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SELECTED TOPICS in NOVEL OPTICAL DESIGN by Yufeng Selected Topics in Novel Optical Design Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Yan, Yufeng Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 19:21:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/636613 SELECTED TOPICS IN NOVEL OPTICAL DESIGN by Yufeng Yan ____________________________ Copyright © Yufeng Yan 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the JAMES C. WYANT COLLEGE OF OPTICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my parents in China for their support that encouraged me to pursue both bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate degree abroad. I would also like to thank my girlfriend Jie Feng for her strong support and being the first reader of each chapter of this dissertation. I am very grateful to my adviser, Dr. Jose Sasian. This project would not have been possible without his constant support and mentoring. I would also like to acknowledge the members of my committee, Dr. Rongguang Liang and Dr. Jim Schwiegerling, who took their time to review this dissertation and gave me valuable suggestions. In addition, I would like to thank Zemax for giving me permission to use their software for designing and evaluating the optical systems in this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Liang for his funding and support to the project “Optical performance evaluation and chromatic aberration correction of a focus tunable lens used for 3D microscopy”, which is included in Chapter 4 of this dissertation. 4 DEDICATION To my parents Xueping and Zhiming, and to my love Jie 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 15 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 16 2 Photographic Fisheye Lens Design for 35mm Format Cameras ..................................... 19 2.1 Introduction to Fisheye Lenses ....................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 The History behind Fisheye Lenses ..................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Diagonal and Circular Fisheye Lens for Photographic Purpose .......................... 27 2.2 Projection Methods of Fisheye Lenses ........................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Tangential and Sagittal Magnification ................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Equidistant Projection .......................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Orthographic Projection ....................................................................................... 35 2.2.4 Stereographic Projection ...................................................................................... 36 2.2.5 Equisolid Angle Projection .................................................................................. 38 2.2.6 Projection Difference and their Practice Use ....................................................... 40 2.3 Special Properties and Design Issues of Photographic Fisheye Lenses ......................... 42 2.3.1 Negative Meniscus Lens and Pupil Shift ............................................................. 43 2.3.2 Inverted Telephoto Structure and Minimum BFD Requirement ......................... 46 2.3.3 Depth of Field ...................................................................................................... 48 2.3.4 Relative Illumination and Image Space Chief Ray Angle ................................... 51 2.4 Design of a Zoom Fisheye Lens for 35mm Format DSLR Cameras .............................. 53 2.4.1 Motivation and Current Designs of Zoom Fisheye Lenses ................................. 54 2.4.2 Design Specifications and Lens Construction ..................................................... 56 2.4.3 Aberration Control ............................................................................................... 60 2.4.4 Lens Optimization ................................................................................................ 65 2.4.5 Performance Evaluation ....................................................................................... 66 2.4.6 Tolerance Analysis............................................................................................... 73 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 74 3 Miniature Camera Lens Design with a Freeform Surface ............................................... 77 3.1 Design Challenges of a Miniature Camera Lens ............................................................ 79 6 3.2 Aspherical and Freeform Surfaces .................................................................................. 84 3.2.1 Conventional Aspherical Surfaces ....................................................................... 85 3.2.2 Freeform Surface based on Pedal Curve to the Ellipse ........................................ 88 3.3 First Lens Comparison .................................................................................................... 92 3.3.1 Nominal Performance Comparison...................................................................... 93 3.3.2 Tolerance Sensitivity ........................................................................................... 94 3.4 Second Lens Comparison ............................................................................................... 99 3.4.1 Performance Comparison................................................................................... 100 3.4.2 Reversed Asphere Design .................................................................................. 107 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 111 4 Applications and Optical Performance Consideration of Liquid Lenses ..................... 114 4.1 Development and Principles of Focus Tunable Lenses ................................................ 115 4.2 A Review of Application Utilizing Liquid Lenses ....................................................... 121 4.2.1 Focus Sweeping ................................................................................................. 121 4.2.2 Zoom System based on Liquid Lens .................................................................. 130 4.2.3 Nonmechanical Beam Steering .......................................................................... 139 4.3 Optical Performance Evaluation of Liquid Lens used for 3D microscopy ................... 142 4.3.1 Simulation and Experiment Setup ..................................................................... 143 4.3.2 Simulation and Experiment Results ................................................................... 147 4.4 Correction of Chromatic Aberration ............................................................................. 154 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 162 5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 165 APPENDIX A – LENS DATA I ............................................................................................... 167 APPENDIX B – LENS DATA II ............................................................................................. 171 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 179 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Modern fisheye lens applications such as (a) the “Bird’s-eye” visual system [6] and (b) a Samsung “360-degree” camera for virtual reality displays [7]. .......................................... 21 Figure 2.2. Refraction of a ray at critical angle ............................................................................... 23 Figure 2.3. (a) Water camera designed by R.W.Wood, (b) photo took by Wood’s camera, (c) fisheye camera designed by W.N.Bond and (d) entire sky captured by Bond’s camera ................... 23 Figure 2.4. The layout of ‘the Hill sky lens’ designed by R. Hill ................................................... 24 Figure 2.5. The comparison between the (a) AEG fisheye lens and (b) Nikkor’s first fisheye lens26 Figure 2.6. A sample Image taken by a diagonal fisheye lens ........................................................ 29 Figure 2.7. A sample Image taken by a circular fisheye lens.......................................................... 29 Figure 2.8. The object hemisphere of a fisheye lens system ........................................................... 31 Figure 2.9. The
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