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Race, Party, and African American Politics, in Boston, Massachusetts, 1864-1903

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Race, Party, and African American Politics, in Boston, Massachusetts, 1864-1903 Not as Supplicants, but as Citizens: Race, Party, and African American Politics, in Boston, Massachusetts, 1864-1903 by Millington William Bergeson-Lockwood A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Martha S. Jones, Chair Professor Kevin K. Gaines Professor William J. Novak Professor Emeritus J. Mills Thornton III Associate Professor Matthew J. Countryman Copyright Millington William Bergeson-Lockwood 2011 Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is sometimes a frustratingly solitary experience, and this dissertation would never have been completed without the assistance and support of many mentors, colleagues, and friends. Central to this project has been the support, encouragement, and critical review by my dissertation committee. This project is all the more rich because of their encouragement and feedback; any errors are entirely my own. J. Mills Thornton was one of the first professors I worked with when I began graduate school and he continues to make important contributions to my intellectual growth. His expertise in political history and his critical eye for detail have challenged me to be a better writer and historian. Kevin Gaines‘s support and encouragement during this project, coupled with his insights about African American politics, have been of great benefit. His push for me to think critically about the goals and outcomes of black political activism continues to shape my thinking. Matthew Countryman‘s work on African American politics in northern cities was an inspiration for this project and provided me with a significant lens through which to reexamine nineteenth-century black life and politics. In addition to his scholarship, Matthew‘s willingness to discuss areas of this project and challenge my conclusions has enriched the final version. I am incredibly grateful for Bill Novak‘s presence on my committee. His insights on legal history and the dimensions of American citizenship had a great impact on this project and continue to challenge my thinking. ii Without the mentorship of Martha Jones, my committee chair and advisor, this project would not exist. From the time we met, Martha has guided my scholarly and professional development in profound ways. Nearly every aspect of this project reflects discussions she and I had. Martha‘s willingness to listen to my ideas, encouraging some and pushing me to rethink others, has made this project richer. Her challenges to think critically about African American women in all aspects of urban black political life are hopefully integrated into this project. Martha‘s encouragement and support throughout my graduate tenure have helped me become a better researcher, writer, and teacher. Research for this project was made easier by the incredible assistance of the staff and facilities of significant depositories. Special thanks to the staff at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Boston Athenaeum, Burn‘s Library at Boston College, the newspaper archives at the Boston Public Library, Harvard University‘s Houghton Library, The National Archives in Washington, DC, and the Library of Congress. The contributions of several individuals deserve recognition. The following people helped me navigate complex and sometimes confusing record sets and their assistance is immeasurable. Thanks especially to Autumn Haag and John Hannigan at the Massachusetts Archives; Kristen Swett at the City of Boston Archives; Sean Casey at the Boston Public Library; Paige Roberts at the Special Collections at the Massachusetts State Library; the late Donna Wells, Joellen ElBashir, Dr. Ida Jones, and Ishmael Childs at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University; Elizabeth Bouvier at the Massachusetts Judicial Archive; and Amanda Patterson at the Social Law Library. In addition to the support of my committee, my academic and personal experience at the University of Michigan was made richer by the incredible faculty and staff of the iii history department. In particular, Matthew Lassiter deserves particular recognition. His facilitation of discussions on metropolitan history shaped the way I think about urban and African American politics and this project is an attempt to apply some of those insights. His advice on matters academic, scholarly, professional, and otherwise will be of continued guidance. The history department staff was integral to the completion of this project. Thank you especially to Lorna Alstetter and Kathleen King. Outside of Michigan, David Quigley at Boston College, who continues to be a mentor, deserves special thanks. This project was made possible by the generous financial support of the University of Michigan History Department and Rackham Graduate School. It was a pleasure to present portions of this work to other scholars. Comments and discussion during and after conference panels greatly shaped my ideas on these topics. Shawn Alexander, Steven Kantrowitz, Margaret Garb, Lisa Materson, John McKerley, Michele Mitchell, Christopher Schmidt, and Leslie Schwalm deserve special acknowledgement. In addition to the faculty and staff of the University of Michigan and other institutions this project was made better by feedback, support, and social diversion from fellow graduate students. Thanks especially to Aaron Cavin, Aston Gonzalez, Susanna Linsley, Aimee VonBokel and members of the Black Humanities Collective who took the time to read chapters and provide comments in the last stages of this project. Thanks also to Katie Rosenblatt who was willing to take incredibly helpful notes during the defense. Thank you to other graduate students who, both academically and socially, made this project and graduate school a pleasure. iv Time away from the University during research and writing would have been impossible without the support of friends who provided good conversation and couch space. Thanks especially to Mary Elizabeth Murphy, whose willingness to read chapters and talk about our respective projects has been of immense help, and to Chris Zias, whose readiness to accommodate me on my returns to Ann Arbor provided much needed breaks from academic life. Jennifer Bergeson-Lockwood deserves special thanks for her love, encouragement, and tolerance of me while I undertook this project. She provided not only personal and moral support, but also the critical eye of an editor. A final acknowledgement goes to Susan Lockwood and my late father Millington Lockwood. He never got a chance to see this project, but his inspiration is on every page. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: ―No Peace until the Suffrage Question is Settled‖: The Politics of Reconstruction and the Birth of Political Independence, 1864-1872 ............................... 51 Chapter 2: ―Colored Politicians are Getting Tricky‖: The Growth of Independent Politics and the Election of Benjamin Butler, 1877-1883 ............................................................. 95 Chapter 3: ―A Recognized and Respected Part of the Body Politic‖: Black Independents, Grover Cleveland, and the Pursuit of Federal Appointments ......................................... 133 Chapter 4: Resisting the Right to Exclude: African Americans and the Regulation of Public Accommodations, 1857-1885 .............................................................................. 171 Chapter 5: Irish Nationalists, 'Colored Obrienites,' and Crispus Attucks: African American and Irish Political Coalitions, 1881-1890 ....................................................... 217 Chapter 6: ―A Woman‘s Place is Where She is Needed‖: African American Women and the Politics of Gender, Race, and Party .......................................................................... 259 Chapter 7: ―We of Massachusetts are Free, and Must and Shall Raise our Voice‖: The Colored National League and Anti-lynching Politics, 1887-1901 .................................. 301 Conclusion: ―A Union Among Ourselves‖ ..................................................................... 350 Epilogue .......................................................................................................................... 356 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 362 vi ABSTRACT This project examines African American political culture in Boston, Massachusetts and the intersection of partisan and race-based urban politics from the beginning of Reconstruction in 1864 through the emergence of the Niagara Movement in the early twentieth century. From the 1870s through the 1890s, black Bostonians tested the limits of freedom and gained political ground by shifting support between the Republican and Democratic Parties, advocating independent black politics, and building alliances with Irish-Americans. Controversies surrounding ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, federal protection of civil rights, public accommodations, and anti-lynching campaigns offer a lens through which to understand the shifting public political identity of African
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