DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphology and Kinematics of Z ∼ 1 Galaxies As Seen Through Gravitational Telescopes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphology and Kinematics of Z ∼ 1 Galaxies As Seen Through Gravitational Telescopes Universita` degli Studi di Napoli \Federico II" Dipartimento di Fisica \Ettore Pancini" Corso di Laurea in Fisica Anno Accademico 2017/2018 Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Morphology and kinematics of z ∼ 1 galaxies as seen through gravitational telescopes Relatore: Prof. Giovanni Covone Candidato: Maria Vittoria Milo Matricola: N94000352 Se parlassi le lingue degli uomini e degli angeli, ma non avessi amore, sarei un rame risonante o uno squillante cembalo. Se avessi il dono di profezia e conoscessi tutti i misteri e tutta la scienza e avessi tutta la fede in modo da spostare i monti, ma non avessi amore, non sarei nulla. Se distribuissi tutti i miei beni per nutrire i poveri, se dessi il mio corpo a essere arso, e non avessi amore, non mi gioverebbe a niente. (1 Corinzi 13:1-3) ii Abstract Observing high−z galaxies is an hard challenge for astrophysicists. As much we go back in time (and therefore far away in space), the Universe in which we live becomes smaller, denser and hotter. On the other hand, at high redshift, astro- nomical objects result as fainter as smaller to make their detection impossible even for the most powerful today's telescopes. Hence, trying to determine the morphol- ogy of these high−z galaxies and even to characterize their physical properties (such as kinematics) would result just a dream of a crazy astrophysicist. Fortu- nately, Nature offers a way out, allowing us to overcome the obstacle. Telescopes able to observe regions of the Universe never before reached by any human or artificial \eye" already exist! These are galaxy clusters, the largest known grav- itationally bound structures in the Universe. Through a phenomenon known as strong gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters can provide enormous magnification and amplification of distant sources that lie behind them, allowing us to study their physical and morphological properties. This is the reason why they are con- sidered \natural telescopes" or \cosmic telescopes". In this work of thesis, I took advantage of this extraordinary role that galaxy clusters have to reconstruct the morphology of z ∼ 1 galaxies and to characterize their kinematics . In Chapter 1, I will deal with the main characteristics of ΛCDM Model of Cosmology and General relativity. The ΛCDM model describes a flat universe in which ∼ 75 percent of the energy density is due to a cosmological constant Λ, ∼ 21 percent is due to cold dark matter (CDM) and the remaining 4 percent is due to the baryonic matter out of which stars and galaxies are made. In such a Universe, the formation of a structure (like a galaxy) could be linked to density perturbations by quantum fluctuations at early times. General relativity is a revolutionary theory of gravity formulated by Einstein in 1915, according to which the structure of space-time is determined by the mass distribution in the Universe through field equation. A direct conse- iii quence of General Relativity is gravitational lensing, an astronomical phenomenon characterized by the bending of the paths of the light rays by gravitational field of massive bodies. This will be the principal argument of Chapter 2. In particular, I will describe the so-called strong gravitational lensing regime, i.e. lensing pro- duced by galaxy clusters in the case in which occurs the production of giant arcs, multiple images and arclets. In Chapter 3 there will be a brief description of what are galaxy clusters and I will also introduce a way in which strong lensing can be used to build models of cluster mass distribution through a Bayesian approach. Finally, in Chapter 4 I will present my data analysis. Through the Cleanlens mode in the gravitational lensing software Lenstool, I have reconstructed the morphology of three different galaxies, at three different redshift, lensed by three different mas- sive galaxy clusters (A370, AS1063 and A2667). Furthermore, taking advantage of the relatively new spectroscopic technique provided by MUSE, I have derived the 2D kinematics of the galaxy lensed by A370 and producing the giant gravitational arc known as the \Dragon". In particular, I have obtained the rotational curve of this galaxy through a study of the [OII] emission line in the spectrum and I have deduced its total mass. The same procedure has been applied to get the rotational curve and the total mass of a galaxy lensed by AS1063. Finally, I have represented my small sample of three galaxies lensed by A370, AS1063 ans A2667 on a graph showing the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher Relation (smTFR) for 64 galaxies, realized by Puech et al. [1]. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The ΛCDM Model of Cosmology . .1 1.2 General Relativity . .5 1.3 Galaxy formation and evolution . .8 1.3.1 Galaxy formation: state of art . .8 1.3.2 Galaxy formation: open questions . 10 1.3.3 Evolution of the Tully-Fisher . 12 2 Gravitational lensing 15 2.1 What is gravitational lensing? . 15 2.2 The Fermat Principle . 19 2.3 The lens equation . 23 2.3.1 The effective lensing potential . 29 2.4 Lens mapping and magnification . 30 2.5 Strong and weak lensing regimes . 37 2.6 Strong gravitational lensing . 38 3 Galaxy clusters as gravitational lenses 43 3.1 What are galaxy clusters? . 43 3.2 Galaxy clusters as gravitational telescopes . 46 v vi Contents 3.3 Strong lensing modeling . 47 3.3.1 Bayesian approach . 50 3.4 From the source to the lensed image . 51 3.5 Lenstool . 53 4 Data analysis 55 4.1 Frontier Fields . 55 4.2 Our sample of lensed galaxies . 56 4.3 Source plane reconstruction in Abell 370 . 57 4.4 Source plane reconstruction in Abell S1063 . 62 4.5 Source plane reconstruction in Abell 2667 . 66 4.6 Integral Field Units . 69 4.6.1 The integral field spectrograph MUSE . 72 4.7 Kinematics of the two galaxies lensed by A370 and AS1063 . 75 4.8 Results . 82 5 Conclusions 85 References 87 Chapter 1 Introduction In this Chapter, I will explain the main characteristics of the two pillars upon which modern cosmology (and hence this thesis) rest: the ΛCDM Model and General Relativity. The first one is just one of the many possible scenarios proposed to date to describe the Universe in which we live while the second one is a theory of gravity formulated by Einstein in 1915 and published in 1916 [2] according to which the structure of space-time is determined by the mass distribution in the Universe through field equations. Moreover, I will give a brief description of the process according to which it is believed a galaxy forms. 1.1 The ΛCDM Model of Cosmology The ΛCDM Model of Cosmology is also called the Standard Model because, at the moment, is the simplest model that better reproduces the observations, providing reasonably good account of the following properties of the cosmos: • the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background (CMB); • the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies; 1 2 Chapter 1. Introduction • the abundance of elements (Big Bang Nucleosynthesis); • the accelerating expansion of the Universe observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovae. The expansion of the Universe was confirmed in 1929 when Edwin P. Hubble [3] observed a redshift in the spectra of distant galaxies, which indicated that these galaxies were receding from us at a velocity proportional to their distance from us. The ΛCDM model is based upon the Cosmological Principle, i.e. the hy- pothesis that the Universe, at large scales (I mean at scales larger than 100Mpc, that correspond about at 300 million light years), is spatially homogeneous and isotropic. The adjective \homogeneous" refers to the fact that our point of obser- vation is neither different nor privileged compared to any other point within our Universe. \Isotropic" means that there is no preferential direction in the Universe, that is, in any direction we observe, what we see must be in principle the same. The most general metric satisfying homogeneity and isotropy at large scales is the Friedmann-Lema^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, written here in terms 2 µ ν of the invariant geodesic distance ds = gµνdx dx : dr2 ds2 = dt2 + a2(t) + r2(dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2) ; (1.1.1) 1 − Kr2 characterized by just two quantities: • a(t) is the scale factor of the Universe at the time t; • K is a constant which characterizes the spatial curvature of the Universe and that can assume only three possible values: K = +1 for a spherical geometry, that is a closed space-time, K = 0 for a flat or Euclidean geometry, that is a flat and open space-time, K = −1 for an hyperbolic geometry, that is open and divergent space-time. 1.1. The ΛCDM Model of Cosmology 3 The Standard Model describes a Universe filled by a classical and perfect fluid which satisfies Bianchi's identity and comes in the form of radiation in the pri- mordial epoch and in the form of dust in the present epoch. The equations that define this model are: a¨ 4πG = − ; (1.1.2) a 3c2 a_ 2 Kc2 8πG + = "; (1.1.3) a a2 3c2 a_ "_ + 3 (" + p); (1.1.4) a p = γ"; (1.1.5) 2 cs 2 where " = ρc is the total energy density of the Universe and γ = ( c ) is an adiabatic index describing how the fluid propagates. The first two equation come from the Einstein field equations (that I will discuss later): 1 8πG R − g R − Λg = T (1.1.6) µν 2 µν µν c4 µν where Rµν is the Ricci tensor, describing the local curvature of space-time, R is the curvature scalar,gµν is the metric, Tµν is the energy-momentum tensor of the matter content of the Universe and Λ is the cosmological constant, which was introduced by Einstein to obtain a static Universe (the \biggest blunder" of his life).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PUBLICATIONS Publications (As of Dec 2020): 335 on Refereed Journals, 90 Selected from Non-Refereed Journals. Citations From
    PUBLICATIONS Publications (as of Sep 2021): 350 on refereed journals, 92 selected from non-refereed journals. Citations from ADS: 32263, H-index= 97. Refereed 350. Caminha, G.B.; Suyu, S.H.; Grillo, C.; Rosati, P.; et al. 2021 Galaxy cluster strong lensing cosmography: cosmological constraints from a sample of regular galaxy clusters, submitted to A&A 349. Mercurio, A..; Rosati, P., Biviano, A. et al. 2021 CLASH-VLT: Abell S1063. Cluster assembly history and spectroscopic catalogue, submitted to A&A, (arXiv:2109.03305) 348. G. Granata et al. (9 coauthors including P. Rosati) 2021 Improved strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters using the Fundamental Plane: the case of Abell S1063, submitted to A&A, (arXiv:2107.09079) 347. E. Vanzella et al. (19 coauthors including P. Rosati) 2021 High star cluster formation efficiency in the strongly lensed Sunburst Lyman-continuum galaxy at z = 2:37, submitted to A&A, (arXiv:2106.10280) 346. M.G. Paillalef et al. (9 coauthors including P. Rosati) 2021 Ionized gas kinematics of cluster AGN at z ∼ 0:8 with KMOS, MNRAS, 506, 385 6 crediti 345. M. Scalco et al. (12 coauthors including P. Rosati) 2021 The HST large programme on Centauri - IV. Catalogue of two external fields, MNRAS, 505, 3549 344. P. Rosati et al. 2021 Synergies of THESEUS with the large facilities of the 2030s and guest observer opportunities, Experimental Astronomy, 2021ExA...tmp...79R (arXiv:2104.09535) 343. N.R. Tanvir et al. (33 coauthors including P. Rosati) 2021 Exploration of the high-redshift universe enabled by THESEUS, Experimental Astronomy, 2021ExA...tmp...97T (arXiv:2104.09532) 342.
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Scale Structure Is It a Valid Motivation?
    Small-scale Structure Is it a valid motivation? Jakub Scholtz IPPP (Durham) Small Scale Structure Problems <—> All the reasons why “CDM is not it” How did we get here? We are gravitationally sensitive to something sourcing T • <latexit sha1_base64="055AcnSYYRkGsBe2aYAe7vH1peg=">AAAB8XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8hV0R9Bj04jFCXphdwuxkNhkyM7vMQwhL/sKLB0W8+jfe/BsnyR40saChqOqmuyvOONPG97+9tfWNza3t0k55d2//4LBydNzWqVWEtkjKU9WNsaacSdoyzHDazRTFIua0E4/vZn7niSrNUtk0k4xGAg8lSxjBxkmPzX4eChtKO+1Xqn7NnwOtkqAgVSjQ6Fe+wkFKrKDSEI617gV+ZqIcK8MIp9NyaDXNMBnjIe05KrGgOsrnF0/RuVMGKEmVK2nQXP09kWOh9UTErlNgM9LL3kz8z+tZk9xEOZOZNVSSxaLEcmRSNHsfDZiixPCJI5go5m5FZIQVJsaFVHYhBMsvr5L2ZS3wa8HDVbV+W8RRglM4gwsI4BrqcA8NaAEBCc/wCm+e9l68d+9j0brmFTMn8Afe5w/beZEG</latexit> µ⌫ —> we are fairly certain that DM exists. • An exception is MOND, which has issues of its own. However, the MOND community has been instrumental in pointing out some of the discrepancies with CDM. • But how do we verify the picture? —> NBODY simulations (disclaimer: I have never run a serious body simulation) 2WalterDehnen,JustinI.Read:N-body SimulationsN-body simulations of gravitational dynamics have reached over 106 particles [6], while collisionless calculations can now reach more than 109 particles [7–10]. This disparity reflects the difference in complexity of these rather dissimilar N-body problems. The significant increase in N in the last decade was driven by the usage of parallel computers. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the art software algo- Takerithms N and dark hardware matter improvements
    [Show full text]
  • GMRT 610 Mhz Observations of Galaxy Clusters in the ACT Equatorial Sample
    MNRAS 000,1{26 (2018) Preprint 20 March 2019 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 GMRT 610 MHz observations of galaxy clusters in the ACT equatorial sample Kenda Knowles,1? Andrew J. Baker,2 J. Richard Bond,3 Patricio A. Gallardo,4 Neeraj Gupta,5 Matt Hilton,1 John P. Hughes,2 Huib Intema,6 Carlos H. L´opez- Caraballo,7;8 Kavilan Moodley,1 Benjamin L. Schmitt,9 Jonathan Sievers,10 Crist´obal Sif´on,4;11 Edward Wollack,12 1Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 3690, South Africa 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA 3Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, 60 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H8, Canada 4Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 5IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India 6Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands 7Instituto de Astrof´ısica and Centro de Astro-Ingenier´ıa, Facultad de F´ısica, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile, Av. Vicu~na Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul, Santiago, Chile 8Departamento de Matem´aticas, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile 9Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 10Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 3690, South Africa 11Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 12NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Accepted XXX.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmic Evolution Through Uv Surveys (Cetus) Final Report
    COSMIC EVOLUTION THROUGH UV SURVEYS (CETUS) FINAL REPORT Thematic Activity: Project (probe mission concept) Program: Electromagnetic observations from space Authors of Final Report: Jonathan Arenberg, Northrop Grumman Corporation Sally Heap, Univ. of Maryland, [email protected] Tony Hull, Univ. of New Mexico Steve Kendrick, Kendrick Aerospace Consulting LLC Bob Woodruff, Woodruff Consulting Scientific Contributors: Maarten Baes, Rachel Bezanson, Luciana Bianchi, David Bowen, Brad Cenko, Yi-Kuan Chiang, Rachel Cochrane, Mike Corcoran, Paul Crowther, Simon Driver, Bill Danchi, Eli Dwek, Brian Fleming, Kevin France, Pradip Gatkine, Suvi Gezari, Lea Hagen, Chris Hayward, Matthew Hayes, Tim Heckman, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Alexander Kutyrev, Thierry Lanz, John MacKenty, Steve McCandliss, Harvey Moseley, Coralie Neiner, Goren Östlin, Camilla Pacifici, Marc Rafelski, Bernie Rauscher, Jane Rigby, Ian Roederer, David Spergel, Dan Stark, Alexander Szalay, Bryan Terrazas, Jonathan Trump, Arjun van der Wel, Sylvain Veilleux, Kate Whitaker, Isak Wold, Rosemary Wyse Technical Contributors: Jim Burge, Kelly Dodson, Chip Eckles, Brian Fleming, Jamie Kennea, Gerry Lemson, John MacKenty, Steve McCandliss, Greg Mehle, Shouleh Nikzad, Trent Newswander, Lloyd Purves, Manuel Quijada, Ossy Siegmund, Dave Sheikh, Phil Stahl, Ani Thakar, John Vallerga, Marty Valente, the Goddard IDC/MDL. September 2019 Cosmic Evolution Through UV Surveys (CETUS) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO CETUS ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hst Frontier Fields Preliminary Map Modeling
    HST FRONTIER FIELDS PRELIMINARY MAP MODELING CATs Team (Clusters As Telescopes) Johan Richard (CRAL Lyon), Benjamin Clement (University of Arizona), Mathilde Jauzac (University of KwaZulu-Natal), Eric Jullo (LAM Marseille), Marceau Limousin (LAM, Marseille), Harald Ebeling (IfA, Hawaii), Priyamvada Natarajan (Yale University), Jean-Paul Kneib (EPFL Lausanne) & Eiichi Egami (University of Arizona). RECONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY Producing a magnification map involves solving the lens equation for light rays originating from distant sources and deflected by the massive foreground cluster. This is ultimately an inversion problem for which several sets of codes and approaches have been developed independently (see recent review by Kneib & Natarajan 2010). Our collaboration uses LENSTOOL1, an algorithm developed collectively by us over the years. LENSTOOL is a hybrid code that combines observational strong- and weak-lensing data to constrain the cluster mass model. The total mass distribution of clusters is assumed to consist of several smooth, large-scale potentials that are modeled either in a parametric form or non-parametrically, along with contributions from many (typically N > 50) individual cluster galaxies that are modeled using physically motivated parametric forms. For lensing clusters a multi-scale approach is optimal, in as much as the constraints resulting from this inversion exercise are derived from a range of scales. Further details of the methodology are outlined in Jullo & Kneib (2009) and have been extended to the weak-lensing regime (Jauzac et al. 2012). At present, the prevailing modeling approach is to assign a small-scale dark-matter clump to each major cluster galaxy and a large-scale dark-matter clump to prominent concentrations of cluster galaxies (Natarajan & Kneib 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • 16Th HEAD Meeting Session Table of Contents
    16th HEAD Meeting Sun Valley, Idaho – August, 2017 Meeting Abstracts Session Table of Contents 99 – Public Talk - Revealing the Hidden, High Energy Sun, 204 – Mid-Career Prize Talk - X-ray Winds from Black Rachel Osten Holes, Jon Miller 100 – Solar/Stellar Compact I 205 – ISM & Galaxies 101 – AGN in Dwarf Galaxies 206 – First Results from NICER: X-ray Astrophysics from 102 – High-Energy and Multiwavelength Polarimetry: the International Space Station Current Status and New Frontiers 300 – Black Holes Across the Mass Spectrum 103 – Missions & Instruments Poster Session 301 – The Future of Spectral-Timing of Compact Objects 104 – First Results from NICER: X-ray Astrophysics from 302 – Synergies with the Millihertz Gravitational Wave the International Space Station Poster Session Universe 105 – Galaxy Clusters and Cosmology Poster Session 303 – Dissertation Prize Talk - Stellar Death by Black 106 – AGN Poster Session Hole: How Tidal Disruption Events Unveil the High 107 – ISM & Galaxies Poster Session Energy Universe, Eric Coughlin 108 – Stellar Compact Poster Session 304 – Missions & Instruments 109 – Black Holes, Neutron Stars and ULX Sources Poster 305 – SNR/GRB/Gravitational Waves Session 306 – Cosmic Ray Feedback: From Supernova Remnants 110 – Supernovae and Particle Acceleration Poster Session to Galaxy Clusters 111 – Electromagnetic & Gravitational Transients Poster 307 – Diagnosing Astrophysics of Collisional Plasmas - A Session Joint HEAD/LAD Session 112 – Physics of Hot Plasmas Poster Session 400 – Solar/Stellar Compact II 113
    [Show full text]
  • Where Are the Missing Baryons in Clusters?
    1 Where Are the Missing Baryons in Clusters? Bilhuda Rasheed Adviser: Dr. Neta Bahcall Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University May 2010 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize Princeton University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Bilhuda Rasheed I further authorize Princeton University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Bilhuda Rasheed Abstract We address previous claims that the baryon fraction in clusters is significantly below the cosmic value of the baryon fraction as determined from WMAP 7-year results. We use X-ray and SZ observations to determine the slope of the gas density profile to R200. This is shallower than the slope of total mass density (NFW) profile. We use the gas density slope to extrapolate the X-ray observations of gas fraction at R500 to the virial radius (R100). The gas fraction increases beyond R500 for all cluster masses. We add the stellar fraction as determined from COSMOS and 2MASS samples, with ICL contributing 10% to the stellar fraction. For massive clusters 14 (M500 ∼ 7 × 10 M ), the baryon fraction reaches the cosmic baryon fraction at Rvir± 20%. Poorer clusters and groups typically reach 75–85% of the cosmic baryon fraction at the virial radius. We compare these results with simulations which take into account gravitational shock-heating, star formation, heating from SNe and AGN, and energy transfer from dark matter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627): I. a Dynamical Analysis of the Most
    Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000–000 (0000) Printed 23 October 2018 (MN LATEX style file v1.4) The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627): I. A Dynamical Analysis of the Most Massive Cluster in the Great Attractor ⋆ P.A. Woudt1 , R.C. Kraan-Korteweg1, J. Lucey2, A.P. Fairall1, S.A.W. Moore2 1Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 2Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom 2007 May 22 ABSTRACT A detailed dynamical analysis of the nearby rich Norma cluster (ACO 3627) is pre- sented. From radial velocities of 296 cluster members, we find a mean velocity of 4871 ± 54 km s−1 and a velocity dispersion of 925 km s−1. The mean velocity of the E/S0 population (4979 ± 85 km s−1) is offset with respect to that of the S/Irr population (4812 ± 70 km s−1) by ∆v = 164 km s−1 in the cluster rest frame. This offset increases towards the core of the cluster. The E/S0 population is free of any detectable substructure and appears relaxed. Its shape is clearly elongated with a po- sition angle that is aligned along the dominant large-scale structures in this region, the so-called Norma wall. The central cD galaxy has a very large peculiar velocity of 561 km s−1 which is most probably related to an ongoing merger at the core of the cluster. The spiral/irregular galaxies reveal a large amount of substructure; two dynamically distinct subgroups within the overall spiral-population have been identified, located along the Norma wall elongation.
    [Show full text]
  • MASS and LIGHT of ABELL 370: a STRONG and WEAK LENSING ANALYSIS ABSTRACT We Present a New Gravitational Lens Model of the Hubble
    Draft version October 15, 2018 Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 01/23/15 MASS AND LIGHT OF ABELL 370: A STRONG AND WEAK LENSING ANALYSIS V. Strait1, M. Bradacˇ1, A. Hoag1, K.-H. Huang1, T. Treu2, X. Wang2,4, R. Amorin6,7, M. Castellano5, A. Fontana5, B.-C. Lemaux1, E. Merlin5, K.B. Schmidt3, T. Schrabback8, A. Tomczack1, M. Trenti9,10, and B. Vulcani9,11 1Physics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1547, USA 3Leibniz-Institut f¨urAstrophysik Postdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany 4Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9530, USA 5INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Via Frascati 33 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy 6Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK 7Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd., CB3 0HA, Cambridge, UK 8Argelander-Institut f¨urAstronomie, Auf dem H¨ugel71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany 9School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 10ARC Centre of Excellence fot All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) and 11INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Padora, 35122 Padova, Italy Draft version October 15, 2018 ABSTRACT We present a new gravitational lens model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster Abell 370 (z = 0:375) using imaging and spectroscopy from Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based spectroscopy. We combine constraints from a catalog of 909 weakly lensed galaxies and 39 multiply-imaged sources comprised of 114 multiple images, including a system of multiply-imaged candidates at z = 7:84 ± 0:02, to obtain a best-fit mass distribution using the cluster lens modeling code Strong and Weak Lensing United.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Reserved Targets Sent to GRANTECAN for the Exploitation of the MEGARA Guaranteed Time at GTC
    List of Reserved Targets sent to GRANTECAN for the exploitation of the MEGARA Guaranteed Time at GTC List of Reserved Targets sent to GRANTECAN for the exploitation of the MEGARA Guaranteed Time at GTC List of Reserved Targets sent to GRANTECAN for the exploitation of the MEGARA Guaranteed Time at GTC INDEX 1. MEGADES – MEGARA GALAXY DISKS EVOLUTION SURVEY: S4G .................. 3 2. MEGADES – MEGARA GALAXY DISKS EVOLUTION SURVEY: M33 ............... 11 3. SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF COMPACT STELLAR CLUSTERS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS IN NEARBY GALAXIES ........................................................................ 12 4. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PHOTOIONIZED NEBULAE¡ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO. 5. CHROMOSPHERIC ACTIVITY AND AGE OF SOLAR ANALOGS IN OPEN CLUSTERS ................................................................ ¡ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO. 6. STUDY OF STELLAR POPULATIONS AND GAS PROPERTIES IN STAR FORMING GALAXIES ............................................................................................................ 14 7. DISSECTING Z∼2-3 HEII-EMITTERS: SPECTRAL TEMPLATES FOR THE SOURCES OF THE COSMIC DAWN ................................................................................... 16 8. CHEMODYNAMICS OF METAL-POOR EXTREME EMISSION LINE GALAXIES AT INTERMEDIATE Z ...................................................................................... 18 9. CONSTRAINING WOLF-RAYET STARS IN EXTREMELY METAL-POOR GALAXIES ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 407 a Abell Galaxy Cluster S 373 (AGC S 373) , 351–353 Achromat
    Index A Barnard 72 , 210–211 Abell Galaxy Cluster S 373 (AGC S 373) , Barnard, E.E. , 5, 389 351–353 Barnard’s loop , 5–8 Achromat , 365 Barred-ring spiral galaxy , 235 Adaptive optics (AO) , 377, 378 Barred spiral galaxy , 146, 263, 295, 345, 354 AGC S 373. See Abell Galaxy Cluster Bean Nebulae , 303–305 S 373 (AGC S 373) Bernes 145 , 132, 138, 139 Alnitak , 11 Bernes 157 , 224–226 Alpha Centauri , 129, 151 Beta Centauri , 134, 156 Angular diameter , 364 Beta Chamaeleontis , 269, 275 Antares , 129, 169, 195, 230 Beta Crucis , 137 Anteater Nebula , 184, 222–226 Beta Orionis , 18 Antennae galaxies , 114–115 Bias frames , 393, 398 Antlia , 104, 108, 116 Binning , 391, 392, 398, 404 Apochromat , 365 Black Arrow Cluster , 73, 93, 94 Apus , 240, 248 Blue Straggler Cluster , 169, 170 Aquarius , 339, 342 Bok, B. , 151 Ara , 163, 169, 181, 230 Bok Globules , 98, 216, 269 Arcminutes (arcmins) , 288, 383, 384 Box Nebula , 132, 147, 149 Arcseconds (arcsecs) , 364, 370, 371, 397 Bug Nebula , 184, 190, 192 Arditti, D. , 382 Butterfl y Cluster , 184, 204–205 Arp 245 , 105–106 Bypass (VSNR) , 34, 38, 42–44 AstroArt , 396, 406 Autoguider , 370, 371, 376, 377, 388, 389, 396 Autoguiding , 370, 376–378, 380, 388, 389 C Caldwell Catalogue , 241 Calibration frames , 392–394, 396, B 398–399 B 257 , 198 Camera cool down , 386–387 Barnard 33 , 11–14 Campbell, C.T. , 151 Barnard 47 , 195–197 Canes Venatici , 357 Barnard 51 , 195–197 Canis Major , 4, 17, 21 S. Chadwick and I. Cooper, Imaging the Southern Sky: An Amateur Astronomer’s Guide, 407 Patrick Moore’s Practical
    [Show full text]
  • I. Big Bang II. Galaxies and Clusters III. Milky Way Galaxy IV. Stars and ConstellaOns I
    The Big Bang and the Structure of the Universe I. Big Bang II. Galaxies and Clusters III. Milky Way Galaxy IV. Stars and Constellaons I. The Big Bang and the Origin of the Universe The Big Bang is the prevailing theory for the formaon of our universe. The theory states that the Universe was in a high density state and then began to expand. The state of the Universe before the expansion is commonly referred to as a singularity (a locaon or state where the properes used to measure gravitaonal field become infinite). The best determinaon of when the Universe inially began to expand (inflaon) is 13.77 billion years ago. NASA/WMAP This is a common arst concepon of the expansion and evoluon (in me and space) of the Universe. NASA / WMAP Science Team This image shows the cosmic microwave background radiaon in our Universe – “echo” of the Big Bang. This is the oldest light in the Universe. In the microwave poron of the electromagnec spectrum, this corresponds to a temperature of ~2.7K and is the same in all direcons. The temperature is color coded and varies by only ±0.0002K. This radiaon represents the thermal radiaon le over from the period aer the Big Bang when normal maer formed. One consequence of the expanding Universe and the immense distances is that the further an object, the further back in me you are viewing. Since light travels at a finite speed, the distance to an object indicates how far back in me you are viewing. For example, it is easy to view the Andromeda galaxy form Earth.
    [Show full text]