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Articles of Confederation. The new Ca- Sandford Fleming's nadian government appointed four commissioners to direct the railroad project and engineer-in-chief Sandford Battles Over Materials Fleming to advise the commissioners and control construction. Fleming's re- sponsibility with limited authority made a poor recipe for success, one worsened by the commissioners' per- As the story of the shows, questions on the sonal agendas, which often clashed with what should have been the over- choice, quality and suitability of materials go back a long way. When riding goal of producing the best rail- Sandford Fleming proposed steel rails over iron ones in 1871, and way at the least cost. iron bridges instead of wood, he was fighting battles similar to those faced by advocates of today's new industrial composites. Meeting Specifications Overriding Fleming's advice on many occasions, the commissioners helped friends and paid off political favours by giving out surveying and inspection he Intercolonial Railway, built value-even if the client seems not to jobs-even to those who refused to do "in a series of incessant strug- care or know the difference. Many of the work required. Even worse, the gles against difficult terrain, Fleming's arguments centred on mate- system of tenders and contracting defective tools and faulty rials, particularly their quality and ap- looked good, but ignored the real prob- Ttechniques, venal and ignorant con- propriateness. lems of railway construction. Fleming tractors, interfering and self-seeking The obligation to complete the Inter- correctly predicted that the system politicians,'" was a monument to Sir colonial, which on July 6, 1876 carried would produce "the least perfect rail- Sandford Fleming's extraordinary te- the first train between City way at the largest outlay."2 A frustrated nacity, political skills and immovable and Halifax, is part of section 145 of the Fleming sadly declared that the faith in the engineer's duty to give British North America Act of 1867, the Intercolonial's first section was

This Intercolonial Railway bridge over the' Miramichi River in is a credit to Sandford Fleming's victory over more con- servative colleagues. (National Archiv'es of C-77821) .•.. /f-- J-ICA; "J; ?Ct/lJ. (;rJ C~7-02Jf?;;> iron bridges. He and his colleagues claimed Canadian railway bridges were always made of wood; iron would crack under load, particularly in the cold, and a fire's intense heat would buckle iron bridges. Besides, Brydges said, during his years with the , no bridge had been destroyed by fire. These op- ponents of iron even dragged the Ca- nadian prime minister and the Rail- way Committee of the Privy Council in London into the fray. Understandably, many details are unclear; the prime minister wanted nqthing to do with an engineering squabble and refused to be drawn into public debate. But apparently with the support of the Privy Council, the highest court of appeal for colo- nial matters, Fleming triumphed. It might have had something to do with his keeping the government informed of his inability to be responsible for accidents if wood won the day. Or it might have been his writing to the prime minister that despite Brydges' claims, "two bridges on the Grand Iron and stone at Trois Pistoles, Quebec, another Intercolonial Railway tribute to the Trunk Railway have just burned."6 judgment and tenacity of Sanford Fleming. (National Archives of Canada PA-22068) When 'completed, the Intercolonial had 14,410 lineal feet of iron bridges and 830 feet of timber bridges. But before the railway was finished, "crooked, the curves sharp, the grades the price of steel, which started dis- Fleming invited the commissioners to steep."3Gradually, Fleming won greater placing iron for many uses. As con- a picnic, seating them beneath an iron control over such technical matters struction of the Intercolonial drew bridge. Brydges chided Fleming "that as quality of materials. closer, steel rails were proving them- the first train to go over it would crack But before being allowed to choose selves; in 1871, Fleming wrote a long the bridge,"? but moments later a his own surveying and inspection staff, technical report that successfully ar- train safely crossed the structure- Fleming suffered grievously from gued the case for "Bessemer steel rails, and shunted back and forth over the others' crookedness and incompe- weighing 57 1/4 lbs. to the yard." After commissioners' heads for the rest of tence. There were "nonexistent em- the-all- teel-iail lntercoloni~1 opened, , their meal. This demonstration effec- ployees whose wages inspecting engi- Fleming wrote .that the rails wer~ t1vely ended the iron bridge debate. neers drew," but worst of all was the "nearly 20% lighter than the iron raits This lesson in "modern engineer- quality of such local materials as ties originally proposed, but owing to the ing," shows that the engineer who won that suppliers and inspectors said were character of the material, the steel rails possessed sound, current technical up to specification, but Fleming are in reality stronger and much more knowledge, openness to justifiable claimed came nowhere near the mark. durable."s Departing from tradition in change, and a commitment to using On one occasion, he found not more choosing' materials to build the engineering and technology to benefit than 4% were as specified, "some of railway's bridges, however, wasn't as humanity. A sense of humour didn't them being under half the required easy. hurt either. These elements are engi- width."4 neering constants. 0 Battles Over Bridges Fighting For Plentiful timber, severe financial diffi- References The Best Materials culties, distance from sources of struc- 1. Stevens, G.R. Canadian National Railways. Changing technology and the pecu- tural iron and consequent prohibitive Volume 1. Sixty Years of Trial and Error (1836- liarities of railway building in Canada transportation costs had traditionally 1896), : Clarke, Irwin & Company, 1960, p. 193. made choosing materials for the meant that Canadian railway bridges 2. Ibid, p. 190 Intercolonial a contentious issue, as were often built first of timber and later 3. Ibid, p. 194. was the right of the chief engineer to replaced in iron. Fleming, a deep 4. Ibid, p. 192. choose the materials. In 1865, "steel thinker open to change, believed that 5. Fleming, Sandford. The Intercolonial. A His- rails were but little known" and lower iron costs and ease of shipping torical Sketch, : Dawson Brothers, Fleming recommended "iron rails, meant the Intercolonial should start 1876, p. 112. weighing with the joint fastenings, 70 with iron bridges, supporting his claim 6. Maclean, Hugh. Man of Steel. The Story of Sir Ibs. per lineal yard." He also wanted with impeccable cost estimates. Sandford Fleming, Toronto: The Ryerson the iron to be "the best manufac- C.]. Brydges, who had served with Press, 1969, p. 41. tured," believing the costs of "ship- the Grand Trunk and Great Western }. Ibid, p. 45. ping, transporting, handling, laying railways, was one of the four In- track and other expenditures are the tercolonial commissioners, and a con- Norman R. Ball, PhD, is Northern same whatever the quality of iron."s servative in engineering matters. Telecom Professor of Engineering Im- The Bessemer process, first an- Brydges would have nothing of pact on Society, Department of Civil nounced in 1856,dramatically reduced change, leading the charge against Engineering, University of Waterloo.