Fairness and Justice in Natural Resource Politics As demand for natural resources increases due to the rise in world population and living standards, conflicts over their access and control are becoming more prevalent. This book critically assesses different approaches to and conceptualizations of resource fairness and justice and applies them to the analysis of resource conflicts. Approaches addressed include cosmopolitan liberalism, political economy and political ecology. These are applied at various scales (local, national, international) and to initiatives and instruments in public and private resource governance, such as corporate social responsibility instruments, certification schemes, international law and commodity markets. In doing so, the contributions contrast existing approaches to fairness and justice and extend them by taking into account the interplay between political scales, regions, resources and power structures in ‘glo- calized’ resource politics. Various case studies are included concerning agriculture, agrofuels, land grab- bing, water resources, mining and biodiversity. The volume adds to the academic and policy debate by bringing together a variety of disciplines and perspectives in order to advance both a research and policy agenda that puts notions of resource fairness and justice centre- stage. Melanie Pichler is a Post-doctoral Researcher and Lecturer at the Institute of Social Ecology, Alpen- Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria and an Associate of the Inter- national Political Ecology Research Group at the University of Vienna. Cornelia Staritz is Senior Researcher at the Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE), Austria and Research Associate at Policy Research in International Services and Manufacturing (PRISM), University of Cape Town, South Africa. Karin Küblböck is Senior Researcher at the Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE), Austria and Lecturer in Development Economics at the Univer- sity of Vienna. Christina Plank is a PhD candidate and Lecturer at the Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Austria. Werner Raza is Director of the Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE), Austria. Fernando Ruiz Peyré is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Geography, Univer- sity of Innsbruck, Austria. 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Connor Resource Politics Edited by Melanie Pichler, Environmental Adaptation and Cornelia Staritz, Karin Küblböck, Eco- cultural Habitats Christina Plank, Werner Raza and A coevolutionary approach to Fernando Ruiz Peyré society and nature Johannes Schubert Fairness and Justice in Natural Resource Politics Edited by Melanie Pichler, Cornelia Staritz, Karin Küblböck, Christina Plank, Werner Raza and Fernando Ruiz Peyré First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Melanie Pichler, Cornelia Staritz, Karin Küblböck, Christina Plank, Werner Raza and Fernando Ruiz Peyré The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pichler, Melanie, editor. Title: Fairness and justice in natural resource politics / edited by Melanie Pichler, Cornelia Staritz, Karin Kèublbèock, Christina Plank, Werner Raza and Fernando Ruiz Peyrâe. Description: London ; New York : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge explorations in environmental studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016008053| ISBN 9781138195950 (hbk) | ISBN 9781315638058 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Natural resources–Political aspects. | Environmental policy. | Environmental justice. Classification: LCC HC85 .F353 2016 | DDC 333.7–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016008053 ISBN: 978-1-138-19595-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-63805-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of illustrations viii Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xii 1 Fairness and justice in natural resource politics: an introduction 1 MELANIE PICHLER, CORNELIA S tarit Z , KARIN KÜBLBÖCK, CHRISTINA PLANK, WERNER RAZA, AND FERNANDO RUIZ PEYRÉ PART I Conceptual approaches to resource fairness and justice 15 2 Liberal global justice and social science 17 SHMUEL NILI 3 What’s democracy got to do with it? A political ecology perspective on socio- ecological justice 33 MELANIE PICHLER 4 Social costs and resource creation: essential elements of a political economy approach to resource fairness 52 WERNER RAZA PART II Empirical cases on resource fairness and justice 71 5 Integrated water resources management in Brazil: participatory approaches as a way to resource justice? 73 TOBIAS SCHMITT vi Contents 6 Claims for local justice in natural resource conflicts: lessons from Peru’s mining sector 90 MELANIE CONI-­Zimmer, ANNEGRET F lo H R , and ANDREAS JACOBS 7 Corporate social responsibility: a globally applicable tool to manage community–company relations in the extractive sector? 109 JOHANNA SYDOW 8 Increasing fairness in global value chains? Possibilities and limitations of fair trade standards for the agricultural and mineral sector 127 JUTTA KISTER AND FERNANDO RUIZ PEYRÉ 9 The soy- production fair(y) tale? Latin American perspectives on globalized dynamics, territoriality, and environmental justice 146 ROBERT HAFNER AND MARTIN COY 10 Greening the imperial mode of living? Socio- ecological (in)justice, electromobility, and lithium mining in Argentina 164 AXEL ANLAUF 11 Foreign involvement in small- scale gold mining in Ghana and its impact on resource fairness 181 GORDON CRAWFORD AND GABRIEL BOTCHWEY 12 Elite capture and the development of natural resource linkages in Mozambique 200 LARS BUUR AND CELSO MARCOS MONJANE 13 The agrofuels project in Ukraine: how oligarchs and the EU foster agrarian injustice 218 CHRISTINA PLANK 14 Price risks and resource fairness in commodity trading: the cotton and coffee sectors in sub-Saharan Africa 237 CORNELIA STARITZ, BERNHARD TRÖSTER, AND KARIN KÜBLBÖCK Contents vii 15 Responsibility for financing biodiversity conservation: an analysis of the Convention on Biological Diversity 256 INA LEHMANN Index 273 Illustrations Figures 6.1 Local justice claims in resource conflicts 94 8.1 Cross- regional influences via standards in fair trade, schematic illustration 130 14.1 Futures prices, export prices, and farm gate prices for cotton (left) and coffee (right) 246 14.2 Intra- seasonal price risks and PRM for producers, local exporters, and international traders 249 Tables 9.1 Territoriality – comparison between Brazilian Mato Grosso and Argentine Chaco 153 9.2 Discourse – comparison between Brazilian Mato Grosso and Argentine Chaco 158 13.1 Agrofuel consumption in the EU 28 222 Contributors Axel Anlauf is a freelance social scientist in Germany. His research is guided by his interest in political ecology, resource extraction, social movements, and theories of global capitalism with a regional focus on Latin America. Gabriel Botchwey is Lecturer and head of the Department of Political Science, University of Education in Winneba (Ghana). His research interests include state–society relations, public policy and administra- tion, social policy, local and regional development, as well as environ- ment and natural resource struggles. Lars Buur is Associate Professor at the Institute for Society and Globaliza- tion, Roskilde University (Denmark). His research interests are produc- tive sector development and industrial policy. He is currently coordinator of the Hierarchies of Rights research programme that explores the relationship between extractive