1．Computer Virus Reported (1) Summary for This Quarter
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A the Hacker
A The Hacker Madame Curie once said “En science, nous devons nous int´eresser aux choses, non aux personnes [In science, we should be interested in things, not in people].” Things, however, have since changed, and today we have to be interested not just in the facts of computer security and crime, but in the people who perpetrate these acts. Hence this discussion of hackers. Over the centuries, the term “hacker” has referred to various activities. We are familiar with usages such as “a carpenter hacking wood with an ax” and “a butcher hacking meat with a cleaver,” but it seems that the modern, computer-related form of this term originated in the many pranks and practi- cal jokes perpetrated by students at MIT in the 1960s. As an example of the many meanings assigned to this term, see [Schneier 04] which, among much other information, explains why Galileo was a hacker but Aristotle wasn’t. A hack is a person lacking talent or ability, as in a “hack writer.” Hack as a verb is used in contexts such as “hack the media,” “hack your brain,” and “hack your reputation.” Recently, it has also come to mean either a kludge, or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. A hack also means a simple but often inelegant solution or technique. The following tentative definitions are quoted from the jargon file ([jargon 04], edited by Eric S. Raymond): 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. -
Internet Security Threat Report Volume 24 | February 2019
ISTRInternet Security Threat Report Volume 24 | February 2019 THE DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. SYMANTEC CORPORATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE, OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THIRD PARTY SOURCES IS BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, BUT IS IN NO WAY GUARANTEED. SECURITY PRODUCTS, TECHNICAL SERVICES, AND ANY OTHER TECHNICAL DATA REFERENCED IN THIS DOCUMENT (“CONTROLLED ITEMS”) ARE SUBJECT TO U.S. EXPORT CONTROL AND SANCTIONS LAWS, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS, AND MAY BE SUBJECT TO EXPORT OR IMPORT REGULATIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. YOU AGREE TO COMPLY STRICTLY WITH THESE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS, AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO OBTAIN ANY LICENSES, PERMITS OR OTHER APPROVALS THAT MAY BE REQUIRED IN ORDER FOR YOU TO EXPORT, RE-EXPORT, TRANSFER IN COUNTRY OR IMPORT SUCH CONTROLLED ITEMS. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 BIG NUMBERS YEAR-IN-REVIEW FACTS AND FIGURES METHODOLOGY Formjacking Messaging Cryptojacking Malware Ransomware Mobile Living off the land Web attacks and supply chain attacks Targeted attacks Targeted attacks IoT Cloud Underground economy IoT Election interference MALICIOUS -
Metahunt: Towards Taming Malware Mutation Via Studying the Evolution of Metamorphic Virus
MetaHunt: Towards Taming Malware Mutation via Studying the Evolution of Metamorphic Virus Li Wang Dongpeng Xu Jiang Ming [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The Pennsylvania State University University of New Hampshire University of Texas at Arlington University Park, PA 16802, USA Durham, NH 03824, USA Arlington, TX 76019, USA Yu Fu Dinghao Wu [email protected] [email protected] The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA University Park, PA 16802, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS As the underground industry of malware prospers, malware de- Malware detection, metamorphic virus, binary diffing, binary code velopers consistently attempt to camouflage malicious code and semantics analysis undermine malware detection with various obfuscation schemes. ACM Reference Format: Among them, metamorphism is known to have the potential to Li Wang, Dongpeng Xu, Jiang Ming, Yu Fu, and Dinghao Wu. 2019. Meta- defeat the popular signature-based malware detection. A meta- Hunt: Towards Taming Malware Mutation via Studying the Evolution of morphic malware sample mutates its code during propagations so Metamorphic Virus. In 3rd Software Protection Workshop (SPRO’19), Novem- that each instance of the same family exhibits little resemblance to ber 15, 2019, London, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. another variant. Especially with the development of compiler and https://doi.org/10.1145/3338503.3357720 binary rewriting techniques, metamorphic malware will become much easier to develop and outbreak eventually. To fully under- stand the metamorphic engine, the core part of the metamorphic 1 INTRODUCTION malware, we attempt to systematically study the evolution of me- The malicious software (malware) underground market has evolved tamorphic malware over time. -
Towards Next-Generation Intrusion Detection
rd 2011 3 International Conference on Cyber Conflict Permission to make digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within C. Czosseck, E. Tyugu, T. Wingfield (Eds.) NATO, and for personal or educational use done for non-profit or non-commercial purpose is granted providing that copies bear this notice and a full citation on the first Tallinn, Estonia, 2011 © CCD COE Publications page. Any other reproduction or transmission requires prior written permission. Towards Next-Generation Intrusion Detection Robert Koch Institut für Technische Informatik (ITI) Universität der Bundeswehr Munich, Germany [email protected] Abstract- Today, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are integral components of larger networks. Even so, security incidents are on a day-to-day basis: Numerous data leakage scandals arouse public interest in the recent past and also other attacks like Stuxnet are discussed in the general public. On the one side, the commercial success of the Internet and the possibilities to carry out attacks from a relatively safe distance attracts criminals and made e-Crime to a multi-billion dollar market over the past years. On the other side, more and more services and systems migrate to the Internet, for example Voice over IP (VoIP) or Video on Demand (VoD). This enables new and potential attack vectors. With the steadily increasing use of encryption technology, State-of-the-Art Intrusion- as well as Extrusion Detection technologies can hardly safeguard current networks to the full extend. Furthermore, they are not able to cope with the arising challenges of the fast growing network environments. The paper gives an overview of up-to-date security systems and investigates their shortcomings. -
Security and Privacy > Smart Homes > Autonomous Vehicles > Robotics
> Security and Privacy > Smart Homes > Autonomous Vehicles > Robotics AUGUST 2019 www.computer.org Keep Your Career Options Open Upload Your Resume Today! Whether your enjoy your current position or you are ready for change, the IEEE Computer Society Jobs Board is a valuable resource tool. Take advantage of these special resources for job seekers: JOB ALERTS TEMPLATES CAREER RESUMES VIEWED ADVICE BY TOP EMPLOYERS No matter your career WEBINARS level, the IEEE Computer Society Jobs Board keeps you connected to workplace trends and exciting new career prospects. www.computer.org/jobs IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY computer.org • +1 714 821 8380 STAFF Editor Publications Portfolio Managers Cathy Martin Carrie Clark, Kimberly Sperka Publications Operations Project Specialist Publisher Christine Anthony Robin Baldwin Publications Marketing Project Specialist Meghan O’Dell Senior Advertising Coordinator Debbie Sims Production & Design Carmen Flores-Garvey Circulation: ComputingEdge (ISSN 2469-7087) is published monthly by the IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Headquarters, Three Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997; IEEE Computer Society Publications Office, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle, Los Alamitos, CA 90720; voice +1 714 821 8380; fax +1 714 821 4010; IEEE Computer Society Headquarters, 2001 L Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036. Postmaster: Send address changes to ComputingEdge-IEEE Membership Processing Dept., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals Postage Paid at New York, New York, and at additional mailing offices. Printed in USA. Editorial: Unless otherwise stated, bylined articles, as well as product and service descriptions, reflect the author’s or firm’s opinion. Inclusion in ComputingEdge does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the IEEE or the Computer Society. -
Distributed Intrusion Prevention in Active and Extensible Networks
Distributed Instrusion Prevention in Active and Extensible Networks Todd Sproull and John Lockwood ? Applied Research Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Engineering: Washington University in Saint Louis 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1045 St. Louis, MO 63130 USA http://www.arl.wustl.edu/arl/projects/fpx/reconfig.htm Abstract. The proliferation of computer viruses and Internet worms has had a major impact on the Internet Community. Cleanup and control of malicious software (malware) has become a key problem for network administrators. Effective techniques are now needed to protect networks against outbreaks of malware. Wire-speed firewalls have been widely de- ployed to limit the flow of traffic from untrusted domains. But these devices weakness resides in a limited ability to protect networks from infected machines on otherwise trusted networks. Progressive network administrators have been using an Intrusion Pre- vention System (IPS) to actively block the flow of malicious traffic. New types of active and extensible network systems that use both micro- processors and reconfigurable logic can perform wire-speed services in order to protect networks against computer virus and Internet worm propagation. This paper discusses a scalable system that makes use of automated worm detection and intrusion prevention to stop the spread of computer viruses and Internet worms using extensible hardware com- ponents distributed throughout a network. The contribution of this work is to present how to manage and configure large numbers of distributed and extensible IPSs. 1 Introduction Security has become a daunting task for network administrators. There are nu- merous vulnerabilities that affect the millions of computers attached to the In- ternet. -
Strategies of Computer Worms
304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 313 CHAPTER 9 Strategies of Computer Worms “Worm: n., A self-replicating program able to propagate itself across network, typically having a detrimental effect.” —Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Revised Tenth Edition 313 304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 314 Chapter 9—Strategies of Computer Worms 9.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the generic (or at least “typical”) structure of advanced computer worms and the common strategies that computer worms use to invade new target systems. Computer worms primarily replicate on networks, but they represent a subclass of computer viruses. Interestingly enough, even in security research communities, many people imply that computer worms are dramatically different from computer viruses. In fact, even within CARO (Computer Antivirus Researchers Organization), researchers do not share a common view about what exactly can be classified as a “worm.” We wish to share a common view, but well, at least a few of us agree that all computer worms are ultimately viruses1. Let me explain. The network-oriented infection strategy is indeed a primary difference between viruses and computer worms. Moreover, worms usually do not need to infect files but propagate as standalone programs. Additionally, several worms can take con- trol of remote systems without any help from the users, usually exploiting a vul- nerability or set of vulnerabilities. These usual characteristics of computer worms, however, do not always hold. Table 9.1 shows several well-known threats. Table -
Address Munging: the Practice of Disguising, Or Munging, an E-Mail Address to Prevent It Being Automatically Collected and Used
Address Munging: the practice of disguising, or munging, an e-mail address to prevent it being automatically collected and used as a target for people and organizations that send unsolicited bulk e-mail address. Adware: or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used. Some types of adware are also spyware and can be classified as privacy-invasive software. Adware is software designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system. Some adware is designed to be malicious and will pop up ads with such speed and frequency that they seem to be taking over everything, slowing down your system and tying up all of your system resources. When adware is coupled with spyware, it can be a frustrating ride, to say the least. Backdoor: in a computer system (or cryptosystem or algorithm) is a method of bypassing normal authentication, securing remote access to a computer, obtaining access to plaintext, and so on, while attempting to remain undetected. The backdoor may take the form of an installed program (e.g., Back Orifice), or could be a modification to an existing program or hardware device. A back door is a point of entry that circumvents normal security and can be used by a cracker to access a network or computer system. Usually back doors are created by system developers as shortcuts to speed access through security during the development stage and then are overlooked and never properly removed during final implementation. -
Iptrust Botnet / Malware Dictionary This List Shows the Most Common Botnet and Malware Variants Tracked by Iptrust
ipTrust Botnet / Malware Dictionary This list shows the most common botnet and malware variants tracked by ipTrust. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, since new threat intelligence is always being added into our global Reputation Engine. NAME DESCRIPTION Conficker A/B Conficker A/B is a downloader worm that is used to propagate additional malware. The original malware it was after was rogue AV - but the army's current focus is undefined. At this point it has no other purpose but to spread. Propagation methods include a Microsoft server service vulnerability (MS08-067) - weakly protected network shares - and removable devices like USB keys. Once on a machine, it will attach itself to current processes such as explorer.exe and search for other vulnerable machines across the network. Using a list of passwords and actively searching for legitimate usernames - the ... Mariposa Mariposa was first observed in May 2009 as an emerging botnet. Since then it has infected an ever- growing number of systems; currently, in the millions. Mariposa works by installing itself in a hidden location on the compromised system and injecting code into the critical process ͞ĞdžƉůŽƌĞƌ͘ĞdžĞ͘͟/ƚŝƐknown to affect all modern Windows versions, editing the registry to allow it to automatically start upon login. Additionally, there is a guard that prevents deletion while running, and it automatically restarts upon crash/restart of explorer.exe. In essence, Mariposa opens a backdoor on the compromised computer, which grants full shell access to ... Unknown A botnet is designated 'unknown' when it is first being tracked, or before it is given a publicly- known common name. -
Detecting Botnets Using File System Indicators
Detecting botnets using file system indicators Master's thesis University of Twente Author: Committee members: Peter Wagenaar Prof. Dr. Pieter H. Hartel Dr. Damiano Bolzoni Frank Bernaards LLM (NHTCU) December 12, 2012 Abstract Botnets, large groups of networked zombie computers under centralised control, are recognised as one of the major threats on the internet. There is a lot of research towards ways of detecting botnets, in particular towards detecting Command and Control servers. Most of the research is focused on trying to detect the commands that these servers send to the bots over the network. For this research, we have looked at botnets from a botmaster's perspective. First, we characterise several botnet enhancing techniques using three aspects: resilience, stealth and churn. We see that these enhancements are usually employed in the network communications between the C&C and the bots. This leads us to our second contribution: we propose a new botnet detection method based on the way C&C's are present on the file system. We define a set of file system based indicators and use them to search for C&C's in images of hard disks. We investigate how the aspects resilience, stealth and churn apply to each of the indicators and discuss countermeasures botmasters could take to evade detection. We validate our method by applying it to a test dataset of 94 disk images, 16 of which contain C&C installations, and show that low false positive and false negative ratio's can be achieved. Approaching the botnet detection problem from this angle is novel, which provides a basis for further research. -
Symantec Intelligence Report: June 2011
Symantec Intelligence Symantec Intelligence Report: June 2011 Three-quarters of spam send from botnets in June, and three months on, Rustock botnet remains dormant as Cutwail becomes most active; Pharmaceutical spam in decline as new Wiki- pharmacy brand emerges Welcome to the June edition of the Symantec Intelligence report, which for the first time combines the best research and analysis from the Symantec.cloud MessageLabs Intelligence Report and the Symantec State of Spam & Phishing Report. The new integrated report, the Symantec Intelligence Report, provides the latest analysis of cyber security threats, trends and insights from the Symantec Intelligence team concerning malware, spam, and other potentially harmful business risks. The data used to compile the analysis for this combined report includes data from May and June 2011. Report highlights Spam – 72.9% in June (a decrease of 2.9 percentage points since May 2011): page 11 Phishing – One in 330.6 emails identified as phishing (a decrease of 0.05 percentage points since May 2011): page 14 Malware – One in 300.7 emails in June contained malware (a decrease of 0.12 percentage points since May 2011): page 15 Malicious Web sites – 5,415 Web sites blocked per day (an increase of 70.8% since May 2011): page 17 35.1% of all malicious domains blocked were new in June (a decrease of 1.7 percentage points since May 2011): page 17 20.3% of all Web-based malware blocked was new in June (a decrease of 4.3 percentage points since May 2011): page 17 Review of Spam-sending botnets in June 2011: page 3 Clicking to Watch Videos Leads to Pharmacy Spam: page 6 Wiki for Everything, Even for Spam: page 7 Phishers Return for Tax Returns: page 8 Fake Donations Continue to Haunt Japan: page 9 Spam Subject Line Analysis: page 12 Best Practices for Enterprises and Users: page 19 Introduction from the editor Since the shutdown of the Rustock botnet in March1, spam volumes have never quite recovered as the volume of spam in global circulation each day continues to fluctuate, as shown in figure 1, below. -
Contents in This Issue
FEBRUARY 2014 Covering the global threat landscape CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE 2 COMMENT A LIFE OF GRIME It is time for defenders to go on the offence Cross-platform execution is one of the promises of Java – but cross-platform infection is probably 3 NEWS not what the designers had in mind. Nevertheless, that was clearly in the mind of the author of Law minister is former spammer W32/Java.Grimy, a virus for the Windows platform, Cash for hacks which infects Java class fi les. Peter Ferrie has the details. MALWARE ANALYSES page 4 4 Getting one’s hands dirty LAME DUCK 6 Salted algorithm – part 2 Sometimes what looks like a genuine MP3 encoder 11 Inside W32.Xpaj.B’s infection – part 2 library, and even works as a functional encoder, actually hides malicious code deep amongst a 19 FEATURE pile of clean code. Gabor Szappanos reveals the Needle in a haystack lengths to which one piece of malware goes to hide its tracks. page 19 27 BOOK REVIEW Don’t forget to write READING CORNER Industry veteran, prolifi c writer and educator David 30 SPOTLIGHT Harley reviews two recently published eBooks that aim to provide security guidance for consumers: Greetz from academe: Full frontal ‘Improve Your Security’ by Sorin Mustaca, and ‘One Parent to Another’ by Tony Anscombe. 31 END NOTES & NEWS page 27 ISSN 1749-7027 COMMENT ‘Challenge for example, an IPS or anti-virus product will still do some level of good if you do no more than install it on [defenders] to your network and make sure it gets updated occasionally, take a penetration a SIEM will not do anything except generate a (huge) bill.