the causal agent of cherry leaf spot. Plant Pathology Vol. 538. doi: 10.1111/ppa.12765 2. Farr, D.F. G.F. Bills, G.P. Chamuris, and A.Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. 3. Fleming, W.E. 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. Technical Bulletin 1449 of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC. 4. Fuchs, M., R. Cox, and K. Cox. 2008. Plum Pox Disease of Stone Fruits. Cornell University, New York State IPM Program, Tree Fruit Fact Sheet. hdl.handle.net/1813/43119 5. Fulcher, A., and J. Hartman. 2003. Black knot incidence on two species of Prunus in Kentucky nurseries. Proc. Southern Nurs. Assoc. Res. Conf. 48:237-239. 6. Guo, Y., M. Kramer, and M. Pooler. 2018. Screening ornamental cherry (Prunus) taxa for resistance to infection by Blumeriella jaapii. HortScience 53(2):200-203. doi: 10.21273/ HORTSCI12563-17 7. Jacobs, K.A., and G.R. Johnson. 1996. Ornamental cherry tolerance of flooding and phytophthora root rot. HortScience, 31(6):988-991. 8. Johnson, W.T., and H.H. Lyon. 1991. Insects that Feed on Trees and Shrubs. 2nd Ed. Cornell Univ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2021 BAREROOT WISH LIST PAGE 1 of 9
    2021 BAREROOT WISH LIST PAGE 1 of 9 Customer Name: Order Contact Name: Customer Number: Contact Email: Telephone: Delivery Address: Postcode: Signature: Date: FRUIT TREES APPLE QTY ALMOND QTY Easy Care™ - Crimson Crisp™ cv. 'Co-op 39' A All-in-One™ Self-fertile Easy Care™ - Pixie Crunch™ cv. ‘Co-op 33’ A APRICOT QTY ‘Gala’ ‘Divinity’ ‘Golden Delicious’ ‘Moorpark’ ‘Granny Smith’ ‘Story’ ‘Jonathan’ ‘Trevatt’ Pink Lady™ CHERRY QTY ‘Red Delicious’ ‘Lapins’ Self-fertile ‘Red Fuji’ ‘Morello’ Sour cherry DWARF APPLE QTY Dwarf Easy Care™ - Crimson Crisp™ cv. ‘Co-op 39’ A Dwarf Easy Care™ - Pixie Crunch™ cv. ‘Co-op 33’ A Dwarf ‘Gala’ Dwarf ‘Golden Delicious’ ‘Minnie Royal’ A White, Low Chill Dwarf ‘Granny Smith’ ‘Royal Crimson’ A White, Low Chill Dwarf Pink Lady™ ‘Royal Lee’ White, Low Chill Dwarf ‘Red Fuji’ ‘Royal Rainier’ A White SPECIALTY APPLE QTY ‘Starkrimson’ Self-fertile ® Ballerina Columnar Apple - ‘Bolero’ A ‘Stella’ Self-fertile ® Ballerina Columnar Apple - ‘Flamenco’ A ‘Sunburst’ Self-fertile ® ® ® Ballerina Columnar Apple - ‘Polka’ A Trixzie Miniature Cherry Black Cherree Ballerina® Columnar Apple - ‘Waltz’ A Trixzie® Miniature Cherry White Cherree® Skinny® Columnar Apple - ‘Dita’ A CHESTNUT QTY Trixzie® Miniature Apple ‘Gala’ ‘Fleming’s Prolific’ Grafted Trixzie® Miniature Apple Pink Lady™ ‘Fleming’s Special’ Grafted Seedling Quarantine Restrictions: Subject to change by government authorities at any time. Minimum order quantities apply. Please read conditions of sale attached. All stock must be ordered in bundles *Eligibility of this plant as a registrable plant variety under Section 43(6) of the Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 of five (excluding weepers). Broken bundles will incur a 20% surcharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Plums (European)
    AMERICAN MIRABELLE August 10 - 20 IMPERIAL EPINEUSE August 15 - 25 ‘American Mirabelle’ was developed in the US, Introduced to California from France in 1883 likely as an attempt to improve the eating from Clairac, where it was also known as quality of the famous ‘Mirabelle’ of France. “Clairac Mammoth”. Rarely grown there but Ironically, this was accomplished by crossing the particularly adapted to the Santa Clara Valley existing ‘Mirabelle’ wIth yet another French where it was once grown and dried into an import, the ‘Agen’ or ‘French’ plum. The name exceptionally large and high quality prune. ‘American’, a bow to Americans, ingenuity not Distinctive flavor as a fresh market plum. the origin of the variety’s parents. A unique MIRABELLE August 1 - 25 and luscious flavor unlike other ‘Mirabelles’. This is a class of plums we grow that include COE’S GOLDEN DROP September 5 - 20 ‘Mirabelle de Nancy, ‘Mirabelle de Metz’, and A veritable bag of sweet nectar when fully ripe. ‘Geneva Mirabelle’. All are small, cherry-sized Very rich, sweet flavor. The famous epicure fruits that many of our chef patrons purchase Edward Bunyard suggested that “at its ripest, it for dessert making and other culinary purposes. is drunk rather than eaten.” A real “juice MUIR BEAUTY August 10 - 20 oozer”. One of the very old European dessert ‘Muir Beauty’ is a relatively new prune plum plums. developed by the University of California, Davis. DAMSON August 15 – 25 It combines the sweetness of the old ‘French’ We grow several strains including ‘Blue Jam’ prune with a rich flavor that is unique to this and ‘Jam Session’.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of a Working Group on Prunus: Sixth and Seventh Meetings
    European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Report of a Working Resources ECP GR Group on Prunus Sixth Meeting, 20-21 June 2003, Budapest, Hungary Seventh Meeting, 1-3 December 2005, Larnaca, Cyprus L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers IPGRI and INIBAP operate under the name Bioversity International Supported by the CGIAR European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Report of a Working Resources ECP GR Group on Prunus Sixth Meeting, 20 –21 June 2003, Budapest, Hungary Seventh Meeting, 1 –3 December 2005, Larnaca, Cyprus L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers ii REPORT OF A WORKING GROUP ON PRUNUS: SIXTH AND SEVENTH MEETINGS Bioversity International is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well- being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2006, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Collection
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Studies on Venturiaceae on Rosaceous plants Author(s): Menon, Radha Publication Date: 1956 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000092066 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss ETH Prom. Nr. 2585 B Studies on Venturiaceae on Rosaceous Plants THESIS PRESENTED TO THE SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF NATURAL SCIENCES BY RADHA MENON at CITIZEN OF Ser\ INDIA Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. E. Gaumann and Prof. Dr. A. Frey-Wyssling 19 5 6 Druck von A. W. Hayn's Erben, Berlin SO 36 Veroffentlicht in „Phytopathologische Zcitschrift" Band 27, Heft 2, Seite 117 bis 146 (1956) Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg From the Department of special Botany of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich Director: Prof. Dr. E. Gdumann Studies on Venturiaceae on Rosaceous Plants By Radha Menon With 10 Figures Contents: I. General Introduction. A. Venturiaceae. B. Venturiaceae on Rosaceae: 1) Venturia, 2) Coleroa, 3) Gibbera, 4) Xenomeris, 5) Apiosporina. — II. Experimental Part. A. Cultural Studies. B. Inoculation Experiments: 1) Introduction, 2) Inoculation Studies, 3) Results, 4) Conclusions. — III. Morphological and Cultural Studies. A. Genus Venturia: 1) Venturia inaequalis, 2) Venturia tomentosae, 3) Venturia pirina, 4) Venturia pruni-cerasi, 5) Venturia Mullcri, 6) Venturia potentillae, 7) Venturia palustris, 8) Venturia alchemillae. — Appendix: Fusicladium eriobotryae. — B. Genus Coleroa: Coleroa chac- tomium. — C. Genus Gibbera: Gibbera rosae.
    [Show full text]
  • (US) 38E.85. a 38E SEE", A
    USOO957398OB2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,573,980 B2 Thompson et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 21, 2017 (54) FUSION PROTEINS AND METHODS FOR 7.919,678 B2 4/2011 Mironov STIMULATING PLANT GROWTH, 88: R: g: Ei. al. 1 PROTECTING PLANTS FROM PATHOGENS, 3:42: ... g3 is et al. A61K 39.00 AND MMOBILIZING BACILLUS SPORES 2003/0228679 A1 12.2003 Smith et al." ON PLANT ROOTS 2004/OO77090 A1 4/2004 Short 2010/0205690 A1 8/2010 Blä sing et al. (71) Applicant: Spogen Biotech Inc., Columbia, MO 2010/0233.124 Al 9, 2010 Stewart et al. (US) 38E.85. A 38E SEE",teWart et aal. (72) Inventors: Brian Thompson, Columbia, MO (US); 5,3542011/0321197 AllA. '55.12/2011 SE",Schön et al.i. Katie Thompson, Columbia, MO (US) 2012fO259101 A1 10, 2012 Tan et al. 2012fO266327 A1 10, 2012 Sanz Molinero et al. (73) Assignee: Spogen Biotech Inc., Columbia, MO 2014/0259225 A1 9, 2014 Frank et al. US (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this CA 2146822 A1 10, 1995 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 EP O 792 363 B1 12/2003 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. EP 1590466 B1 9, 2010 EP 2069504 B1 6, 2015 (21) Appl. No.: 14/213,525 WO O2/OO232 A2 1/2002 WO O306684.6 A1 8, 2003 1-1. WO 2005/028654 A1 3/2005 (22) Filed: Mar. 14, 2014 WO 2006/O12366 A2 2/2006 O O WO 2007/078127 A1 7/2007 (65) Prior Publication Data WO 2007/086898 A2 8, 2007 WO 2009037329 A2 3, 2009 US 2014/0274707 A1 Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • C P the Important Distinctions
    C P The Important Distinctions S Common M Pin Cherry Black Cherry Chokecherry Canada Plum Prunus pennsylvanica Prunus serotina Prunus nigra U Prunus virginiana L P BARK D Smooth with a pungent, Young trunks: prominent N Nearly smooth. Large disagreeable odor. white lenticals. TEXTURE horizontal lenticels show Lenticels less prominent Lenticels yellowish A Older trunks: fissured orange when rubbed. than on other and ridged. Prunus species. S E Grayish-brown, with I COLOR Reddish-brown Young trunks are black Dull reddish-brown to black light-colored fissures R LEAVES R E Elliptic/oblong, widest in H Long and tapering from the center, thick leathery Obovate, widest in the C base to tip. Widest in the and shiny. Underside of terminal 1⁄3, sharply saw- Ovate or obovate tapering GENERAL lower 1⁄3; thin and firm midrib near stalk end cov- toothed and without hairs, abruptly into a long thin DESCRIP- textured with round teeth. ered with rusty, brown medium leathery in tex- point. Teeth rounded. TION Glands on stalk, and no hairs. Glands on stalk ture, glands on stalk and Glands on stalk. hairs on midribs. near blade. Margin has no brown hairs on midrib. rounded teeth. TWIGS Thorns common on SHAPE Very fine Waxy Medium slender older twigs Red-brown with a lighter Current growth gray, older COLOR Red and reddish-brown Gray or purplish-brown or greenish margin growth darkening to black Sharp, pungent smell Strong, pungent bitter- ODOR Slight cherry odor None when broken almond odor BUDS Cone shaped, slender – Football-shaped with a SHAPE Ovate,
    [Show full text]
  • (Prunus Domestica L.) AGAINST FOUR CHILEAN PLUM POX VIRUS ISOLATES THROUGH MICRO-GRAFTING
    372RESEARCH CHIL. J. AGR. RES. - VOL. 70 - Nº 3 - 2010 EVALUATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF TRANSGENIC C5 PLUM (Prunus domestica L.) AGAINST FOUR CHILEAN PLUM POX VIRUS ISOLATES THROUGH MICRO-GRAFTING Wendy Wong1, Paola Barba2, Catalina Álvarez2, Álvaro Castro3, Manuel Acuña2, Pablo Zamora3, Marlene Rosales2, Paola Dell´Orto4, Michael R. Moynihan4, Ralph Scorza5, and Humberto Prieto2* ABSTRACT The transgenic plum (Prunus domestica L.) C5, in which the coat protein (CP) gene of the Plum pox virus (PPV) is inserted, represents a unique example of the use of genetic engineering for fruit crop improvement in Prunus spp. Field trials in Poland, Romania, and Spain have demonstrated resistance of C5 to several D and M strain PPV isolates. In Chile, the quarantine regulations for PPV and for genetically modified (GM) plants require that the testing of C5 for resistance to Chilean PPV isolates be done under controlled isolated conditions. To carry out these tests C5 shoots were multiplied in vitro and micro-grafted onto four Adesoto101 (Prunus insititia L.) rootstock populations that had been previously infected each with one of four Chilean PPV-Ds. Tests were carried out under controlled conditions in a biosafety greenhouse. Symptoms appearance, virus detection, and viral mRNA levels for the cylindrical inclusion (CI) and CP genes were determined during three consecutive growing seasons. Complete resistance to all PPV isolates was demonstrated during the first 2 yr in all of the C5 plants. In the third season, four of 10 C5 plants showed mild symptoms on leaves close to the graft union and low but detectable CI mRNA levels in the C5 scions.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Garden Plants
    COLONIAL GARD~J~ PLANTS I Flowers Before 1700 The following plants are listed according to the names most commonly used during the colonial period. The botanical name follows for accurate identification. The common name was listed first because many of the people using these lists will have access to or be familiar with that name rather than the botanical name. The botanical names are according to Bailey’s Hortus Second and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (3, 4). They are not the botanical names used during the colonial period for many of them have changed drastically. We have been very cautious concerning the interpretation of names to see that accuracy is maintained. By using several references spanning almost two hundred years (1, 3, 32, 35) we were able to interpret accurately the names of certain plants. For example, in the earliest works (32, 35), Lark’s Heel is used for Larkspur, also Delphinium. Then in later works the name Larkspur appears with the former in parenthesis. Similarly, the name "Emanies" appears frequently in the earliest books. Finally, one of them (35) lists the name Anemones as a synonym. Some of the names are amusing: "Issop" for Hyssop, "Pum- pions" for Pumpkins, "Mushmillions" for Muskmellons, "Isquou- terquashes" for Squashes, "Cowslips" for Primroses, "Daffadown dillies" for Daffodils. Other names are confusing. Bachelors Button was the name used for Gomphrena globosa, not for Centaurea cyanis as we use it today. Similarly, in the earliest literature, "Marygold" was used for Calendula. Later we begin to see "Pot Marygold" and "Calen- dula" for Calendula, and "Marygold" is reserved for Marigolds.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Plums for Home and Commercial Production
    Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service HLA-6258 Sand Plums for Home and Commercial Production Beth McMahon Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets Research Assistant Oklahoma State University are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu Bruce Dunn Assistant Professor Geyer, 2010). Flowering will last for a couple of weeks and Oklahoma State University either red or yellow fruit will begin to form afterward. Ripening of the fruit occurs from June to early August and are either Sand plums, also known as Chickasaw plum, Cherokee yellow or a bright red. Both colors occur in the same areas plum, or Sandhill plum (Prunus angustifolia Marshall), are native of Oklahoma. Fruit size can range from ¼ inch to 1 inch. It fruit-producing shrubs or small trees in Oklahoma (Figure 1). is recommended that long sleeves be worn while collecting Use of sand plums range from cover for native bird species fruit since the plants may be thorny, depending upon how to making jams, jellies, and wine from the fruit. Commercial damaged they have been by deer and cattle in the past. desire in making jams and jellies has led to a rising interest in cultivating sand plums for home and orchard production. The purpose of this publication is to provide some basic knowledge Selecting Plants on how to identify, propagate, and grow your own sand plums. Besides selecting plants for fruit size and crop load, Sand plums range from 2 feet to 25 feet high, depend- you may also want to consider selecting plants that have ing upon soil and water conditions (Row and Geyer, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • (Prunus Subgenus Cerasus) Cultivars Using Nuclear SSR Markers
    Breeding Science 62: 248–255 (2012) doi:10.1270/jsbbs.62.248 Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers Shuri Kato*1), Asako Matsumoto1), Kensuke Yoshimura1), Toshio Katsuki2), Kojiro Iwamoto2), Yoshiaki Tsuda3), Shogo Ishio4), Kentaro Nakamura4), Kazuo Moriwaki5), Toshihiko Shiroishi6), Takashi Gojobori6) and Hiroshi Yoshimaru2) 1) Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan 2) Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1833-81 Todorimachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0843, Japan 3) Department of Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 4) Tsukuba Research Institute, Sumitomo Forestry Co., Ltd., 3-2, Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan 5) RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan 6) National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Numerous cultivars of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) are recognized, but in many cases they are difficult to distinguish morphologically. Therefore, we evaluated the clonal status of 215 des- ignated cultivars using 17 SSR markers. More than half the cultivars were morphologically distinct and had unique genotypes. However, 22 cultivars were found to consist of multiple clones, which probably originate from the chance seedlings, suggesting that their unique characteristics have not been maintained through propagation by grafting alone. We also identified 23 groups consisting of two or more cultivars with identical genotypes. Most members of these groups were putatively synonymously related and morphologically iden- tical. However, some of them were probably derived from bud sport mutants and had distinct morphologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes of the Flowering Time of Trees in Spring by Climate Change in Seoul, South Korea
    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany Tech Science Press DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010649 Article Changes of the Flowering Time of Trees in Spring by Climate Change in Seoul, South Korea Hyewon Kim1, Chanwoo Park2, Jong Hwan Lim2 and Hye Woo Shin3,* 1Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea 2Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Korea 3Research Institute of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea ÃCorresponding Author: Hye Woo Shin. Email: [email protected] Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 26 May 2020 Abstract: Flowering onset has attracted much attention in ecological research as an important indicator of climate change. Generally, warmer temperatures advance flowering onset. The effect of climate warming on flowering onset is more pro- nounced in spring because the difference between atmospheric and water tempera- tures creates more rapid convection than in other seasons. We analyzed the correlation between 73 species of spring woody plants in Hongneung Arboretum in Seoul, South Korea and the spring minimum temperature and average precipita- tion over the past 50 years (1968–2018). The spring minimum temperature and average precipitation have increased over the past 50 years, resulting in the advance of the first flowing date (FFD) in all 73 species by 8.5 days on average. A compar- ison of FFD changes over time by dividing the survey period into three time periods confirmed the advance of the FFD in 50 species (68% of investigated species) by 11.1 days on average in both Period 2 (1999–2008) and Period 3 (2009–2018) rela- tive to Period 1 (1968–1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Plums, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Almonds and Prunus Hybrids
    E-612 2-13 Texas Fruit and Nut Production lums, Nectarines, Apricots Cherries, Almonds and Prunus hybrids Larry Stein, Jim Kamas, and Monte Nesbitt Extension Fruit Specialists, The Texas A&M University System s closely related members of the rose family, plums and apricots typically require similar management. Both fruits have performed Amuch better in Texas than nectarines, almonds, sweet cherries, and Prunus hybrids because they are less susceptible to disease, varmints, and crop loss due to premature blooming. Plums The plum tree has white flowers and sets fruit on buds from previous season’s growth (Fig. 1). Usually Figure 1. A plum orchard in full bloom. the fruit has a dusty white coating or wax bloom that is easily rubbed off (Fig. 2). Plums can be sweet to tart; the skin is typically quite tart. The two main species used in the United States are the European plum, Prunus domestica, and the Japanese plum, Prunus salycina. The European plum includes varieties such as ‘Stanley’, which is grown for fresh fruit and often dried for use as prunes. These varieties have produced poorly in Texas because they require cold climates and are susceptible to fungal diseases such as brown rot. The varieties adapted to Texas are usually hybrids Figure 2. The dusty white coating associated with between P. domestica and P. salycina and are known plums is known as wax bloom. 1 Figure 4. Eating a ripe, juicy Figure 5. ‘Bruce’ plums. ‘Methley’ plum right off the tree. as Japanese or Japanese hybrid varieties. Most plum varieties are not self-fruitful.
    [Show full text]