Church View, Doncaster Final Report

TSB 2992-23275 Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings

Bauman Lyons Architects

Project Title:

Church View Doncaster: Incubator Managed Workspace for Creative and Media Industries TSB Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings

Contents

5 1.0 Building Profile

1.1 Location 1.2 Type 1.3 Project use 1.4 Specific features or aspect which will affect resilience to climate change

7 2.0 Climate Change Risks

2.1 An assessment of the risk of exposure to the projected climate 2.2 Identify climate scenarios and climate data used 2.3 Other features significant to the adaptation strategy developed

10 3.0 Adaption Strategy

3.1 The adaptation strategy 3.2 Assumptions underpinning the data used in developing the strategy 3.3 Timescale for implementation of relevant measures over the lifetime of the building 3.4 Cost benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis of adaptations measures 3.5 Details of which recommendations are being implemented and barriers to implementation

24 4.0 Learning

4.1 A summary of our approach to the development of the adaptation work 4.2 Who was involved and why 4.3 The initial project plan and how it changed through the course of the project 4.4 List of resources and tools and their strengths and limitation 4.5 What worked well and what worked badly and recommendations to others. 4.6 Recommend resources

31 5.0 Adapting Other Buildings

5.1 Application to other buildings 5.2 Limitations of application to other buildings 5.3 An analysis of other buildings that may benefit in England 5.4 Resources, tools and materials developed for providing future services 5.5 Further support required to provide adaptation services

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35 Appendix 1

37 The Building

55 Appendix 2

57 2.1 Phase 1A Modelling Summary 89 2.2 Possible Adaptation Interventions

95 Appendix 3

97 3.1 Room Data & Matrix 161 3.2 Cost Report 199 3.3 Landscape & Cooling 225 3.4 Workstation Density 229 3.5 Refurbishment for Robust Low Energy Sustainability - Sue Roaf & Fergus Nicol 233 3.6 Future ICT Trends 241 3.7 Bunker Day 3.7.1 Introduction & Photos 3.7.2 Sue Roaf 3.7.3 Fergus Nichol 3.7.4 Toby Hyam 3.7.5 Peter Latz 361 3.8 Materials 3.8.1 Phase Change Plasterboard 3.8.2 Shutters

371 Appendix 4: CV’s, Recommended Sources & Bibliography

373 4.1 Curriculum Vitae’s 4.1.1 Bauman Lyons Architects 4.1.2 Arup 4.1.3 Creative Space Management 4.1.4 Bernard Williams Associates 4.1.5 Estell Warren Landscape Architecture 4.1.6 Latz + Partner 4.1.7 Sue Roaf 4.1.8 Fergus Nichol 415 4.2 Recommended Resources & Bibliography

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Building Profile

...... A third phase of building saw the courtyard 1.1 Location gradually filled with an ad-hoc arrangement of classrooms using lightweight and often poor ...... quality materials and detailing. The project is situated in Doncaster, South Yorkshire. Church View, built as an art college, is located to the north of Doncaster Town Centre at ...... the crossroads between Church View and Grey 1.3 Project use Friars’ Road...... The building is not listed but is located in the St.George’s Conservation Area, which was es- Church View provides co-located workspace for tablished in 1997 to protect the appearance and micro and small creative industries enterprises. character of the area. Targeted at companies with between 1 and 15 employees, it is intended to help reduce the Church View also has a significant bearing on the outward flow of talent in the town providing a character and appearance of the conservation credible alternative for returning entrepreneurs area, due to its prominent location on the cross- as well as younger, growing companies. The road of two important streets. building is designed to deliver workspace which varies from open plan shared workspace areas with sofas, hot desks and open plan worksta- ...... tions to fully segmented offices and variety of 1.2 Type studios. The building also provides open plan space that can be used as artists’ studios, confer- ...... encing facilities, exhibition galleries and ancillary office space. Church View was designed as one, three storey brick building with pitched, partly inhabited, roofs in a triangular courtyard form but built in two distinct phases, with a much later third in-fill ...... phase, which is reflected in the materials, form 1.4 Specific features or aspect and detailing. which will affect resilience to cli- The first phase of the building, begun in 1913, saw mate change the construction of the school building facing the ...... Minster in characteristic Edwardian Baroque style by Schofield and Berry of Leeds. The buildings forming the three sides of the triangular courtyard vary in plan depth between The second phase, begun in 1930, enclosed the 10 meters and, in few places only increasing to 16 site to the north creating the courtyard, and was -18 meters so some areas will be difficult to light designed in a more formal late Edwardian style and ventilate naturally. typified by the architect Edwin Lutyens. The main feature of the facades is large single

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glazed windows and due to conservation area design constraints these are difficult to upgrade to meet higher environmental standards.

The main elevation faces south and the rooms will overheat easily. The conservation status also means that external insulation cannot be applied to the elevations with the exception of the less visible courtyard.

The need for internal insulation will reduce the existing mass of the building and will increase the chance of overheating.

The building has a high risk of overheating due facing roof space. to large areas of glass - a lot of it south facing Planning requirements for 15% renewable provi- - and its conservation area location sets conser- sion generated a design proposal to use air vation priorities in direct conflict with potential source heat pumps which are expensive to run climate adaptation strategies such as high per- and to maintain and provide cooling to places formance windows, shading incorporated into even when not needed. the facade design and external insulation.

Renewable energy options are also very restrict- ed due to lack of external space and of south

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Climate Change Risks

...... 2.1 An assessment of the risk of 2.2 Identify climate scenarios exposure to the projected climate and climate data used ......

Taking the categories laid out in the report “De- The CIBSE future weather years based on UK- sign for Future Climate” by the TSB, the building CIP02 information (as laid out in TM481) were cho- can be assessed as follows: sen as the dataset for this project for a number of reasons. Primarily, they were the most robust and understood dataset available at the time of the project starting.

Alternative sources were available based on the UKCP09 weather generators, most notably the Prometheus file set from Exeter University. However, the main difference between UKCP02 and UKCP09 was an increase in resolution and a move to probabilistic definitions as opposed

to significantly updated climate projections. This similarity in the climate projections, coupled with some questions that existed at the time over the methodologies used to create them, lead us to choose the CIBSE morphed future weather years.

The CIBSE future weather years also provided consistency with the datasets previously used in the main design project.

In summary, the main area of concern with the building is the area of thermal comfort in the future, being addressed both by building design and adaptation and by the consideration of landscape effects.

1 CIBSE TM48 “Use of climate change scenarios for building simulation: the CIBSE future weather years” (2009)

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1 CIBSE TM48 “Use of climate change scenarios for building simulation: the CIBSE future weather years” (2009) 2 MF Jentsch (2009), “Viability of naturally ventilated buildings in the UK under predicted future summer climates”, University of Southampton, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, PhD Thesis 3 CIBSE TM36 “Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation” (2005) TSB Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings

Within the CIBSE future weather years, the set over 28°C to be ‘hot’ as discussed in CIBSE based on the Medium-High emissions scenario TM363. Typically, if the internal temperature was chosen. This was due to the fact that, in the exceeds this threshold for 1% of the occupied years since the UKCIP02 data was generated, hours, a building or room is said to overheat. climate science has been predicting quicker The simplicity of this metric does however have or larger changes to climate than previously its problems. Firstly, the single threshold does thought, prompting us to opt for the slightly not adequately take into account the percep- higher of the two middle ground options. tion of overheating at different times of the year. For the future datasets, the Design Summer Year Whilst 28°C may be considered the boundary of (DSY) was used as opposed to the Test Refer- acceptable temperature in the peak of summer, ence Year (TRY), as the DSY is typically used to it would likely be considered too high a temper- assess overheating risk and the need for cool- ature for, say, the Spring or Autumn seasons. ing. Conversely, for studies considering hotter cli- Within the set of geographical locations avail- mates than that of the UK, or the predicted future able in the future weather years, a choice was UK climate, the rigidity of a single threshold also faced between Nottingham and Leeds, as the has limitations when considering how people building in Doncaster is approximately equidis- perceive overheating. It has been shown that tant between the two. For legislative modelling through prolonged periods of hot weather, on this project, we would be obliged to use occupants will tolerate higher internal tempera- Leeds. However, the Leeds file is considered tures through a combination of behavioural, to be anomalous within the dataset, exhibiting psychological and physiological adaptations. temperatures similar to London which is out of In order to account for this phenomenon, empiri- context when compared to its more northern cal studies have been carried out to relate per- neighbours.2 The Nottingham file was therefore ceptions of overheating against predominant considered to represent more realistic future external weather conditions. The result of these weather conditions. studies produced the adaptive comfort thresh- The modelling software used was IES. old (ACT) equations.

The ACT equations provide a dynamic overheating threshold temperature that changes daily, ...... based on the running mean of the external 2.3 Other features significant weather temperature. to the adaptation strategy devel- There are three categories assigned to different oped types of buildings:

...... • Type I: High level of expectation for tem Modelling only predicts the internal tempera- perature control e.g. for the ill, elderly or very tures of the building spaces in future climates. young There then exists a need to understand how • Type II: Normal level of expectation for new these temperatures will be perceived by the buildings and renovations building occupants. • Type III: Moderate expectation for existing The traditional approach is to consider tempera- buildings tures over 25°C to be ‘warm’ and temperatures

2 MF Jentsch (2009), “Viability of naturally ventilated buildings in the UK under predicted future summer climates”, University of Southampton, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, PhD Thesis 3 CIBSE TM36 “Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation” (2005)

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The type II category was used for the evaluation tional 28°C target. The figures suggest that, in the of Church View. hottest parts of the year, people in 2080 will be able to comfortably withstand temperatures up The graph to the right shows the variation of the to 1.4°C hotter than today’s climate. Adaptive Comfort Threshold values for each of the days of the year in comparison with the tradi-

34 28°C 32 2005 2020 C)

° 30 2050 2080 28

24 ACT (II) Threshold ( Threshold (II) ACT

20 1 Apr 2 May 2 Jun 3 Jul 3 Aug 3 Sep 4 Oct Design Summer Year Date

“...it has been shown that through prolonged periods of hot weather, occupants will tolerate higher internal temperatures through a combination of behavioural, psychological and physiological adaptations...”

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 TSB Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings

Adaption Strategy

...... 3.1 The adaptation strategy 3.2 Assumptions underpinning the data used in developing the strat- ...... egy Aims of the Strategy ...... Our strategy is to combine adaptive thermal In addition to the data on future weather and comfort theories with the design of buildings climate predictions we have incorporated a with passive cooling systems. number of assumptions based on other predict- Our priorities are: ed trends that will impact on overheating:

• Target maximum 1% of hours over occupation hours to exceed Adaptive Comfort Level 3.2.1 Effect of Adaptive Comfort Threshold • To reduce dependence on mechanical As mentioned previously, the metric used to solutions evaluate the effect of increased internal tem- • To enable passive solutions to occur peratures on comfort was the Adaptive Comfort Threshold. The effect of this choice is interesting, • To facilitate the adaptation of expectations in especially when considered over the time span individuals to a wider range of temperatures under investigation in this study.

• To maintain low energy indoor conditions in a In the short term (up to the 2020s), the choice of more extreme climate ACT as opposed to 28°C makes little difference in the hours considered to be uncomfortable. • To enable a room- by-room approach to In some cases, the use of ACT increases the adaptations number of hours considered to be uncomfort- • To provide a ‘menu’ of adaptations that able as the threshold is exceeded in mid season could be implemented in any combination in as a result of periods of variable outside tem- response to the conditions of the specific rooms peratures. An example of this is Unit B15. and opportunities in terms of maintenance/ As the study reaches towards the 2080 time- development cycles of tenancy voids. frames, the hours over ACT have begun to decrease relative to those over 28°C. This is due to the increased external temperatures raising the ACT threshold, the assumption being that people will be more used to a hotter climate. An example of this is the Conference Room in this study where, in 2080, the number of hours over 28°C is over 25% greater than the number over the ACT.

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3.2.2. ICT effects 3.2.4 Albedo

It is clear that the future usages of ICT are set to It is obvious from trends in countries with change massively within the timescales of this warmer climates than ours that the painting of study. Arup’s Communications Consultants have buildings with a light colour reduces the heat summarised the current thinking on future trends, gain from the sun. Whole towns and villages highlighting that, from a hardware point of view, in southern Europe are almost uniformly white. one of the most significant trends is the move It is possible to take factors such as these into to ‘cloud computing’ that requires significantly account but determining the values that should less computing power to be placed in the same be used for the variables was not simple and the location as the user with desktop PCs being review was taken that it was an unrealistic adapta- placed by equipment with much less processing tion for a 1930’s building in a conservation area. capacity and therefore power consumption and In addition, the modelling is not able to take into heat rejection. account effects that might exacerbate overheat- In addition, the longer term trend will be for ing such as the increased air temperature that local processing capacity to be reduced further might be seen above the dark coloured car and the widespread adoption of ultra-thin clients park surface surrounding much of Church View, with even lower electrical power and cooling particularly the south façade. requirements.

Whilst these reductions will be offset to some 3.2.5 Ceiling fans degree by increased usage and more intensive applications such as two way video streaming, IES does not take into account any air movement it is currently thought that, overall, power con- when calculating internal temperatures. The sumption will decrease. metric chosen, the adaptive comfort threshold is also based solely on temperature. As such, air We have estimated that the average power movement is not considered. Even more empiri- consumption of a person’s ICT equipment will cal methods such as those based on Fanger’s reduce from the currently accepted 150W to deterministic models cannot include wind speed around 50W. It is unlikely to fall much further due as there is no way to alter it. to the inherent maximum efficiencies of screens and ancillary equipment. This is backed up by The British Standard (15251) on the calculation a study by Fraunhofer that predicted a 100W methodologies relating to thermal comfort reduction when the move from a desktop to a quotes a relationship between the airspeed 4 thin client system is made. required to offset increased temperatures. An air speed of around 0.6 m/s is sufficient to offset an increase in temperature in the order of 2°. 3.2.3 Aspects not easily measurable with IES Interestingly, the effectiveness of air movement increases as the temperature increases5. For ref- There are certain aspects of the thermal behav- erence, 0.6 m/s equates to only 1.3mph, a breeze iour of a building that cannot currently be mod- that would be barely noticeable and would be elled within conventional thermal modelling unlikely to move papers around on a desk. behaviour. Some of these are valid adaptations against increasing temperatures and should not be discounted simply because they cannot be simulated by current software that was developed to address a regulatory framework with a different focus.

4 Weidner et al, “Thin Clients 2011 – Ecological and economic aspects of virtual desktops”, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, 2011) 5 BS EN 7730 “Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria” Bauman Lyons Architects 11 July 2011 Page 11 TSB Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings

3.2.6 Shading from trees 3.2.8 Impact of changing occupancy trends

It is possible in IES to include the shading effect A key assumption in our approach is that work- from buildings surrounding the structure being station density is likely to increase significantly modelled. However, these buildings are as- over the next 70 years. sumed to be completely opaque. Trees obvious- The rationale for this is: ly have some degree of transparency although it proved impossible to find a source quantifying i) To more intensively use expensive resources the percentage of light transmission (in summer) and infrastructure (offices) of common species. ii) In particular locations such as city centres this It was felt that the effort that would be required is likely to happen more quickly and to a greater to model trees with a degree of confidence degree. would be counter-productive given the effect would be to reduce solar gain, an effect that was iii) Small and micro businesses (under 50 peo- being comprehensively studied in other areas of ple: the majority of business units in the UK econ- the work. omy) will increase workstation density greater than larger businesses (250+ employees). That said, if there was a simple way of modelling natural shading within the software, it would iv) There is evidence (primary and secondary) undoubtedly have strengthened the case for the that these changes are already occurring in UK use of this adaptation. cities as well as across Indian and Asian markets across the world.

Following market analysis, Steelcase6 (office 3.2.7 Evaporative Cooling furniture manufacturers) found that workstation density requirements are increasing. They have One of the proposed adaptation strategies was invested in significant new workstation designs the behaviour change practice of the use of the which increase work areas to 1 per 35m². shaded cooler courtyard as a temporary ‘res- pite’ area during the times of the day when the Personnel Today7 found that workspace manag- internal temperatures of various rooms peaked. ers are increasing office densities in order to An extension of this was the possible installation maximise efficiencies and reduce net overheads of a fountain to further reduce the air tempera- per employee. This includes introducing flexible ture in this space by evaporative cooling. working, working partly from home and partly in shared workstations in a reduced over environ- However, even though this phenomenon is ment (square metres sometimes reduced by as well known and understood, there is no way to much as 58%). November 2010. model the effect a cooler courtyard air temperature might have on the internal temperature of the rooms that open on to that space. 3.2.9 New Materials

Technological developments in use of new materials such as phase change boards will allow thermal mass to be increased in existing buildings. See appendix 3.8

6 Steelcase Issue 59 December 2010 “Harder Working Spaces” 7 Daniel Thomas 11 November 2010 “Employers increasing office density to cut costs” Personnel Today

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3.2.10 Increased energy costs

Increases in energy costs are a major incentive for climate adaptation strategy. But they are also one of the greatest unknowns. The assumption we have made regarding energy costs for the purpose of the whole life costs are summarised in appendix 3.2

3.2.11 Proposed adaptations for each room

Eight rooms were modelled - full room and data are detailed in appendix 3.1. The summary appraisal of different adaptations is shown in Table 1 below and continued on the next page.

The adaptations strategy for each of the 8 rooms is shown on the following pages and is included in appendix 3.1.

Table 1 Adaptations appraisal adaptation description effectiveness relative cost constraints deliverability Glazing G value technological improvements in glass good for south and west facing £32m² Currently Reduced g value will Simple. Change of are anticipated. We assumed windows. Less effective for expensive but we assumed have adverse effect on glazing only required improved g value of 0.25 small , north and east windows it will come down in costs day lighting Suitable for room by and become industry room application standard

Solar Shading Could be louvered, brise soleil, etc and very good for south elevations £34m² conservation - impact on Simple. External of various materials all of which there elevation of introducing installation. Suitable are numerous designs and are readily elevation alterations. for room by room available. Will require planning application permission

reduce glazing Large window casements can be either Limited. Depends on the £20-80m² conservation - impact on Simple. Change of blacked out or replaced with an window being large in the first elevation of introducing glazing only required. insulated panel place. Effective mainly on south window alterations. May Suitable for room by and west facing windows require planning room application permission.

shutters Comprised of two pairs of vertical bi- Shutters are very effective at £200+m² Require planning Simple. External folding shutters to the upper part of reducing solar gains. permission. Conflict with installation . Suitable the window and one pair of horizontal daylight and nature for room by room bi-folding shutters to the lower part of ventilation. application the window, all of which can be locked. They were split to allow majority part of the shutters to be closed whilst still allowing the lower part of the window to open.

reduce IT gains Although the use of ICT is increasing its a given none none Will happen the design of equipment is improving and is projected to generate less heat

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Table 1 Continued

adaptation description effectiveness relative cost constraints deliverability recommendation night ventilation To windows above ground floor only. Very effective £5m² Conflict with security Requires redesign of Night ventilation is This would allow upper opening especially on ground some windows to effective measure until operates during unoccupied hours floor. Also prone to maximize potential for such time that the when the internal temperature is human error of night purging. Room nighttimes temperatures greater than the external forgetting to leave by room approach reach 18 degrees C temperature and the internal windows open. possible temperature is over 18°C Ineffective over external temp of 18C

increased In all cases this meant simply Very effective £22m² Using Conflict with secure by Simple only change Conflict with Secure by ventilation area increasing the maximum opening option to replace design which restricts ironmongery required Design needs to be angle of the existing windows by ironmongery only the open area of a .Room by room resolved on policy level. changing the hardware only. In most window. approach possible cases this allowed bottom widows to increase from 65 to 90° and the top openers from 30 to 60°

cross ventilation In some cases it was possible to Effective especially if designed £24m² Constraint by the Disruptive to retrofit . Should be considered at create cross ventilation where by in from an outset. Potentially high because amount of available Suitable for room by design stage. Policy linking rooms into the courtyard of the disruption to the wall space and depth of room approach should give clear across corridors or adjoining rooms rest of the room if the building .Also encouragement to in large ducts. In cases where there retrofitted but savings conflict with design to consider cross ventilation where this would have created noise from energy reduction. reduce heat loss. before mechanical one. / privacy issues sound attenuating Policy needed to resolve baffles (which also decrease airflow) conflicts between were taken into account. reducing heat loss and increasing natural ventilation.

thermal mass Where available in the existing Very effective £52m² Disruptive if surface Disruptive but can be Development of phase building thermal mass in the ceiling Phase Change material finish needs to be delivered on a room change material is was exposed. The decision not to currently very expensive stripped off. Requires by room basis encouraged use available thermal mass in the but can be expected to acceptance of walls was taken as furniture layouts, come down in price 'unfinished' aesthetics wall decoration; etc (which would until such time that disrupt effectiveness) could not be phase change material accounted for. In cases where no is cheaper to use . thermal mass was available Phase change plasterboard was installed – see appendix

increased There is a trend for occupancy of This increases the internal n/a n/a n/a CIBSE standards of office occupancy density office space to increase as costs of heat gains and has 'anti‐ occupancy are refined for space increases. See appendix 3.4 adaptation' effect. As control each sector of external heat gains improves the internal gains become relatively more significant.

increased There is a trend in managed office This increases the internal n/a n/a n/a CIBSE standards of office occupancy period spaces to be used longer than heat gains and has 'anti‐ occupancy are refined for traditionally. See adaptation' effect. As control each sector appendix 3.4 of external heat gains improves the internal gains become relatively more significant.

ceiling fans Unlike air conditioners, fans only Very effective. They can £48m² ceiling height Simple to install. Can Space standards guidance move air—they do not directly reduce the 'experienced' be installed room by incorporate higher ceiling change its temperature. Therefore temperature by as much as 2‐ room levels raised to 2.7 m ceiling fans that have a mechanism 3degrees C minimum to allow for for reversing the direction in which ceiling fans . the blades rotate (most commonly an electrical switch on the side of the unit) can help in both heating and cooling

green/blue landsca Plants and water are effective means Shading by plants can offer £££ High Space and maintenance Needs to be designed IES model cannot be used of reducing heating gain through attractive alternative to due to ongoing costs. Tools are needed in full. Does not lend to evaluate the impact of shading, evaporation and shutters and brise solei but maintenance to evaluate the itself to room by room planting and water psychological effects. Detailed their effectiveness cannot be effectiveness more application. features on heat gains. analysis is offered in appendix 3.3 calculated with accuracy. They accurately. Better tools need to be require more intensive developed. maintenance.

albedo effect Reduction of temperature through not appropriate due to ££ varies Conservation priorities disruptive to retrofit. Design guidance light colours planning constraints‐ brick with application but and lack of tools for Less appropriate to encouraged albedo effect building could not be rendered relatively low cost measuring the exact room by room to be considered at or painted. effect strategy design stage.

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...... 3.3 Timescale for our recommen- 3.4 Cost benefit analysis and sensi- dations to implement relevant tivity analysis of these adaptations measures over the lifetime of the measures building ...... Whole life costs have been calculated for the The adaptation strategy for each room is differ- ‘business as usual’ option as well as the adapted ent and each room can be adapted through a option. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out. range of combinations. The calculations indicate that over 70 years, the whole life cost would be cheaper by just under Furthermore: £4 million (a 20% reduction) than the un-adapted • Each adaptation has a different effect depend- building with enhanced air conditioning. ing on the characteristics of the room and its The details of all the assumptions made and the occupancy. detailed breakdown of all calculations is includ- • The impact of each adaptation alters with the ed in Appendix3.2 alterations to the sequence of implementation of various adaptations.

• Each adaptation has different cost and construction implications.

Table 2 below illustrates a range of adaptation strategies for individual rooms and the timescales for implementation.

Table 2: Timetable of adaptations for each room Meets 2080 Room 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 target? Conf. Increased Predicted Trends Cross Vent g-value Yes Std. Occ. Vent

A11 Predicted Trends Night Vent Yes

Meet. Increased Reduced Predicted Trends Night Vent Shutters & g-value Ceiling Fans Yes Std. Occ. Vent Occupancy Reduced B11 Predicted Trends Night Vent g-value Ceiling Fans Yes glazing Night Vent & B15 Ceiling Fans Yes Therm Mass Predicted B26 Thermal Mass Night Vent & Solar Shading Yes Trends Thermal Increased B27 Predicted Trends Night Vent Cross Vent Ceiling Fans Yes Mass vent

C3 Predicted Trends Night Vent Thermal Mass g-value on Nth Yes

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...... 3.5 Details of which recommendations are being implemented and any barriers to implementation ......

Some of the research findings were emerging as • Consider greening the courtyard and provide phase one of the project was being completed green screens on site. The client instructed blinds and ceiling fans to be installed in the west facing rooms that Key barriers to implementation were being completed and was keen to plant Apart from funding, the other major barriers to trees to the west elevation to provide further implementation of the full climate change strat- shading. This was not possible to implement due egy are: to a requirement for planning permission which could not be achieved within the completion • Conservation area: external shutters and period for phase one. changes to window design and glass are sub- ject to planning permission and the authority However funding is now being sought for future has proved to be very conservative on the initial phasing and the client intends to commission an planning application. alternative services strategy, especially recon- sideration of air source heat pumps installation • Physical constraints for example planting of originally specified to meet renewable targets trees on west elevation might not be possible stipulated by the Local Authority, but now, as a due to proximity of the site boundary to the result of detailed modelling work undertaken in building. this research, are understood to be over de- • Potential conflict between security and ventila- signed and expensive to run. tion, especially night time ventilation on lower Unfortunately all windows were renewed in the floors. It is possible that in the future we will first phase just before the TSB study was con- need to see the return of a night watchman to cluded and many of the adaptations we have allow buildings to take advantage of night time identified are not possible without replacing air purging. the windows. This will need to be done at the • Conflict between the need to conserve en- next maintenance cycle for the windows and the ergy and heat through insulation benefits of high conservation constraints will need to be tested thermal mass for keeping buildings cool. at that point. • Current planning legislation which stipulates The client will also wish to review the following percentage of renewable energy provisions items of design for the next phase: rather than prioritising ‘fabric first’ approach. • Moving meeting rooms from south side to north side of the building

• Installing ceiling fans in south and west facing rooms

• Reviewing facilities management to encourage night ventilation

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Learning from work on this contract

...... Phase 1: Learning and developing the 4.1 A summary of our approach to brief and options the development of the adaptation work We held a learning workshop at the launch of the project with an invited panel of experts, ...... practitioners and academics to help us to set clear targets for the design work and establish We focused our climate adaptation strategy on early buy in from all the key players including the reducing the risk of overheating by applying the client team and planners. following principles: Immediately following the workshop the design 1. Design to reduce dependence on mechanical team met again and agreed the list of climate solutions change risks to be investigated, the ACT metric, 2. Design to enable passive solutions to occur a long list of possible adaptations and the tools to be used. 3. Design to facilitate the adaptation of expectations in individuals to a wider range of tempera- We also carried out research into future tech- tures nologies of glass and phase change material, into the cooling effect of plants and water, and 4. Design to maintain low energy indoor condi- into the changing patterns of office occupancies tions in a more extreme climate and use of technologies in order to inform our assumptions for modelling future scenarios. 5. Facility management to deal with peak temperatures and extreme weather events

Phase 2: Design development and options appraisal We aimed to develop a room-by-room strategy that would allow a piece meal and an incremen- The first of three phases of modelling was tal adaptation and one that would integrate the carried out using dynamic simulation software most effective combination of fabric/controls/ IES. The existing building before and after the behaviour adaptations. We also aimed to chal- proposed conversion was modelled as the lenge constraints arising from conservation poli- baseline. cies, security and multi-occupancy. A long list of adaptations was identified for con- The process we devised was fast track, intensive, trolling solar gains, increasing natural ventilation, creative, collaborative and output-driven. The fabric improvement options and internal gains/ team was multidisciplinary and we brought in reductions and 8 different rooms were chosen experts at an early stage to guide the project . to represent a wide range of conditions within the building - see appendix 2.1. The research was carried out in 4 stages: Simulations were then run for each adaptation for a typical room using climate change data for 2050 and the effective adaptations were identified as:

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Reduction of glazing U-values Shutters

Shading coefficients (or G values) measure the Generally comprised of two pairs of vertical bi- solar energy transmittance through windows, folding shutters to the upper part of the window a lower G value represents an increased resist- and one pair of horizontal bi-folding shutters to ance to solar gain. the lower part of the window, all of which can be locked. They were split to allow the majority Solar gain refers to the increase in temperature part of the shutters to be closed whilst still allow- in a space, object or structure that results from ing the lower part of the window to open. All solar radiation. The amount of solar gain in- shutters comprised adjustable horizontal louvers creases with the strength of the sun, and with the (see appendix 3.8.2). European style horizontal ability of any intervening material to transmit or slatted roller shutters were considered as the resist the radiation. preferred option due to their potential for a very Incorporating a glazing system with a lower discreet appearance when retracted however it G value into the Church View building should was not technically possible to achieve this with reduce the solar gain to the internal spaces and the existing building construction. thus the problem of overheating. Reduced IT gains The modelled building was adapted to include ICT is improving all the time and although its use solar control glazing with a G value of 0.21, a is increasing, the heat gains from equipment are reduction from the standard glazing G value of gradually decreasing. Our assumption on these 0.45. The solar control glazing was only incorpo- trends is summarised in appendix 3.6 rated on all south and west facing facades. The standard glazing template was not altered. Reduced Lighting Gains

Solar shading The base case lighting power density was set at 12W/m². This approximately represents a current From a thermal modelling point of view this best practice design for the space type con- consisted of an opaque flat sheet panel of tained within the building. With both the future undefined material projecting either horizontally development of emerging technologies such as or vertically depending on aspect. The actual LEDs and the increasing focus on energy costs design of the shading could be louvered, brise and carbon emissions, this power density is ex- soleil, etc and of various materials for all of which pected to decrease. We have estimated that the there are numerous designs and are readily practical minimum level is around half the current available. The design of such additions would level, i.e. 6W/m². This is based on a 200lux back- be considered as part of planning approval ground level with task lighting providing the requirements. necessary local luminance. Reduced glazing area Night ventilation A number of options were looked at and costed To windows above ground floor only, a strategy including a single insulated sandwich panel in to allow these windows to be open at night place of the top part of the window, and sim- would be put in place. This would allow upper ply replacing the glass with an opaque panel. opening operates during unoccupied hours Opaque glass was chosen in instances where when the internal temperature is greater than the this part of the window openable, so it could external temperature and the internal tempera- remain so, whereas with the insulated panel it ture is over 18°C. would have become fixed. Increased Ventilation open area of windows

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In all cases this meant simply increasing the maxi- Phase 3: March/April 2011 Climate mum opening angle of the existing windows by change adaptation strategy and sensitiv- changing the hardware only. In most cases this ity analysis allowed bottom widows to increase from 65° to 90° and the top openers from 30° to 60° Once the modelling work was completed we were able to identify the most effective room- Cross ventilation by-room adaptation strategy for preventing overheating without mechanical means - see In some cases it was possible to create cross appendix 3.1. ventilation by linking rooms into the courtyard across corridors or adjoining rooms in large We then tested the viability of the strategy by ducts. In cases where this would have created preparing life cycle costs for the un-adapted as noise / privacy issues, sound attenuating baffles well as the adapted building. Another workshop (which also decrease airflow) were taken into was held in March 2011 with the full team on re- account. ceiving the first draft of lifecycle costs in order to review all the assumptions and adjust the scenar- Thermal Mass ios to fit better with maintenance cycles and to Where available in the existing building thermal agree a series of variables that could be tested. mass in the ceiling was exposed. The decision It was agreed at this workshop to upgrade life not to use available thermal mass in the walls cycle costs to whole life costs to include projec- was taken as furniture layouts, wall decoration, tions for the cost of energy increases as well as etc (which would disrupt effectiveness) could demand for energy increases - see appendix 3.2 not be accounted for. In cases where no thermal for Whole Life Modelling Report. mass was available phase change plasterboard was installed The final whole life figures confirmed the -com mercial viability of the proposed climate change Details of each adaptation, assumptions and adaptation strategy. costs are presented in appendix 3.2.

The second phase of modelling was then undertaken with refined assumptions and to integrate Phase 4: May/June 2011: Report compila- additional anti-adaptations such as a projected tion and dissemination increase in density of occupancy and projected increase in the number of hours in use. Simula- We presented key findings at the TSB confer- tions were repeated using climate change data ence in May 2011 and completed the final report for 2050 and 2080. by the end of June.

For each room we devised a different package of adaptations and a different sequence of implementation to arrive at passive control of overheating throughout the life of the building up to 2080.

The third round of simulations was then undertaken to test the assumptions.

Capital costs were prepared for each room and for each adaptation on a per meter basis inclu- sive of the cost of design work and permissions required.

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...... management issues. He is the Managing Direc- 4.2 Who was involved and why tor of Creative Space Management, a specialist BLA facilities management company that provides services to the creative industries, innovation ...... and knowledge sectors. Established in Decem- Brief details on each of the core team members ber 2005, it provides management services for are set out below - see appendix 4.1 for CV’s. the Round Foundry Media Centre, Electric Works and the Advanced Manufacturing Park Technol- Irena Bauman, Bauman Lyons Architects, was ogy Centre in Rotherham. The company also the lead consultant and project manager of the has an extensive track record of developing research. business and operational plans as well as design briefs for new innovation centres and creative Matt Murphy, Bauman Lyons Architects, was the industries facilities. The company was awarded project architect liaising with all other consult- the 2007 RICS Property Management Award for ants, assisting with developing the methodol- Business Infrastructure in respect of their work ogy, researching products, compiling data for at the Round Foundry Media Centre and in 2009 modeling, producing 3D visuals of the adap- CSML won the British Institute of Facilities Man- tataion strategy and formatting the final report. agement Award for Innovation in Products in Andy Sheppard, Arup, was the Sustainable Build- respect of Electric Works. ings Consultant who contributed to the develop- Prof Susan Roaf advises on overheating and ment of the methodology, identified the climate behaviour adaptation. Susan Roaf has worked change risks to the building, developed the in the field of thermal comfort and the avoid- metrics, coordinated all the data modelling work ance of overheating in buildings. Sue has been and developed the adaptatation strategy. Professor of Architectural Engineering at Her- Robert Nash, Arup, carried out all the modelling riot Watt University since 2007 with 18 years in IES. of research and development experience as Professor and Visiting Professor and Scholar at Steve Warren, Director of Estell Warren Ltd, Oxford Brookes University. She has authored worked with the team and with Prof Peter Latz to and edited 11 books in the field and 16 related develop blue and green strategies for adapta- book chapters including the 1st and 2nd editions tion. of ‘Adaptating Buildings and Cities for Climate Andrew Hayward, BWA, an associate at Bernard Change’ with Fergus Nicol. Wiliiams Associates, prepared life cycle and Prof Fergus Nicol advised on overheating and whole life costs. behaviour. Starting at the Building Research Nicola Beskine, BWA Establishment in 1962 he has led the Thermal Comfort Unit at Oxford Brookes University. The core team was supported by members of Fergus is best known for his work in the science their respective teams and also by the panel of of human thermal comfort where he and Prof. project advisors who contributed expert knowl- Michael Humphreys have proposed the ‘adap- edge in the fields of adaptation, cooling through tive’ approach to thermal comfort. Prof Nicol is a the use of landscape, and water and facilities leading member of the CIBSE overheating Task management. Force. He is convenor of the Network for Com- fort and Energy Use in Buildings (NCEUB). Advisors Peter Latz advised on blue and green infrastruc- Toby Hyam, advisor to the team on facilities ture. Since the beginning of his office work and

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...... teaching, a main concern to Peter Latz has been ecological urban renewal and climate change 4.4 List of resources and tools and mitigation. With the award-winning project their strengths and limitation “Landshaft Park Duisburg Nord” he has gained a world-wide reputation. He held the chair of ...... landscape architecture and planning at the Tech- Resources in terms of climate and weather nical University, Munich and left the place of his data are listed and evaluated in section 2. teaching and research activities as an Emeritus of Excellence. He has used his home, office and university building as a long term empirical experi- IES dynamic simulation software ment into the use of plants and water to provide passive controls for building environments. For thermal modelling we used IES dynamic simulation software. The programme was mostly adequate for the purpose of the study but there ...... were some constraints. It is not possible to simu- late albedo effect, shading by plants, thermal 4.3 The initial project plan and how mass of change material and cooling by ceiling it changed through the course of fans. These adaptations all had to be expressed the project in values compatible with the programme and ...... accuracy would have been lost in the process of translation. The initial project plan in 4 phases was followed very closely, but there were a handful of changes Furthermore the programme is not compatible in Phase two: Design Development and Option with other 3D programmes and it was not possi- Appraisal. ble to use the already available 3D model of the building drawn in Archicad - this is a serious draw The methodology for modelling was continually back especially in light of increasing emphasis reviewed as we were learning about the con- on the use of BIM (building information model- straints of the model. ling)

Additional modelling work was required due to two un-anticipated factors: ArchiCAD • Some adaptations such as albedo effect and ceiling fans could not be modelled We used ArchiCAD for the initial building model, 2D drawings and 3D model which was used • Some anti-adaptations were identified in the for illustrative drawings. It was also possible to later stages of modelling (density of use and oc- generate a ‘gbXML’ model to export using a cupancy levels) plug-in but this was not used as the basis of the IES model as there were too many discrepancies Most significantly we agreed to upgrade life in the exported data. This was mainly caused cycle costs to whole life costs in order to get a by generating the gbXML from a very detailed fuller understanding of the commercial benefits CAD model which was unnecessary for the of the adaptation. This replaced the initial inten- thermal modelling. It was deemed that it would tion to produce valuation for the building. be quicker to re-model in IES itself rather than Finally we identified the benefits of a climate attempt to rectify this. This should be overcome adaptation manual but there was insufficient in the future by more awareness of the require- resource within this project to develop the idea ments of thermal modelling and procedures but fully as this will require further research and software development.

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...... further development of cross compatibility is required, especially for two-way transfer of data. 4.5 What worked well and what Making this process quicker and easier will worked badly and what method- certainly facilitate the collaborative process and ology you would recommend to ensure that results can have a more meaningful others. impact on the design adaption strategy. Using the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format for ...... data exchange was also considered but at the What worked well: time gbXML yielded more promising results. However, the IFC protocol is developing strong- • The Bunker Day with a design team, client, ly and new releases of ArchiCAD have included stakeholders and experts was an excellent way more IFC functionality and support. to start the project. It allowed the full team to come to a clear understanding of the issues and the options for research methodology. It clari- The Adaptive Thermal Comfort (ACT) fied the constraints to adaptation.

The adaptive thermal comfort model takes into • The team work was very successful and the ex- account that people usually adapt to the tem- pertise identified and available was well judged. peratures they experience in different seasons • The special workshops throughout the study thus experiencing a wider range of indoor tem- with Peter Latz in Munich on landscape, with peratures as comfortable than specified in stand- Toby Hyam on facilities management, with An- ard regulations. It has been most widely applied drew Hayward on whole life costs and several in naturally ventilated (NV) buildings where a session just between BLA and Arup were very wider temperature range is deemed accept- productive and allowed for step change in un- able. These permit and encourage the use of derstanding of the issues. sustainable passive cooling methods such as natural and mixed mode ventilation, night cool- • It helped that the second stage of the project ing of buildings, shading of windows and walls, stalled. It allowed the client to take the implica- and passive solar systems for winter to regulate tion of the research into account for when the temperature within a dynamic range. next phase commences.

Although the techniques and knowledge on • The learning potential for the whole team how to design buildings to provide effective was considerable. This research has opened up passive adaption to temperature, in the form of a new way of thinking for the architects on the the adaptive model of thermal comfort, are well team who gained insights into new challenges established, these are as yet not widely adopt- to design. ed because of structural issues in the industry which hinder the diffusion of knowledge and creation of demand. What did not work well

• The IES model is prone to simplification unless all potential information is fed into the model accurately. It was necessary to constantly inter- rogate the results of the modelling to identify ‘gremlins’ in the results that inevitably led to cor- rections in modelling assumptions.

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early design / adaption strategies. • Many adaptations cannot be measured such as cooling effect of plants /water/ceiling fans/ • Cross checking modelling assumptions with albedo effect. the whole design team and especially the FM team regarding how the building will be used, • Some design intent was lost in translation to this is vital when considering future trends - and from the model highlighting the need for ‘standard practice’ rules of thumb can be sig- close working within the team including the FM nificantly different to how the specific building is team. expected to be used and will often have a huge • The unknown aspects of future technologies implication on performance. require a degree of guesswork that will require ...... this research to be frequently updated. 4.6 List the resources you recom- • There were considerable complexities in mend others to use. preparing the life cycle costs due to the sheer number of unknowns such as an increase in ...... energy costs, potential changes in office use, • IES dynamic simulation programme developments in technology etc. • Design Builder thermal modelling software

• BIM format information from suppliers if avail- Recommendations to others able – www.bimstore.co.uk • A Bunker Day Model to kick off the project • BuildingSMART – international alliance for inter- and/or review the findings. operability www.buildingsmart.com • Staged modelling strategy that allows envi- • ArchiCad as BIM software package ronmental modelling results to be fed back into

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Extending adaptation to other buildings ...... 5.1 Assessment of how this adaptation could be applied to other 5.2 A description of limitations of buildings applying it to other buildings ...... The proposed adaptation strategy will not work This adaptation strategy could apply to all spac- for the following buildings: es on a room-by-room basis as well as to whole buildings, which are experiencing, or will experi- • Deep plan that cannot be modified through ence in the future, problems with overheating. insertion of courtyards/atria or ventilation stacks.

The strategy is likely to be most successful in • Buildings that are hermetically sealed due to buildings that are ‘inherently sustainable’ and any number of requirements such as acoustics, have the following features: pollution, security or building function.

• High ceilings The strategy may also have limited appeal for buildings where the costs of such a strategy • High thermal mass would exceed the costs of additional air condi- • Shallow floor plates tioning. Contemporary buildings with all glass facades may well fall into this category. • Potential for increasing natural ventilation Finally, adaptation options for buildings in • Good daylight penetration conservation areas and listed buildings may be • Orientation limited due to their impact on the historic value of the building. There are many buildings in the country that still have considerable life expectancy and have good passive design elements built in already: ...... mass, high ceillings, narrow depths, good daylight and potential for natural ventilation, 5.3 An analysis of other buildings which represent excellent potential for achieving that may benefit in England? low cabon adaptation strategy. But often these buildings are in conservation areas and the large ...... windows, although good for daylight and natural There is an estimated stock of 566 million m2 of ventilation, make this building typology especial- commercial buildings in England and Wales. ly vulnarable to overheating - the biggest climate change risk for buildings. Many of these buildings would benefit from climate change strategy to improve their perform- The room-by-room approach could be applied ance and commercial viability. to various areas of a wide range of buildings, from education to offices, areas of retail and Around 60% of the non-domestic buildings in industrial, even in buildings which cannot be use today will still be in use in 2050 according to adapted in their entirety. The Carbon Trust. Of the £46 billion in the Invest-

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...... ment Property Databank (IPD) Office Index, over 90% is more than 10 years old. As such, the 5.4 Resources and tools and mate- building stock, therefore, is highly unlikely to be rials you developed through this carbon efficient or comply with current or forth- contract for providing future serv- coming legislation. Over the next five years, 33% ices. of the leases in the UK market will expire. Ver- danix estimates the total potential addressable ...... market for the green retrofits to be £14 billion of The biggest resource is the increased under- investment over this period representing in the standing of the intricacies of how modelling region of £820 million of annual rental income. works and the effects of design change on over- (See appendix 3.2) heating. We can now all of us take this forward The buildings most likely to benefit from adapta- into our other projects and combine the best tion come in 4 broad categories: practices we have learnt into those designs.

1 Buildings constructed to function without air We have gained insights into the potential of conditioning but expected to overheat due to existing buildings to be adapted and the many rising temperature and increasing internal gains; commercial opportunities that will arise in this field from in the next decades. 2 Buildings constructed with air conditioning necessitated by extensive use of glass; As a result we are investing in training all architects in our practice in the use of environmental 3 Buildings with air conditioning necessitated modelling software Designer Build and SAP by acoustic issues that may change as we move and seeking accreditation in assessment for the towards electrical transport, pedestrianisation, Code for Sustainable Homes. and changing priorities. We are also seeking to set up a consultancy and 4 Buildings which are inherently low carbon but research company to continue to develop and have mechanical cooling installed for a variety implement adaptation strategies with a special of historic reasons such as: focus on bridging the gap between design and operations of buildings. The new company will • the market expectations of the A grade office bring the design team and FM team together. specification;

• the quota of renewable energy required by Planning Departments that inadvertently encour- ages installation of air source heat pumps whose high capital and running costs are often justified to the client on the grounds that the system can provide both heating and cooling;

• Legislation (such as Building Regulations) that tolerates air conditioned building;

• Poor design practice arising from inaccurate assumptions and broad-brush approach to modelling practice.

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...... 5.5 Further needs you have in order to provide adaptation services......

• We need a clearly coordinated industry standard for assessing climate change risks.

• There is a large need for a methodology to be developed for non-modellable adaptations to be evaluated with the same accuracy as those that can be modelled.

• There is a need for the use of BIM to be accelerated as this will help to create a much greater understanding of the issues within the team and contractor.

• We also need the results of all case studies to be widely disseminated with whole life costs data to help make the case for adaptation in preference to additional air cooling/conditioning.

• We need to invest in software and training of all architects in the practice to use environmental modelling software to allow us to get the design right from the outset.

• The RIBA needs to modify the RIBA Work Plan to reflect the different approach to work stages in adoption work and to develop a fee scale.

• We also need more accessible environmental software, intuitive for FM to allow adaptation strategy to be continually adopted in accordance with the actual tenant behaviour and developments in technology, materials, energy prices etc.

• There is a need to review existing guidance and regulations such as BREEAM, CHS and Building Regulation to reconcile some conflicts, such as view of the sky (CHS) with overheating problems.

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