Maintaining and Making Public Minutes of Federal Reserve Meetings

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Maintaining and Making Public Minutes of Federal Reserve Meetings MAINTAINING AND MAKING PUBLIC MINUTES OF FEDERAL RESERVE MEETINGS HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON DOMESTIC MONETARY POLICY OF THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING, FINANCE AND URBAN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON H.R. 9465 A BILL TO AMEND THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT TO REQUIRE THAT DETAILED MINUTES OF FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COM­ MITTEE MEETINGS BE RELEASED TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC THREE YEARS AFTER THE DATE OF THE MEETING TO WHICH THEY RELATE H.R. 9589 A BILL TO REQUIRE THAT THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS SHALL KEEP VERBATIM TRANSCRIPTS OF ALL MEETINGS OF THEIR BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND MAKE THEM PUBLIC UNDER CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OCTOBER 27, 28; NOVEMBER 17, 1977 Printed for the use of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 99-331 O WASHINGTON : 1977 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HOUSE COMMITTEE ON BANKING, FINANCE AND URBAN AFFAIRS HENRY S. REUSS, Wisconsin, Chairman THOMAS L. ASHLEY, Ohio J. WILLIAM STANTON, Ohio WILLIAM S, MOORHEAD, Pennsylvania GARRY BROWN, Michigan FERNAND J. ST GERMAIN, Rhode Island CHALMERS P. WYLIE, Ohio HENRY B. GONZALES, Texas JOHN H. ROUSSELOT, California JOSEPH G. MINISH, New Jersey STEWART B. McKINNEY, Connecticut FRANK ANNUNZIO, Illinois GEORGE HANSEN, Idaho JAMES M. HANLEY, New York HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois PARREN J. MITCHELL, Maryland RICHARD KELLY, Florida WALTER E. FAUNTROY, CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa District of Columbia MILLICENT FENWICK, New Jersey STEPHEN L. NEAL, North Carolina JIM LEACH, Iowa JERRY M. PATTERSON, California NEWTON I. STEERS, Jr., Maryland JAMES J. BLANCHARD, Michigan THOMAS B. EVANS, Jr., Delaware CARROLL HUBBARD, Jr., Kentucky BRUCE F. CAPUTO, New York JOHN J. LaFALCE, New York HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, New Jersey GLADYS NOON SPELLMAN, Maryland LES AuCOIN, Oregon PAUL E. TSONGAS, Massachusetts BUTLER DERRICK, South Carolina MARK W. HANNAFORD, California DAVID W. EVANS, Indiana CLIFFORD ALLEN, Tennessee NORMAN E. D’AMOURS, New Hampshire STANLEY N. LUNDINE, New York HERMAN BADILLO, New York EDWARD W. PATTISON, New York JOHN J. CAVANAUGH, Nebraska MARY ROSE OAKAR, Ohio JIM MATTOX, Texas BRUCE F. VENTO, Minnesota DOUG BARNARD, Georgia WES WATKINS, Oklahoma P a u l N e l s o n , Clerk and Staff Director W i l l i a m P . D i x o n , General Counsel M i c h a e l P . F l a h e r t y , Counsel G r a s t y C r e w s II, Counsel M e r c e r L . J a c k s o n , Minority Staff Director G r a h a m T. N o r t h u p , Deputy Minority Staff Director S ubcommittee o n D o m e s t ic M o n e t a r y P o l ic y PARREN J. MITCHELL, Maryland, Chairman STEPHEN L. NEAL, North Carolina GEORGE HANSEN, Idaho NORMAN E. D’AMOURS, New Hampshire HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, New Jersey DOUG BARNARD, Georgia BRUCE F. CAPUTO, New York WES WATKINS, Oklahoma BUTLER DERRICK, South Carolina MARK O. HANNAFORD, California (II) Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS Hearings held on— Pnjf© October 27, 1977-'_________________________________________________________ 1 October 28, 1977__________________________________________________________ 39 November 17, 1977________________________________________________________ 47 Text of— H.R. 9465_________________________________________ _________________ 3 H.R. 9589__________________________________________________________________ 5 Statements Burns, Hon. Arthur F., Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System______________________________________________________________ 49 Cavanaugh, Hon. John J., a Representative in Congress from the State of Nebraska---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Hannaford, Hon. Mark W., a Representative in Congress from the State of California_________________________________________________________________ 8 Vento, Hon. Bruce F., a Representative in Congress from the State of Minnesota __________________________________________________________________ 39 A dditional I nformation Submitted for the Record Burns, Hon. Arthur F., letter dated July 27, 1977, expressing views on the Cavanaugh amendment to H.R. 8094_______________________________________ 51 Hannaford. Hon. Mark W .: Letter to Chairman William Proxmire of the Senate Banking Commit­ tee regarding H.R. 9465, with attached reply—._____________________ 13,14 Prepared statement______________________________________________________ 11 Mitchell, Chairman Parren J., opening statement___________________________ 7 Neal, Hon. Stephen L., Representative in Congress from the State of North Carolina and member of the subcommittee, statement____________________ 20 Dakar, Hon. Mary Rose, Representative in Congress from the State of Ohio, statement with attachments________________________________________ 25 Vento, Hon. Bruce F., excerpt from “ Shadows Over the Sunshine Act”, a Common Cause Study of Federal agency compliance with the Govern­ ment in the Sunshine Act of 1976 (September 1977)_____________________ 65 Williams, Prof. Walter of Temple University, statement_________ ____ ____ 49 A ppendixes Appendix I.— “Correspondence and material of Chairman Henry S. Reuss, House Banking, Committee regarding the negotiating with Chairman Arthur F. Burns of the Federal Reserve Board for the acquisition of minutes of the meetings of the Boards of Directors of the 12 Federal Reserve regional books_____________________________________________________ 69 Appendix II.— “Public Access to Records of Federal Open Market Com­ mittee Deliberations: Evolution of Policies Preceding the Decision to Terminate Maintenance of Detailed Records”, paper prepared by Roger S. White, analyst in money and banking, Economics Division, Congres­ sional Research Service, Library of Congress____________________________ 131 Appendix III.— Compilation of opinions received from prominent business leaders and economic professors 011 H.R. 9465 and H.R. 9589___________ 187 ( h i ) Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MAINTAINING AND MAKING PUBLIC MINUTES OF FEDERAL RESERVE MEETINGS THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1977 H ou se of R epresentatives , S ubcommittee o n D o m e s t ic M o n e t a r y P o l ic y of t h e C o m m it t e e o n B a n k i n g , F in a n c e a n d U r b a n A f f a ir s , Washington, D.C. The subcommittee met at 8:35 a.m. in room 2222 of the Rayburn House Office Building; Hon. Parren J. Mitchell (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present : Representatives Mitchell, Barnard, and Hansen. Chairman M i t c h e l l . Ladies and gentlemen, the hearing w ill come to order. I work under the theory that neither late night sessions nor early morning rain should delay the beginning of a hearing, so we will now commence the hearings of the subcommittee. This morning the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs will hold hearings on H.R. 9465 and H.R. 9589. These bills require mainte­ nance of detailed records of meetings of respectively, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the Federal Reserve System and the Boards of Directors of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Specifically, H.R. 9465, which was introduced by our colleague, Hon. Mark W. Hannaford of California, provides for reinstatement of the FOMC’s “Memoranda of Discussion” for all FOMC meetings, with its release for public consumption scheduled 3 years after the meeting is held. H.R. 9589, the Federal Reserve Public Information Act, which was introduced by our colleague, Hon. John J. Cavanaugh of Ne­ braska, requires maintenance of verbatim transcripts of all meetings of the Boards of Directors of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and provides for their submission to the Congress after a lag time period of 1 year. The legislation before us is controversial. The question of whether to keep and publish minutes of FOMC meetings has been embroiled in controversy since the creation of the FOMC by the Banking Act of 1935. It was only after prolonged and sometimes heated debate that the Open Market Committee finally decided in 1964 to release the discussion memoranda, which are based on the FOMC minutes, for the first time, and then only for 1959 and earlier years. So you can see that these hearings are not breaking new ground. The intro­ duction of H.R. 9465 and H.R. 9589 reflect growing concern that the (l) Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 public is not now getting all the information it needs to monitor and evaluate the performance of the Nation's money managers: the per­ sons to whom the Congress has delegated its awesome constitutional powers to control the supply of money and regulate its value. The Federal Reserve is the delegate through which our monetary policy is carried out. Within the Federal Reserve, the Federal Open Market Committee is the body primarily responsible for the formula­ tion and implementation of that policy. Any effort by the public to monitor and assess monetary policy necessarily requires information dealing with the FOM C’s decision processes and the underlying rea­ sons for its actions. There are three elements common to H.R. 9465 and H.R. 9589 on which our deliberations will focus. These are: one, the nature of records maintained; two, their availability to the public; and three, if they are made available, the timing o f their release. [The text of H.R. 9465 and H.R. 9589 follow :] Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 95t hteS- CONGRESS H.* • R. 9465^ j IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES October 6,1977 Mr. H annaford (for himself, Mr. C avanau gh , Mr. H a n le y, Mr. M attox, Mr. M itchell of Maryland, Ms. O akar, Mr. P atterson of California, and Mr. V ento) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs A BILL To amend the Federal Reserve Act to require that detailed minutes of Federal Open Market Committee meetings be released to the general public three years after the date of the meeting to which they relate.
Recommended publications
  • Appendix File Anes 1988‐1992 Merged Senate File
    Version 03 Codebook ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ CODEBOOK APPENDIX FILE ANES 1988‐1992 MERGED SENATE FILE USER NOTE: Much of his file has been converted to electronic format via OCR scanning. As a result, the user is advised that some errors in character recognition may have resulted within the text. MASTER CODES: The following master codes follow in this order: PARTY‐CANDIDATE MASTER CODE CAMPAIGN ISSUES MASTER CODES CONGRESSIONAL LEADERSHIP CODE ELECTIVE OFFICE CODE RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE MASTER CODE SENATOR NAMES CODES CAMPAIGN MANAGERS AND POLLSTERS CAMPAIGN CONTENT CODES HOUSE CANDIDATES CANDIDATE CODES >> VII. MASTER CODES ‐ Survey Variables >> VII.A. Party/Candidate ('Likes/Dislikes') ? PARTY‐CANDIDATE MASTER CODE PARTY ONLY ‐‐ PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY 0001 Johnson 0002 Kennedy, John; JFK 0003 Kennedy, Robert; RFK 0004 Kennedy, Edward; "Ted" 0005 Kennedy, NA which 0006 Truman 0007 Roosevelt; "FDR" 0008 McGovern 0009 Carter 0010 Mondale 0011 McCarthy, Eugene 0012 Humphrey 0013 Muskie 0014 Dukakis, Michael 0015 Wallace 0016 Jackson, Jesse 0017 Clinton, Bill 0031 Eisenhower; Ike 0032 Nixon 0034 Rockefeller 0035 Reagan 0036 Ford 0037 Bush 0038 Connally 0039 Kissinger 0040 McCarthy, Joseph 0041 Buchanan, Pat 0051 Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.) 0052 Local party figures (city, state, etc.) 0053 Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket 0054 Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket 0055 Reference to vice‐presidential candidate ? Make 0097 Other people within party reasons Card PARTY ONLY ‐‐ PARTY CHARACTERISTICS 0101 Traditional Democratic voter: always been a Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a Republican; just couldn't vote Republican 0102 Traditional Republican voter: always been a Republican; just a Republican; never been a Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic 0111 Positive, personal, affective terms applied to party‐‐good/nice people; patriotic; etc.
    [Show full text]
  • CONVERSATIONS MATTER Why Medicare (Unlike Medicaid and the Veterans Health Administration) Cannot Negotiate Prescription Drug Prices
    Kari Gottfried POL 317: U.S. Health Policy & Politics CONVERSATIONS MATTER Why Medicare (Unlike Medicaid and the Veterans Health Administration) Cannot Negotiate Prescription Drug Prices Gottfried 1 Introduction & Background The national conversation around health care reform has been approached from many angles, but the general consensus is this: the United States is spending more on health care, and getting less in return, than any other comparable country.1 There are many reasons why this is the case, and health policy experts have been trying to get to the bottom of this problem for years. One case they make for astronomical health care costs is the rising price of prescription drugs.2 Both Democrats and Republicans have emerged as critics of this issue, placing the blame on the pharmaceutical industry and their powerful lobby.3 In a Congressional hearing last February, Senator Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) challenged pharmaceutical executives, telling them, “We cannot continue to give Big Pharma the blank check that you have had to pay for high- priced prescription drugs.”4 Senator Cassidy (R-La.) argues that the burden should not be placed on the government to pay for these expensive drugs, since the cost eventually falls on taxpayers. He says “if the taxpayer is paying that money… it is almost as if the taxpayer has ‘stupid’ written on their face, which they should not. That is unfair.”5 However, legislators discount the role they have had in this crisis. Nearly one third of prescription drug spending is through the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit,6 but 1 In this paper, “comparable” or “similar” countries to the United States refers to countries that are a part of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Off the Record
    About the Center for Public Integrity The CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY, founded in 1989 by a group of concerned Americans, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt educational organization created so that important national issues can be investigated and analyzed over a period of months without the normal time or space limitations. Since its inception, the Center has investigated and disseminated a wide array of information in more than sixty Center reports. The Center's books and studies are resources for journalists, academics, and the general public, with databases, backup files, government documents, and other information available as well. The Center is funded by foundations, individuals, revenue from the sale of publications and editorial consulting with news organizations. The Joyce Foundation and the Town Creek Foundation provided financial support for this project. The Center gratefully acknowledges the support provided by: Carnegie Corporation of New York The Florence & John Schumann Foundation The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The New York Community Trust This report, and the views expressed herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of the individual members of the Center for Public Integrity's Board of Directors or Advisory Board. THE CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY 910 17th Street, N.W. Seventh Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 466-1300 Facsimile: (202)466-1101 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2000 The Center for Public Integrity All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information and retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Center for Public Integrity.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections University Libraries Publications
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Reflections University Libraries Publications Spring 2009 Reflections - Spring 2009 University Libraries--University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/reflections Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation University of South Carolina, "University of South Carolina Libraries - Reflections, Spring 2009". http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ reflections/4/ This Newsletter is brought to you by the University Libraries Publications at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reflections by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. S McNally Named Dean of University Libraries Thomas F. McNally was named dean of University Libraries at the University of South Carolina’s Columbia campus on March 1. N McNally had served the libraries as interim dean since July 1, 2007, and as director of Thomas Cooper Library from 1991 to 2007. During his nearly 19 years as an administrator with the libraries, McNally was instrumental in pro- viding innovative library services to the University O community, in moving the libraries into the area of cont. on page 2 Tom McNally at the Hollings Library work site I To the University community: This is my first opportunity to write to you our collections. As always, we will be presenting as dean of University Libraries. For me, it is an outstanding programs with terrific speakers. T opportunity to say “thank you.” Over the last year The months and years ahead are going to offer and one-half that I have served as interim dean, extraordinary challenges and opportunities for our you have greeted me with offers of support, encour- University Libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Bruce Vento: 1940 - 2000
    / Bruce Vento: 1940 - 2000 .... .... ~ "' ~ " ,.4 "' ,. " "."••" ,. "' . Achampion until the end Praise pours in for environmental crusader, advocate for homeless STAR TRIBUNE OCT 11 '00 Vento's political career By Greg Gordon ing cancer almost always asso­ tiful, loving, caring man," Well­ and Tom Hamburger ciated with asbestos exposure, stone said, choking back tears ~ 1970: Elected to Minnesota House; served three Star Tribune Washington terms. forced the veteran Democrat to at one point. Bureau Correspondents announce in February that he Word of Vento's death trig­ ~ 1976:Elected to u.s. House to represent Fourth would retire at the conclusion gered an outpouring ofemotion Congressional District; served almost 12 terms. WASHINGTON, D.C. - U.S. ofhis 12th term in the House. and salutations from the White ~ Top Issues: Championed environmental and Rep. Bruce Vento, one of the In a speech on the Senate House, politicians of all stripes, homeless causes. nation's foremost crusaders for floor, Sen. Paul Wellstorte, D­ environmental leaders and ad- the environment and the home­ Minn., said that Vento's new vocates forthec:oout. ~ Key position: Chairman of the House Natural less, died at his St. Paul home wife, Susan Lynch Vento, his -Resources subcommittee on national parks, Tuesday after an eight-month grown sons, Michael, Peter and VENTO continu on A20 forests and lands for 10years. battle with a rare form oft lung John, and other family mem­ ~ cancer. bers were at his side and that all latest legislation: Pushed bill making it easier ALSO INSIDE: for· Hmong who fought with u.S. forces during He celebrated his 60th birth­ told the Fourth District con­ Star Tribune photo by Duane Braley the Vietnam War to become U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 Annual Report a Note from Our Board Chair
    Our River. Our Community. 2015 ANNUAL REPORT A NOTE FROM OUR BOARD CHAIR DEAR FRIENDS, During a recent hike in Patagonia South America, my guide, who spoke little English, asked, “Where are you from in the USA?” “Minnesota” I replied. He shook his head indicating unfamiliarity. A few minutes later he suddenly inquired, “Mississippi River?” “Yes,” I said, “the Mississippi River begins in Minnesota.” This was a powerful reminder that our local Mississippi is one of the world’s great rivers. Back here at home, it’s exciting to see this recognition increasingly take hold. More and more, communities that once turned their back to the river now turn their gaze towards the river’s majestic beauty. Thanks to all of you — Friends of the Mississippi River members, donors volunteers and advocates — who have fueled this river renaissance. Project by project, community by community, we are building momentum for a healthier, more vibrant metro Mississippi River. In 2015: • A record 7,142 people helped restore habitat or learned about the river with FMR. • Ecological restoration progressed on 21 sites totaling a record 1,014 acres. • The upper St. Anthony Falls Lock was closed preventing invasive Asian YOU! carp from progressing upstream. ALL OF OUR Now, as new river parks and projects emerge at a quickened pace, FMR is SUCCESS IN 2015 IS also working to ensure equitable access to river amenities for all, especially in North Minneapolis. We also remain dedicated to protecting the river’s BECAUSE OF YOU. health, advocating for innovative new policies to reduce the biggest threat to the river today, agricultural pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Webster. Chamberlain & Bean
    LAW OFFICES WEBSTER.CHAMBERLAIN & BEAN 1747 PENNSYLVANIAAVENUE. N.W. WASHINGTON.D.C. 20000 (202)785-0500 GEORGZ D WEBSTER lleBl-ln6.el OF COUNSU FAX: (202)835-0243 J COLEHAN BE*N CHIRLES E CHAMBERLAIN November 21, 1997 Dawn M. Odrowski, Esq. Office of General Counsel Federal Election Commission Sixth Floor 999 E Street, N.W. ...~,... Washington, D.C. 20463 ia:'-...: .. Re: MUR 3774 National Risht to Work Committee Dear Ms. Odrowski: The National Right to Work Committee recently discovered additional documents that are responsive to the requests contained in your letter of September 4, 1997. The documents have been organized in accordance with the separate numbered paragraphs in your September 4 letter and each batch of documents is accompanied by a cover sheet identifying the paragraphs of your letter to which that group of documents is responsive. Frank M. Northam Enclosures FMN/ctb cc: National Right to Work Committee BEFORE THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION ... _.... .... In the Matter of 1 ... -.._I_.... .. Witness Subpoena to ) MUR 3774 The National Right to) :--: ......... Work Committee ) ._.... 3.:.....i.: DOCUMENTS FROM NRWC Supplemental Submission in Response to Letter from FEC dated 9/4/97 Item 1.a. G (Ateach to FINAL copy) .- FROM: 4 HAVE ALL RECOMMENDED CMAEGES BEEN MADE? BYES 0 NO PROOFlNG: 1ST pfi! SUF. IO/(> REVISION NEEDED 2ND IP6 REVISION NEEDED -h Ir 3RD I0l/L( REVISION NEEDED Nb 4TH - REVISION NEEDED 5TH REVISION NEEDED 6TH / REVISION NEEDED FINAL COPY APPROVED? DATE: sc U.S. Senate Questions#: 1 2 a 4 B 6 7 8 9 Dirtrlat 2 Questions# 123456789 Floyd Spence-R YYYYYYY-Y ritz Hollings-D --------- (803) 254-5120 (803) 327-1114 i YYYYY-YYY (8031 723-0700 Will.iam Horne-R Fomy Hartnetc-R YYYYYYYYY D-kt 3 (803) 720-8860 James Bland-R YYYYYYYYY (803) 641-1408 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 MNHS Legacy Report (PDF)
    Minnesota History: Building A Legacy JAnuAry 2013 | Report to the Governor and the Legislature on Funding for History Programs and Projects supported by the Legacy Amendment’s Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund Table of Contents Letter from the Minnesota Historical Society Director and CEO . 1 Introduction . 2 Feature Stories on FY12–13 History Programs, Partnerships, Grants and Initiatives Then Now Wow Exhibit . 7 Civil War Commemoration . 9 U .S .-Dakota War of 1862 Commemoration . 10 Statewide History Programs . 12 Minnesota Historical and Cultural Heritage Grants Highlights . 14 Archaeological Surveys . 16 Minnesota Digital Library . 17 FY12–13 ACHF History Appropriations Language . Grants tab FY12–13 Report of Minnesota Historical and Cultural Heritage Grants (Organized by Legislative District) . 19 FY12–13 Report of Statewide History Programs . 57 FY12–13 Report of Statewide History Partnerships . 73 FY12–13 Report of Other Statewide Initiatives Surveys of Historical and Archaeological Sites . 85 Minnesota Digital Library . 86 Civil War Commemoration . 87 Estimated cost of preparing and printing this report (as required by Minn. Stat. § 3.197): $6,413 Upon request this report will be made available in alternate format such as Braille, large print or audio tape. For TTY contact Minnesota Relay Service at 800-627-3529 and ask for the Minnesota Historical Society. For more information or for paper copies of this report contact the Society at: 345 Kellogg Blvd. W., St Paul, MN 55102, 651-259-3000. The 2012 report is available at the Society’s website: legacy.mnhs.org. COVER IMAGE: Kids try plowing at the Oliver H. Kelley Farm in Elk River, June 2012 Letter from the Director and CEO January 15, 2013 As we near the close of the second biennium since the passage of the Legacy Amendment in November 2008, Minnesotans are preserving our past, sharing our state’s stories and connecting to history like never before.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Doc. 108-222
    NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS JANUARY 3, 1977, TO JANUARY 3, 1979 FIRST SESSION—January 4, 1977, 1 to December 15, 1977 SECOND SESSION—January 19, 1978, 2 to October 15, 1978 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER, 3 of New York; WALTER F. MONDALE, 4 of Minnesota PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—JAMES O. EASTLAND, 5 of Mississippi DEPUTY PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, 6 of Minnesota SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—FRANCIS R. VALEO, 7 of the District of Columbia; J. STANLEY KIMMITT, 8 of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—F. NORDY HOFFMANN, of Maryland SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—THOMAS P. O’NEILL, JR., 9 of Massachusetts CLERK OF THE HOUSE—EDMUND L. HENSHAW, JR., 10 of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—KENNETH R. HARDING, 10 of Virginia DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JAMES T. MOLLOY, 10 of New York POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—ROBERT V. ROTA, 10 of Pennsylvania ALABAMA ARIZONA CALIFORNIA SENATORS SENATORS SENATORS John J. Sparkman, Huntsville Barry Goldwater, Scottsdale Alan Cranston, Los Angeles James B. Allen, 11 Gadsden Dennis DeConcini, Tucson S. I. Hayakawa, Mill Valley Maryon Allen, 12 Gadsden REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVES Donald Stewart, 13 Anniston Harold T. Johnson, Roseville John J. Rhodes, Mesa REPRESENTATIVES Don H. Clausen, Crescent City Morris K. Udall, Tucson Jack Edwards, Mobile John E. Moss, 16 Sacramento Bob Stump, Tolleson Robert L. Leggett, 17 Vallejo William L. Dickinson, Montgomery Eldon D. Rudd, Scottsdale Bill Nichols, Sylacauga John Burton, San Francisco Phillip Burton, San Francisco Tom Bevill, Jasper ARKANSAS Ronnie G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Transportation Politics
    University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive Political Science Honors College 5-2013 Exiting the Porkway: The Transformation of Transportation Politics Jeffrey A. Brauner University at Albany, State University of New York Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_pos Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brauner, Jeffrey A., "Exiting the Porkway: The Transformation of Transportation Politics" (2013). Political Science. 15. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_pos/15 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at Scholars Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science by an authorized administrator of Scholars Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exiting the Porkway The Transformation of Transportation Politics An honors thesis presented to the Department of Political Science, University at Albany, State University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Honors in Political Science and graduation from The Honors College Jeffrey A. Brauner Research Advisor: Michael Malbin, Ph.D. December, 2012 1 Abstract Over the past two decades, there has been a decisive shift in how transportation policy is developed. For years, this policy area was viewed as one of the least combative arena in Washington. That is no longer the case. Theodore Lowi and James Q. Wilson’s views on policy arenas and political types will provide the framework for a discussion of the shift that transportation politics have undergone. Additionally, R. Douglas Arnold’s theory from “The Logic of Congressional Action” that reelection is the main force behind the votes of legislators will be used to gain an understanding of how individual legislators shifted their votes over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Phi Beta Kappa Alpha Chapter of South Carolina Chartered in 1926 Phi Beta Kappa Is the Nation’S Most Prestigious Undergraduate Honor Society
    Phi Beta Kappa Alpha Chapter of South Carolina Chartered in 1926 Phi Beta Kappa is the nation’s most prestigious undergraduate honor society. It is recognized across all academic disciplines as a mark of excellence and academic distinction. It is a symbol of integrity and scholarly achievement in the liberal arts and sciences Phi Beta Kappa is both the oldest and the most prestigious undergraduate honor society in the country. Only 10 percent of colleges in the United States have earned the right to have chapters, and just over 1 percent of all college students are elected each year. To be elected, a student must have more than a high grade point average. Chapter members review the academic records of the top 10 percent of the class to ensure that most credits are earned in the liberal arts and sciences, in a broad array of subjects, and at an advanced level. History of Phi Beta Kappa • Phi Beta Kappa are initial letters of Greek words meaning “Love of Wisdom–the Helmsman of Life” • Founded in 1776 at William and Mary College • Yale Chapter established in 1780, Harvard 1781, Dartmouth 1787 • Secrecy repealed in 1830 • Membership extended to women in 1875 • National Body established in 1883 • First African American member elected in 1877 • Alpha of South Carolina established at USC in 1926 • Today, there are 290 chapters and nearly 50 alumni associations across the country • In South Carolina, there are also chapters at Wofford, Clemson and Furman, and there is also the Lowcountry Association Why strive to be elected? There are a number of meaningful and worthwhile honor societies on campus that students will receive invitations to join during their college careers.
    [Show full text]
  • Timber, Steel, Law, Politics St
    The African-American Community and the Cuba Pageant of 1898 Page 15 Winter, 1999 Volume 33, Number 4 Timber, Steel, Law, Politics St. Paul’s Pioneering Lawyers—Page 4 The signing of the Briand-Kellogg Pact in Paris on August 27, 1928. Frank B. Kellogg is seated at the table. This copy of a painting of the historic event is from the Minnesota Historical Society. See article beginning on page 4. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Executive Director ■W" "W" RAMSEY COUNTY Priscilla Famham Editor Virginia Brainard Kunz History RAMSEY COUNTY Volume 33, Number 4 Winter, 1999 HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Laurie A. Zenner CONTENTS Chair Howard M. Guthmann 3 Letters President James Russell 4 Timber, Steel, Law, and Politics First Vice President Anne Cowie Wilson St. Paul’s Pioneering Attorneys and Second Vice President Their More Interesting Cases Richard A. Wilhoit Secretary Samuel H. Morgan Ron Zweber Treasurer 1 4 More About the Life and Times of Frank B. Kellogg W. Andrew Boss, Peter K. Butler, Charlotte H. John M. Lindley Drake, Mark G. Eisenschenk, Joanne A. Eng- lund, Robert F. Garland, John M. Lindley, Ju­ 15 ‘300 Afro-American Performers’ dith Frost Lewis, George A. Mairs, Marlene Marschall, Richard T. Murphy, Sr., Bob Olsen, The Great Cuba Pageant of 1898 Linda Owen, Fred Perez, Marvin J. Pertzik, And the Struggle for Civil Rights Vicenta D. Scarlett, Glenn Wiessner, Charles H. Wilhams, Jr.. Dave Riehle EDITORIAL BOARD 21 Growing Up in St. Paul John M. Lindley, chair; Thomas H. Boyd, Thomas C. Buckley, Pat Hart, Virginia Brainard Eleanor Joins the Family at the Fish Hatchery Kunz, Thomas J.
    [Show full text]