lucerna 30 lucerna SUBSCRIPTIOITS FOR 2OO5

Roman Finds Group Newsletter 3O The subscription rate has remained the same for nearly 15 years, but to allow the RFG to keep the cost of meetings down and to meet the rising Contents costs of printing and posting the Newsleffer, the subscription has risen to f,8 for an individual Iron Age shears from Hertfordshire...... 2 membership and [11 for a two-person, single A gilded bone hairpin from Colchester ...... 5 household membership. Subscriptions should be Roman hair pins from Hampshire...... 6 sent to: Figurine of Harpocrates...... l Datasheets ...... 7 Angela Wardle, 1 Stebbing Farm, Fishers Gallery closures at the British Museum .. ...7 Green, Stevenage, Herts. SGI 2IB Roman food day . ... .8 Last chance to see 'Buried treasure' ...... 8 Editorial Unusual Rolnan'test piece'...... 8 Two bone stoppers from Silchester.., r.. .., ,,. ...9 Welcome to the 30'h edition of Lucernil. The Staffordshire Moorlands pan ...... 10 newsletter has been drifting somewhat with RFG Committee...... 11 regard to its scheduled release dates (January Next RFG meeting. .11 and July) and as the new editor I wqnted to try get on hence this Review of RFG meeting in Chester...... 12 to it back track - September Instrumentum membership ...17 rnailing. I will endeavour to get issues back on RFG subscriptions. . .,.T7 schedule in the l{ew Year. l.{ew East Anglia Archaeology reports... .. 18 Review of Richborough brooches ...... t9 This issue contains features on a number of new Books... finds, arguably the most spectacular of which is Conferences & study days the Staffordshire-Moorlands pan (p. 10) I have also up sotne important study days and Crossword . '. .. D .. flogg*d conferences which are coming up in the next I{otes for contributors few months. First up is the joint meeting in C)anterbury with the f inds Research Group (see E-rnailed text should be sent as either a .doc, .fxt p. I l), which will provide a good opportunity or .fif file. Please use sufficient formatting to make .for members to make contact with researchers the hierarchy of any headings clear, and do not studying later material, and no doubt find out embed illustrations of graphs in the text but send the extent of common ground which exiJ'l^!. The them as separate files. E-mailed illustrations should second is the 'Regionality' meeting next April at preferably be simple line drawings or uncluttered Oxford (p. 23), bringing together many leading b/w photos and sent as .tif or jpg files. No textured scholars from the field of Roman studies. There backgrounds, please. are also study days on Roman food and quern- stones. The address for e-mailed contributions is:

Finally, please see the note on p: 7 regarding rhobb s @thebriti shmu seurn. ac. uk gallery closures at the British Museum - Contributions by post should be sent to: something which will be occupying nry time for rnuch of the coming months! Richard Hobbs, Prehistory & Europo, The British Museum, Great Russell StreeI London WCIB 3DG Richard Hobbs lucerna 30

Late Iron Age shears from the copper alloy is preserved and the even green Hertfordshire patina of the rest of the shears has not taken hold. Along both cutting edges of the shears A well-preserved pair of Late Iron Age copper- there are areas where the cutting edge has alloy shears were found during excavations by broken away or been nicked in use. There are Network Archaeology Ltd in advance of a new also areas with linear or curyed scratches on the gas pipeline running from Matching Green, inside surfaces on both blades near the cutting Hertfordshire, to Cambridge (CMG01, SF 1044, edges. contexi 14227). The shears w-ere fourrd irr a ditch that also contained sherds of grog tempered Late Iron Age pottery.

This pair of shears is a unique discovery. There are very few finds of any pairs of Pre-Roman Iron Age shears from Britain, and at the time of writing, ro other pair of Iron Age or Early Roman shears has been found decorated with a La Tene or early 'Celtic' design. The shears have been broken, losirrg the ends of both blades. The surviving maximum length is 94 mm. Originally, the shears may have been, perhaps, 100- 1 10 mm long.

The shears are made of copper alloy with an even fine green patina. They appear to have been cast as a single piece. The handles of the shears are straight sided and parallel to each other, joining in a well defined semicircular end. l/ The size and diameter of the semicircular created by the end of the handles closely matches the semicircle made by the shaped rear Iron Age shears. Drawing by Stephen Crurutny. ends of the blades, giving the empty space created by the handles and rear end of the blade The uppennost blade face on each side is an intended elegant symmetry. ,Cecorated with a delicate curvilinear design of La Tdne style that makes full use of the The ends of both blades are missing and they available space. The design incorporates panels appear to have been broken off at the same time, grooved to imitate basketwork, and at the upper leaving a diagonal break across the blades. end two of these panels meet to form a well- Under a binocular microscope this break is defined pellet. The outer edge at the base of the irregular, has rounded surfaces and a patina. blade, ?S well as the inner one, is very thin, but This suggests the shears were broken in it broadens gently as it rises towards the loop antiquity and not during their recent excavation. and develops well-formed marginal mouldings. The field between the mouldings, passing from The shears have considerable evidence that they blade base to blade base over the loop, is also had been used. There are areas of polish decorated. At the bottom on each side is fine showing on both sides of the shears where the cross-groovirg, with the gaps between each line blades cross over and rub agaunst each other in increasing slightly as it rises. use. More marked on one side than the other, where this wear occurred the original colour of lucerna 30

tt The design on the blades consists of a flowing were made cuffent from 2nd Century BC to t 'S' curve. At the handle end, this terminates in Century AD. a large broken backed curve around a large void composed of two opposing zones of thin Other shears from Pre-Roman Iron Age Britain, trumpet voids, in-filled with basket weave. where closely dateable, date to the second half Running around the outside of the handle is a of the l't Century BC and to l't Century AI). similar flowing design with an empty 'broken Shears are rare finds from Pre-Roman Iron Age backed curye' on the centre of the back of the Britain, although they are more frequent finds in handle.----) with the design leadins awav around others-v' iii-v'i \J nartsi"ii'v'i iTii-*'\ii'v' i,iii\.i iJ-ilii-v' Iron ii \rii iAse i'$'v' -O-- ---^O'"'J i.jiii of Vliddle and Late both sides of the handles endirrg rn 2 or 3 small temperate Europe. Other discoveries from circles and then pe{pendicular hatching. Britain all come from southeast and south central England. Other finds include apair of The design was probably originally marked out iron shears from the rich Welwyn tlpe with a faint engraved line, which can be seen in cremation burial at Hertford Heath (Hrissen at least two places on the blades where the 1983) that dates to the 40s to 20s BC. IJnlike subsequent thicker and deeper engraved line, the straight and parallel handles on this pair, the which create the filled in cells, did not directly handles on this pair are omega shaped. These follow the original faint engraved line. The shears ate252 mm long. Pairs of iron shears basket weave infill was created using a series of were found in two cremation burials at King different punches. At least two different sized Harry Lane, St Albans (Stead & Rigby 1989). straight edged punches were used, with a Those found in grave 242 were straight handled smaller round punch employed where there was and 99 mm long. The grave dates to phase 1 of not room in the cell to use either straight edged the cemetery and contained a butt beaker and punch. In several areas on the blades, the rosette brooch (late 1't BClearly 1't AD). Those original outline of the filled in cells were re- found in grave 384 were omega handled and engraved after the basket weave punch work 203 mm long. This grave also belongs to phase was finished. The re-engraved line obscures the 1 in the cemetery and contained Late ends of some of the punch marks, which in AugustanlTiberian/Claudian pottery. An early other cases sometimes encroach over the post conquest cremation burial at Alton, engraved line outlining the filled in cell. Hampshire (Millett 1986) contained a straight, parallel handled pair of shears 232 mrn long. The basic style of the design in terms of the A1l these pairs of shears were made from iron. engraved design with curving trumpet forms, the use of 'basket weave' hatching to infill parts A pair of copper alloy shears inside a wooden of the design, and small circles, are features box was found at the western end of the Flag shared on a large number of British Iron Age Fen timber causeway (Pryor 2001). These decorated objects. This style has been called the shears are assumed to be of Late Iron Age date, 'Mirror Style' or Style V in Ian Stead's as there is a collection of Late Iron Age and tlpology of British La Tene Art. As the name Early Roman metal work from the Fen edge at suggests these styles of design are found on the this site. This pair of shears is 227 mm long British decorated copper-alloy mirrors, but are with omega shaped handles. A final pair of also found on a range of other objects including copper alloy shears that could be considered sword scabbards from Bugtho{pe and Little here comes from Loch Erribol, Sutherland Wittenham and the decorated spearhead from (Macgregor 197 6). The pair is very different in the river Thames. This style of La Tene Art was shape and proportions to those considered here. only made in Britain. The exact details of the They were found on a ledge in a souterrain in designs on both the blades and around the 1960 and have no secure dating. handle of these shears are not closely paralleled on any other object. Style V designs and motifs lucerna 30

Shears are known from other parts of Europe rather than to shear sheep, as has sometimes from the Middle Pre-Roman Iron Age (LaTene been suggested. The well executed decoration II). However, they are so far absent from the on this pair of shears sets them apart from the many Middle Pre-Roman Iron Age assemblages small number of other discoveries of shears so - some of which are very sizeable - from far made in Britain. whether this decoration settlements excavated in Britain such as implies the shears had a special, ritual, use or Danebury, Maiden Castle, South Cadbury, were owned by a special person are subjects for Maere and Glastonbury. further debate.

If present at all in Britain in the Middle pre- Without closer dating by pottery or radiocarbon Roman Iron Age, they must have been very rare dating of the ditch from which these shears and unusual objects that were not widely copied were found, a broad datirg to the Late Pre- and used. Current evidence could suggest Roman Iron Age (i.e. 100 BC to AD 43) is most therefore that shears were only introduced to likely for this shears. southern Britain in the 1't century BC. There is other evidence for a new concern with personal References appearance and grooming by a small number of people in southern Britain at this time. This can Jacobi, G. 1974, Werkzeug und Gerrit aus dern be seen with the importance of copper alloy Oppidum von Manching, Augrabungen in mirrors frorn some relatively well furnished Manching 5, Munich. graves at this time. These well known mirrors Hrissen, C-M. 1983 , A Rich Late La Tdne Burial were decorated in a similar manner to these at Hertfurd Heath, Hertfordshire, Brrtish shears. From the second half of the 1't Century Museum Occasional Paper 44. BC there are also a small but increasing number Millett, M. 1986, An early Roman cernetery at of finds of toilet sets or personal grooming sets Alton, Hampshire, Proceedings of the that show some people were using tweezers, Hampshire Field Club 42,43-87. nail cleaners, 'eat scoops' to clean their bodies Pryor, F. 200I, The Flag Fen Basin: or modify their appearance. Although there are Archaeology and environment of a Fenland a tiny number of probably earlier toilet lands cape, English Heritage, Londorl. instruments from graves in East Yorkshire, Stead, IM. & Rigby, V. 1989, Verulamium: The Kog personal grooming tools become increasingly Hory l-,ane site, English Heritage Archaeologi caL common finds from the late 1" Century BC and Report 1,2, London. into the Early Roman period. Along with these objects, cosmetic sets consisting of a tiny pestle J D Hill and mortar appear in the 1't Century AD. These The British Museum objects j show how a small number of people hi 1l @thebriti shmus eum. ac . uk were increasing concerned with their physical appearance, perhaps as part of the development Nina Crummy of an elite (or at least alternative) life style. The nina. crummy@ntlworld. c om appearance of shears fits into these developments. A number of shears from Pre- Roman and Early Roman contexts in other parts of Europe come from burials that also contain other objects related to personal grooming (Jacobi 1974). One of the pairs from King Harry Lane, St Albans, also comes from a grave with a toilet set (burial 242). As such, it seems likely that the small number of pairs of shears from Pre-Roman Britain were used to cut human hair,

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A gilded bone hairpin from Colchester

Recent excavations in Colchester located on the site of the old Garrison Cavalry Barracks uncovered not only Britain's first Roman circus but also alarge Roman cemetery. Among many of the interesting objects excavated from this cemetery was a bone hairpin with traces of gold 1o-tf ,^r. flra crrr*f.r..o rv(ll LtIl LII\,I i)Llll4r,J\.i.

The hairpin measures 103 mm in length; the tip is missing. The head, at 32 mm long, consists of a female bust with bare shoulders resting on a double pedestal base (which is twisted slightly in the middle). The features of the bust have been carved both on the front and the back. The eyes and mouth are realistically shown but are rather over-prominent, and she has a pointed nose and chin. The most interesting element is her elaborate hairstyle, with the waves and crimping shown by lattice-like grooves. It rises 0 Zcm back from the face, and is fixed in a coil or bun l_tr at the back of the head. The style suggests a lllustration bv Emma S date for the pin in the late 1st or Znd century (Croom 2000, fig. 46). References What is unusual about this particular bust is the Allason-Jones, 'Gilding occurrence of tiny flecks of gold leaf on the hair L., 1999 the black lily', RFG l{ewsletter and one even tinier fleck found on the right XVIil, ll-12 Bertrand, 2003 Objets de parure et de soins shoulder. The latter fragment suggests that the I., whole bust was gilded. du corps d'dpoque romaine dans I'Est picton (Deux-Sdvres, Vienne), M6moire de A globular-headed bone hairpin from l'Association des Publications Chauvinoise s 23 (Chauvigny) Colchester, some hairpins with small moulded Croom, A.T,, heads from France, and some pieces ofjet 2000 Roman clothing and (Stroud) jewellery are known to have been finished with fashiorz Crumffiy, The Roman smallfinds gold leaf on the head (Crummy 1983, ftg.23, N., 1983 excavations in Colchester l97I-9, 438; Bertrand 2003, 103; Allason-Jones 1999), fro* Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (Colchester) but as far as I am aware this is the only hairpin with an anthropomorphic head with this surface treatment.

Laura Excavations were funded by Taylor Woodrow Pooley Colchester Archaeological Trust and carried out by the Colchester 12 Lexden Road Archaeological Trust; the consultants were RPS Colchester CO3 3NF Planning, Transport and Design. lucerna 30

Roman hair pins from Hampshire

Jodi's description of the pin runs as follows:

Two recent finds of hair pins have been 'Copper alloy pin head in the form of a male reported in Hampshire to the Finds Liaison head. The hair forms a lateral line across the Officer, Jodi Puls. These tlpe of pins with a forehead which extends at the back of the head human head at the terminal end fall into Hilary into two transverse grooves which meet, Cool's Group 18 (Cool 1990), comparing best forming a point just above the neck. Within this with the example from Cirencester (Figure 10: outline the hair is defined by a series of 1 1). transverse grooves. The face is recessed slightly from the hair and the features are The first of these (above) compares closest with crudely represented. The eyes are formed by the Cirencester example, as both have a rather sub-circular recesses with a raised central dot, 'celtic' style of face. It seems likely that the pin the nose by a raised triangle, and the mouth by dates to the first to second centuries AD, two laterul grooves separated by a ridge. The although these objects are difficult to date and it ears are represented by raised triangles with a could conceivably be later. This particular pin central circular recess. Beneath the head the has an intact head with hair shown by a series of object is waisted to form the neck beneath simple incised striations. Much of the shank is which is a flat circular terminal from the centre missing. of which a short rectangular sectioned shaft projects. The object is in very good condition The second of the pins (see opposite) is and considerable white metal coating remains somewhat different in character, and is perhaps on all surfaces, except for the shaft, particularly not a hair pin at all, because it is unusual for at the front.' pins to be broken so near to the terminal end. It therefore might just be better to classify it as a Acknowledgement mount, as the surviving supposed part of the Thanks to Hilary Cool for her cornments on shank could instead be a fixing of some nature. these two artefacts.

The head on this object is very distinctive, and Reference instead of having a Celticised look to it, is far more north African in appearance. This would Cool, H. 1990. 'Roman metal hair pins from place the object amongst a number of Southern Britairr', Archaeological Journal 147 representations of Roman date of individuals (1990), 148-182. from a range of ethnic backgrounds, perhaps demonstrating the diversity of the peoples who Jodi Puls populated the Roman world. The style of the Finds Liaison Officer, Hampshire hair is not dissimilar to two bound captive j puls@winche ster. gov. uk figurines in the BM collections (1874,3-28,42 & Richard Hobbs 185 6,7 -1,,20). rhobb s@thebriti shmuseum. ac . uk lucerna 30

Figurine of Harpocrates

An interesting figurine of the Roman deity Harpocrates has recently been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme in Hertfordshire. The discovery was made about ten years ago in ffi St Albans by metal detectorist Vic Seaborn. The original identification was made by Coventry c1 o,^ar"f 1', t-taa1 ,.rtrrcrArr,.nrrrLiDwr.rlrl 6r.rlrJ nnA rrrrrvY(rD rvvvrrtrJ' r v\rllllllrrv\rfi-**..ol l-r, LrJ T\r^-l-rl)ll ffi}/il Bailey of the Greek and Roman Department at ffii$ Kffi the British Museum. Figurine of Harpocrates. Drawing by Donna Watters The figure stands 693mm tall and is made of cast copper-alloy. The deity stands at a slight Gallery closures at the British angle, as if leanin g agaunst something, and Museum facing slightly to his right. The arrns and feet are missing and the facial features are heavily I wanted to alert members to the fact that the corroded. Harpocrates is usually shown as Roman Britain Gallery (49), as well as the Iron naked, and the presence of a full length draped Age gallery (50) at the British Museum will be garrnent and head dress in this example point closed to all public access from January 2006. towards the object being of possible Egyptian The closure is expected to last for a yeff. This is origin. It probably dates from the l't to znd in order to caffy out essential maintenance work, century AI). which will include emergency lighting. It will also provide the opportunity to make some Other information: minor cosmetic changes to the gallery, for instance to re-varnish the floors. PAS find no. BH-F25093 Obviously this will cause some disruption to Julian Watters visitors, so one of our aims is to try to ensure FLO, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire that our 'stakeholders' are fully aware (hence j .watters@ stalbans. gov. uk this note). It should also be added that from March next yaffi, a new gallery will open at the Museuffi, which will be on the ground floor Datasheets needed befween the Enlightenment Gallery and the Grenville Shop which is just to the right of the Concentrating on a particular find t1pe, an main entrance hall. This gallery will include a industry, or presenting ongoing research, temporary display of some items from the datasheets would be a valuable resource for all Roman Britain gallery - as many 'iconic' pieces our members, from students through to curators. as possible - which will at least mean that some Members, please share your expertise and of the objects the Museum is best known for contribute a datasheet or two. will still be accessible.

Gill Dunn is co-ordinating this RFG project so For more information, please do not hesitate to please contact her at the address below if you contact me. would like to write a datasheet. She a preparing a style sheet for potential authors. Richard Hobbs rhobbs @thebriti shmus eum. ac . uk Gill Dunn Ldunn@ che sterc c . gov. uk lucerna 30

fInusual Roman 'test piece' ROMAI\ FOOD DAYII 19'h Sept?b.r 2005

A one-day symposium examining aspects of food in Roman Britain.

Presentations include : . Evidence for food in Roman London, . A proposal for a lipid residue analysis on Mortaria . An overview of samian from La Graufesenque, . Metal Vs Ceramic: a comparative study of the use of metal and ceramic vessels in ancient cooking. . Modern experiments with residues on pottery vessels

Although there is no charge for attending the study day places are strictly limited and are available on a first come first serye basis.

For additional information or to reserye a place please contact Pictured above is an unusual rectangular Chris Lydamore C/O The Museum of Harlow, copper-alloy object, recently found in Essex and Muskham Road, Harlow, Essex, C20 zLF. reported through the Portable Antiquities Tel 41279 454959 Scheme. It is made of leaded bronze, and has a number of engraved features. The engravings include the name 'SABATI', whilst the pictorial elements include a late Roman style, diademed bust facing to the left, and dextrarum iunctio Last chance to see 'Buried treasure' (clasped right hands).

The 'Buried treasure' exhibition, which has At first, we believed it might be linked to the been touring the IJK for the last two years, has production of late Roman coinage, perhaps the now reached its final destination. It is now on many siliqua imitations of the early fifth century display at Norwich Castle Museum and Art - the bust is of similar style. Now it seems jeweller's Gallery until 15th January 2006. perhaps more likely that it's a test piece, or - as has been suggested by the BM's Norwich is a very appropriate location for the research lab - may have allowed repouss6 produced 'Buried treasure' exhibition, not least because a components ofjewellery to be by large proportion of the material showcased was rubbing small sheets of metal foil into the found in East Anglia; the exhibition is designs. something of a homecoming for the Mildenhall and Hoxne treasures in particular. In addition, Any other thoughts on the function of this the Amesbury fucher, which was originally on object would be gratefully received. display during the British Museum leg of the 'Buried treasure' tour is back on display in Richard Hobbs Norwich, and demonstrates that contract Ian Leins archaeology - not just metal detectorists - will Sue la Niece sometimes find items subject to the 1996 The British Museum Treasure Act too. lucerna 30

possibly Two Bone Stoppers from Silchester has a 'V' shaped groove on one side, the muscle attachment groove of a bone. This example also has two incised grooves running During the 2005 excavations at the Roman town around the top and bottom, but the much of Silchester in Hampshire, two stoppers were nalrower 'stopper' has broken off, leaving just excavated which are either of bone or ivory. an indentation where it once was. There does not appear to be a patallel to these stoppers, and it would be interesting to find out If anyone has seen a parallel to these items, I if any RFG members have found or seen ,would be .rery gateful if they could contact rne. anything similar.

Sandie Williams The first (SF3864) is almost complete. It is Finds Manager wide at the top end and nalrows slightly Silchester Training Excavations towards the base of the top of the stopper, Clo The UniversitY of Reading before nalrowing again at the 'stopper' end. Dept of Archaeology There are two incised lines running in grooves S andie.williams2 @btop enworld' com at the top and base of the top part of the stopper.

The second example (SF3876) is almost identical to the other stopper, but is broken. It

Bone stopper (t/3576) from Silchester' Bone stopper (si3864) from Silchester.

sruoH 'fz slaql{ 'tz pessaro 'LZ )nelu?J 'az aquesy 'BL 'gL 'f 'B JnesorcH ouolsdeog L eyrut1 )qoeuy 'l )apuexaM 'g u/or/S 'g roplpep'f tuocl 't a;;asnry'Z nedsp3'L ul,lto7 paJ-asoa 'BZ snasaqj 'g s6eq4v 'gZ auoild7 'gZ e\uoLlpoolA 'tZ s:1lcay 'ZZ paoeA '61 'il 'e 'ZL serg ereryS eyep$q'9, spo oM L r$pv uep4pd 'LL rle uedg '0' erasss1 '6 appeqg 'g 6u/dueo', sso"rcy S/o*lsUV pJotvlssoJ] lucerna 30

An Enamelled bronzepan from Staffordshire Moorlands, England i L souYenir of Hadrian's Wall

Readers are probably aware of this object from numerous articles in the press. Now that it has been acquired, it seemed appropriate to provide some more detail prior to full publication.

The obj ect in question is a copper-alloy pan (trulla), lacking its handle and base, with The Staffor dshir e-Mo orlands p an. Celtic-style ornament inlaid with turquoise, blue, red and yellow enamel. Below the rim an Alternatively, 'Aeli' could belong with the word enamel-inlaid inscription encircles the pan: 'Draco', forming the personal name Aelius MAI S C O GGAB ATAVXE LOD \N\IVM C AMM Draco (or Dracon). He may have been a soldier O GLANNARI G OREVALIAE LID RAC ONI S or junior officer who had the pan made as a souvenir of his military service on the Wall, a That is: unique type of frontier in the Roman Empire, as MAIS (Bowness-on-Solway) COGGABATA remarkable then as it is today. (Drumburgh) VXELODVI{VM (Stanwix) CAMMOGLANINA (C astlesteads) RIGORE The pan is a joint acquisition between VALI AELI DRACONIS the British Museum, the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery (Stoke-on-Trent) and the Tullie The pan belongs to a series of colourful House Museum and Gallery (Carlisle), enamelled bronze trullae dating to the znd to 3'd purchased with the substantial and generous centuries AD. Most are decorated with stylised support of the Heritage Lottery Fund. vegetal designs but two stand out: the 'Rudge Cup', found at Rudge Coppice, Wiltshire in Museum Location: until December 2005, Room 1,725, and the 'Amiens Patera', found at Amiens 49, case 9, BM; January - December 2006, the in 1949. Their enamelled decoration consists of Potteries Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke-on- a mural ftieze suranounted by an encircling Trent; January - December 2007 , the Tullie inscription naming forts in the western sector of House Museum and Gallery, Carlisle. Hadrian' s Wall, and the fneze has been interpreted as a schematic representation of the Further Reading Wall itself. The 'staffordshire Moorlands' pan M. Pitts and S. Worrell, 'Dish fit for the gods', is distinctively different, but its inscription British Arcltaeology 73,2003, 22-27 . relates it securely to these Hadri arf s Wall R.S.O. Tomlin, 'Inscriptions', Britannia 35, 'souvenir' pans, and it is the most spectacularly 2004,344-345. colourful exarnple yet known. It also has a much longer inscription. Just four forts ate STOPPITE,S,S! STOP PftE,S,S! STOP PftE,S^S/ listed, but COGGABATA Drumburgh - is - A study day for the pan will be held at The British Museum on named for the first time. More difficult to Monday 5 December 2005. Tickets cost f20, f,l4 concessions, interpret are the words - RIGORE VALI AELI and can be obtained from the British Museum Box Office (020 DRACONIS. 'Rigore vali' seems to be a direct 7323 8l8l). Speakers include Lindsay Allason-Jones, Roger Tomlin, Martin Henig and Ralph Jackson. reference to Hadrian's Wall, for in Roman times it was known as 'the vallum'. 'Aeli' may also Ralph Jackson belong with that phrase, specifying 'the wall of Prehistory & Europe, The British Museum rj ackson@thebriti shmu seum. ac, r{k Hadri an', for Aelius was Hadri an' s family name.

10 lucerna 30

RFG Committee Website manager: Francis Grew, Museum of London, 150 London Wall, London EC}Y 5FfN. e-mail : fgrew@museumo flondon. org.uk President: Roy Friendship-Taylor, Toad Hall, 86 Main Ro&d, Hackleton, Northants. NN7 zAD. Tel: 01 604 870312. e-mail: roy@ftiendship- taylor. fre e s erye. c o . uk Next Meetingi 28- 30 October 2005

Minutes and General Secretary: Nicola Buitding Bridges: A comparative approach it Hembrey, Centre for Archaeology, Fort Roman and Nleciievai Arteiacts Cumberland, Portsmouth, PL4 gLD. Tel.: 023 9285 67 00. e-mail : Nicola.Hembrey@english- The next meeting of the Roman Finds Group is heritage.org.uk a joint meeting with the F'inds Research Group AD700-1700. Speakers will include Mark Treasurer: Jenny Hall, Museum of London, Houliston discussing the excavations of 150 London Wall, London ECZY 5FfN. Tel.: Whiteftiars, Canterbury, beginning on the 0207 814 5739. e-mail: Friday evening, whilst the weekend talks will be j hall@mus eumo fl ondon. org. uk thematic. The first on the Saturday morning is concerned with 'dress', with Ellen Swift

Membership Secretary: Angela Wardle, 1 providirrg the Roman perspective and Gabor Stebbing Farm, Fishers Greer, Stevenage, Herts. Thomas the late Anglo-Saxon. The afternoon SGl 2lB. Tel.: (work) 0207 566 9322. e-mail: session focuses on 'Medicine and HealitrB', awardl e@mus eumo fl ondon. or g. uk with talks from Iain Ferris and Sally Crawford, and 'Writing and Literacy', with talks from Meetings Co-ordinator: Ellen Swift, School of Colin Andrews and Tim Pestell. On the Sunday, European Culture and Languages, Cornwallis the focus of the meeting will shift to finds Building, University of Kent and Canterbury, contexts, with Mark Houliston discussing late Canterbury, Kent CTz 7NIF. Tel.: 01227 827 898. Roman find assemblages, David Petts votive e-mail : E.V. Swift@kent. ac.uk deposition and Andrew Rogerson surface scatters of metalwork. Publications Co-ordinators: Gillian Dunrl, Chester Archaeological Service, 27 Grosvenor On the Sunday afternoon, there is an Street, Chester CHl ZDD. e-mail: opportunity to visit sites in Canterbury. g. dunn@ chestercc . gov. uk For further information regarding and accommodation and directions members are advised to visit:

Hella Eckardt, Dept. of Archaeology, www. kent. ac . uk/s ecl/c I as sic s/fi nds . htm University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 2L7, Reading RG6 6AH. e-mail: To book places, please send a cheque for f,3 for h. eckardt@reading. ac .uk members and f,5 for non-members (made out to 'Unikent') to: Newsletter Editor: Richard Hobbs, Prehistory & Europo, The British Museum, London WC1B Quita Mould, Eastmoor Manor, Eastmoor, gPZ. 3DG. Tel.: 020 7323 8294. e-mail: King's Lynn, Norfolk, PE33 rhobb s@thebriti shmu s eum. ac ..uk

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Roman Finds Group meeting the clay rectangular ones used in the Wash, o. g. 18th April 2005 around Peterborough), and briqu etage, the various pottery pedestals Chester Archaeological Service, bits of including and supports. Albion Street Chap€I, Chester For the pre-Roman period, there is also evidence for salt production. This comes in the The Spring meeting was well attended, with form of Iron Age pottery sherds known as about 20 delegates. The committee would like tVCp' (J./errr Y v^ v v^J Cnqrqe\,/vw^vv Pnfferrr\\./uuv^ Al nrrrnher nfv^ sitecu^LvL, \ ^ J,t. ^ ^^Bll^vv^ to thank Gill Dunn for organising an excellent have produced these sherds, for instance line up of speakers and providing a suitable Beeston Castle; but only Ridgeway Farm, venue. excavated in 1993, revealed a rectangular hearth and VCP remains. So this seems to be the Dr Mike Nevell (University of earliest site so far identified for salt production Manchester Archaeological unit) in Cheshire. 'Roman salt making in Cheshire' For the Roman period, there are two key Mike gave an excellent presentation on a sites: fascinating topic. He outlined two methods of 1. Middlewich: this has been excavated salt production, inland and coastal. The latter is since the 1960s. There was a Roman fort known to have taken place around the Wash, established at the site. There are whilst inland salt production took place on a rectangular hearths in which the pans sat, number of sites in Cheshire, the main focus of briquetage, pedestals and salt containers. Mike's talk. In 200112, two sites were excavated which produced rectangular evaporation During the Roman period, 'wet head' hearths and briquetage, at Harbutt's rock sources were exploited to produce salt. Field and Kinderton Hall. The pottery These are characterised by brine springs, into evidence dated these sites to the znd which wells could be sunk. The main parts of century AD. the process are brine extraction from the well; 2. Nantwich: positive evidence for salt storage in tanks (more on which later); production at Nantwich only emerged in evaporation using large lead pans on a heated 200213. Oak lined tanks were discovered hearth; drying; and lastly, storing and shipping. with L"lz"d century pottery (see Britannia t 988). But the real Cheshire brine comes out of the ground breakthrough came with the discovery of at a temperature of around 60-700/o, wrth L2- two large wooden tanks at the Kingsley 16% salt saturation (for comparison, sea water Fields site. Dendrochronology dated around the British coast is usually 4-5%). l0-I2 these to AD 13017 and after AD lL4. At lead salt pans with Roman inscriptions have least 800 re-used timbers were employed been recovered, and there are many more to construct the tanks. fragments, which are difficult to date because production took place befween the Iron Age Also found at the site were wicker lined pits, right up until the 1 8th century. Some of these dating to the 3'd century. These are associated however must be Roman or pre-Roman salt with leather workirg; brine could be used to evaporation vessels. cure leather, as well as slough off the fat and hairs on the animal skins. Leatherworking and Evidence for the production of salt in salt production often went hand in hand, so this Cheshire comes from two principal types of is not a surprising discovery. The tanks evidence: the lead salt pans (which differ from produced an interesting assemblage of finds,

t2 lucerna 30 described later in the day by Hilary Cool (see The evidence of the PA data suggests that there below). was a much greater settlement density in Cheshire than was previously assumed. This can Mike concluded by saying that this be combined with the results of aerial research raises further questions. Are these the photography, which is showing the location of two key sites for salt production, or are there rural farmsteads many of which are probably of many more? For smaller sites, how might these Roman date. However, the two sets of evidence be located? Perhaps only intensive fieldwalking do not necessarily correlate, meaning that it is would identify them. For the medieval period, often difficult to kno.,rr .rhat high concentrations there is good evidence both physical and of Roman finds might signify. Nick suggested documentary - to what extent are medieval sites that they could indicate crossing points, market continuations of those from the Roman period? sites, or votive sites. For instance Hale is a How was the industry organised - was it under crossing point on the Mersey, and has turned up imperial control? a higher concentration of finds. Other productive sites include Weaverham, possibly Contact : mike.newell@manchester. ac.uk linked to Roman Northwich; and Spurstow, which is in a remote locatior, but nevertheless Nick Herepath & Peter Canton has produced alarge number of brooches. 'Portable Antiquities in the North West; Perhaps its location in the middle of brine coins on rural sites' springs might be a clue.

Nick began by discussing portable antiquities finds from the last eight years since he has been ,W in post as the local Finds Liaison Officer. Although most finds come from the post- medieval period, Roman finds nonetheless form a significant parl of the database. So far, the Roman finds break down as follows: W ii Cheshire: 533; Cumbria: 188; Greater W Manchester: 46; Lancashire: 44; Merseyside: 19. Wirral type broochfro* Delamere, Cheshire Aeft),Thealby type broachfrr* Prestbury, Cheshire (right). {fr The nature of the evidence from the ffi {J 'hotspots' is also intriguing. Most evidence comes either in the form of brooches or coinS, with very little in the way of domestic ffi metalwork. The brooches in general are formed l#l of a limited range of tlpes: they ar.e dominated by Polden Hill types (late 1't to znd centuries), with no Colchester two-piece brooches at all. ffi There are also some oddities: an early f,H{ l. I Rhineland eye brooch; a Pannonian t1pe brooch; and a silver trumpet brooch in the hoard of 59 ffi denarii from Church Minshall, with an attractive acanthus flower bow. There are also the so- called Wirral type brooches, with enamelling on Iron slide key froru Tilstone Fearnall, Cheshire the bow, for instance one from Delamere in Cheshire, and the Thealby tlpe, including one

13 lucerna 30 from Prestbury (both illustrated above). Other Rob Philpott Cheshire finds include an iron slide key from oMeols and recent work on brooches' Tilstone Fearnall and a militwy buckle from Tiverton (both also pictured). Meols in the Wirral was discovered in 1846. Over the centuries, between 5,000 and 10,000 Nick is increasingly encouraging objects have been recovered, eroded from the archaeologists to involve detectorists in site on the North Wirral Coast. Many of these archaeological excavations, e.g. at Kingersley are in Warrington Museuffi, and although most

vl$v^ Pv r v t t-1- C Fields. order the!^^v recovervvLJ vl ------A: ^--^ 1^-- ---^1^ ^ in to imnrove^v of ^- ^*v ^vvv Artr^-----^- ursurtry:d\^--^1 rrrurtr ars a LaIytr lLutrlrfcr^- ur metalwork. He is also compiling a round-up of Roman objects in the assemblage as well. his findings for the Journal of Chester Archaeology. Most finds come from Dove Point, an area where erosion removed a spur of land in the 18th and 19th centuries leading to the exposure of large quantities of archaeological material. About 3,000 objects are currently being studied by a range of specialists, with the intention to produce a catalogue in the near future accompanied by a large number of images.

Most of the Roman material seems to have come frorn a forest bed which was submerged and then exposed by erosion, and must indicate the presence of a Roman occupation site. The assemblage also includes a small number of Iron Age pieces, which is Military buckle from Tiverton, Cheshire. another indication of the longevity of the site's occupation. This includes a ring pin dated to the Peter Canton: Peter has been looking at coin 5*h to 4'h c. BC, as well as aLaTene I brooch. It finds reported under Portable Antiquities in the also included a Synan tetradrachm dated to 89- north-west, and comparing them with Nick's 83 BC. Rob speculated that Meols, with its Iron discoveries and information on the local Age material, might have been a port for the Historic Environment Record. He has been able distribution of salt. to plot the volumes of coin loss by period, with particular concentrations in the regions of As for the Roman material, this is also Chester and Middlewich, and a peak during the very varied. There are a fanr number of coins, Flavian period in those areas. No such peak can over L20 found up until t 860, and many of be seen when rural losses are considered. these represent pre-Flavian losses. So there is However, coin finds could suggest that the rural good evidence for activity in the region long population was more integrated into the before the establishment of the fortress at economic system than might have been Chester in AD 70.In any case, this was anarea expected. occupied by the Cornovii, and they were one of the tribes who seem to have readily capitulated to Claudius. It may be that this was the atea used as a base for the attack by Paulinus on Anglesey in AD 60, and may have been the springboard for other Roman attacks too. Rob

t4 lucerna 30 theorises that its strategic importance A few weeks later, something similar, diminished when Chester was established. parallel to the first discovory, was found. Ring ditches with cremations were discovered, As for the other small finds, there are including an infant burial with a jet bear, large numbers of ear-rings , &L unusually large making a total of eight known (four of which number in fact, twice as many as from London. have come from Colchester). The next stage There are also 70 brooches, a huge number for a was the discovery of some buttresses, which single site in the north-west. The Wirral tlpe is represented in the assemblage. Antiquarian records demonstrate that there was very little pottery found however, which is rather unusual; could it be that the pottery was simply washed away after it was exposed? Later material includes a buckle plate, Hawkes and Dunning Tlpe IIIA, a rare find as only one other is known from this part of the country. Fifth and sixth century finds include an Atexandrian pilgdm flask, as well as a couple of Ryzarrtine coins.

Merseyside Archaeological S ervice rob .philpott@liverpoolmuseums. org. uk Robert Hurford with a chariot reconstruction. Nina Crummy oThe Colchester circus' showed that the building - the function at the time was still unclear - had been faced with Nina provided an account of the finding of the greensand blocks. The greensand had been Colchester circus by the Colchester imported, and chips of greensand had been Archaeological Trust. The first part was found mixed with mortar, demonstrating that they had near the town walls on a Taylor-Woodrow made sure that they made full use of the stone. development. Part of a foundation, of greensand Another part of the buttress had been robbed out mixed with mortar, was found alongside a during the construction of the medieval town. A cobbled road. further area- known as areaJ - revealed a continuation of the wall and an inner wall, showing that the whole thing was obviously an enorrnous building.

The idea that the building was a circus only emerged during a conversation between Philip Crumrny and the developer. The developer mentioned the Yorkshire chariot, at which point the penny dropped. Taylor- Woodrow were keen to keep publicity until the new year, but unfortunately it came out in advance.

Once it had been established that this was indeed a circus, further questions needed to Excavations in progress at the circus. be answered. It was clear that the whole

15 lucerna 30 building was about 400 metres in length, but it specialised use. It can be suggested that leather was unclear which end was which. In particular, working might have been taking place at the site. it was necessary to try and establish where the The nature of the site is a bit of a puzzle; there starting gates were. Irl the western Empire, the is nothing to suggest 'official' usage (e.9. there curye is usually at the east end, with the starting is nothing distinctively military); perhaps the gates in the west; but initially, when trenches site should be considered as native or religious were placed at the west end, it seemed that there in nature. was a curve, suggesting that the circus was the qeoohvsics lL,T.rs,n other wav,,*JE^^-a-rv^*^v^4v^D--r^ around. But fi;rther work I'IDrn I.'g Dqrrirl YIII IYICI'J'L'II rr revealed no further traces of a curve in the west, 'Tombstones from Heronbridge' so for the time being the mystery remained. In addition, the spina was under metalled roads, so The site of Heronbridge consists of an it was not possible to pick up any traces of that. earthwork overlyirrg a Roman settlement. It Time Team as well were unable to establish seems that it started out as a timber building in which end was which, and because no traces of the nature of a fortress, which was later replaced the curve have been picked up at the west end, it with stone. There were a series of strip tlpe is assumed that this was the position of the builditrgs, with a shop at the front and starting gates. residential areas at the back. The main pu{pose of the paper however As for the seating arrangements, it has was to focus on a number of architectural been postulated that there were four tiers of fragments which had been re-used in the seats originally. This would allow for either foundations of later buildings dated to the 7th to four rows of spectators, or eight rows, if they sat 8'h centuries. Some of these seem likely to be with their feet behind the backs of those in front. tombstones: one has an inscription and a This would result in a sizeable crowd: about funerary banquet scene, one with very good 8,000 spectators in the former option, about parallels to many tombstones found at Chester. 17,000 if people doubled up. There is evidence that the inlet where the site lies was modified to tie in with the Hilary Cool quayside at the edge of the river Dee. In the late 'Recent finds from the Kingsley Fields Roman period, the rock face was altered, and excavation, Nantwich' three rock cut graves were added, which were probably ransacked in the medieval period. Hilary gave an account of the small finds from Fragments of funerary sculpture were found in a the Kingsley Field excavations which were second grave, thought to be of a child, again discussed previously by Mike Newell in his with a funerury banqueting scene. At the foot of paper on the salt-making industry. A number of the river, the cliff has revealed more fragnents finds came out of the brine settling pits , zn of relief sculpture including fragments of a interesting assortment of objects. These stone table-like object with a cylindrical boss included two adze hammers and a reaping hook, underneath - something of a mystery object. the latter still with remains of its wooden handle in the socket. There was also a pateta) a trulla Richard Hobbs and a stylus, as well as a pack needle made out Ellen Swift of antler. The finds also included an attractive oxhead bucket escutcheon, dated to the late Iron Age to early Roman period.

Alother smaller pit produced a diamond pointed drill bit, a broken snaffle bit, and a very odd bladed tool, which is clearly for a

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Instrumentum membership RFG SUBSCRIPTIONS F'ollowing the article about Instrumentum in Lucern a 29 and the offer to act on behalf of members, thereby saving them having to make payment in Euros, RFG members are invited to contact Jenny Hall, RFG Treasurer to profess an interest. If there is sufficient interest and when ,-rrtr-LAf<, t)ro L-^.rrr" Tor.r.., .rri11 +1..ot ,--r1..rrI-.fo llLIIlILr\,,r D (L[ \./ AIIV YY ll, r,l!/f LrfJ VY tll LII\,lIMMff CLLV the exchange rate and charge members accordingly, thus saving them the bother of having to convert pounds to Euros. This offer applies to the A-year membership of The subscription rate has remained the same for Instrumentum only, which is extremely good nearly 15 years, but to allow the RFG to keep value at 48 Euros. the cost of meetings down and to meet the rising costs of printing and posting the Newsletter, the Jenny HaIl subscription has risen from Octob er 2004 to f8 Museum of London for individual membership and f 11 for a two- j hall@museumo fl ondon. org. uk person, single-household membership "

Please remember to pay your subscription at this year's rate not last year's. I{ew Fenland website Subscriptions should be sent to: lvrvu,:.unearthin gth epast.net presents in popular format the results of recent excavations by the Angela Wardle, 1 Stebbing Farm, Fishers Cambridge IJniversity lJnit, including the Green, Stevenage, Herts SGl zJB Roman site at Earith.

Well a look worth Please also remember to inform Angela if your address has changed.

RFG Autumn meeting

A joint meeting with the Finds Research Group AD 700-1700

Building bridges: a comparative approach to Roman and medieval Artefacts

on the 28th - 3oth october 2005 at the

University of Kent, Canterbury Organised by Ellen Swift and Gabor Thomas * further details have been posted seperately

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New East Anglian Archaeology Reports

Archaeology and Environment of the Etton scrubby, fen-like carr, with the stream zones Landscape being affected by seasonal freshwater flooding Charles French and Francis Pryor and the minor deposition of silty clay alluviunl.

East Anglian Archaeology 109 220pp,29pls, By the middle part of the second millennium 8Ofigs; f22.00 BC, field systems laid out at right angles to the contemporary streams were in use, with A long-term, low-cost rescue project was successive versions of the same generallayout undertaken in response to gravel quarrying at continuing on into the Roman period. Maxey between 1983 and 1990. Throughout, Throughout the last two millennia BC there was the archaeological focus was the more or less a gradual opening up of the landsc?pa, on the concurrent excavation taking place at the Etton face of it largely pasture, but probably with causewayed enclosure, a site which was some arable cultivation on the higher and better effectively a central point within this part of the drained ground. By the later Roman period, it lower Welland valley. appears that the atea was more and more affected by the seasonal deposition of alluvium The Etton Lands eupe consists of the relict river and overbank flooding, which led to the systems, former floodplain and lowermost parts establishment of a loose and scattered layout of of the Welland First Terrace gravels between farmsteads and associated field systems on the the modern villages of Maxey, Etton and higher parts of the first terrace. Northborough. Situated on the ftinge of this seasonally wet landscape was a series of later By medieval times, the higher parts of the Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments and more terrace were completely given over to ridge and enigmatic areas of occupation. The principal furrow cultivation, with villages established to monuments, other than the Etton causewayed the north and south, and the lowest zones enclosure, were three small henges which occupied by infilled stream courses still exhibited several phases of re-modellin g, a C- remaining seasonally wet and possibly used as shaped enclosure, the Etton Wood gate contour seasonal, unenclosed pasture. This more or less ditched'enclosure' and associated settlement, remained the case until 1953, when the and four barrows (out of many more that are in enlargement of the Maxey Cut effectively the vicinity). The occupation areas were drained the lowest parts of the terrace and relatively few and ephemeral, often only permitted an expansion of arable agriculture consisting of a 'spread' of occupation or midden onto the most thickly alluviated parts of the material within the buried soil, a few post-holes lower Welland valley between Maxey and the and/or pits in no apparent pattern or structure. fen-edge. There is also evidence of field demarcation on A Roman Maltings at Beck Row, Mildenhall, the floodplain edge in the later Neolithic. Suffolk, Ellen Bales All of these sites straddled the period of later EAA Occasional Pap er 2A use of the causewayed enclosure, in the third 83pp, 6pls, 25figs; f.L0.00 millennium and early second millennium BC. There seems to have been at this time a mosaic Excavation of a l.7ha area at Beck Row, of 'old' and 'new' environments, ranging from Mildenhall, revealed activity spanning the old woodland to pasture and small zones of Bronze Age to Roman periods. Early Bronze Age features were few, but indicate settlement

18 lucerna 30 in the vicinity. During the Iron Age three researchers, as will Richborough's strong links circular buildings and a ditched enclosure with continental brooch assemblages that are system were established. By the l st century AD liberally referred to in the text and are also domestic activity focussed on the south-west touched upon in Appendix 3 (parallels). comer of the excavated area and clearly extended beyond this. Chapter 2 deals with metallurgy and the quantitative and qualitative methods used for However, a Roman re-alignment and extension the analyses and the properties of the various

of the enclosure system included a large timber allovsw^^vJ v *L-are described.EvvY^rvv9a The results of the analvses ^I^v ^Yv aisled buildiilg, which was fully rebuilt after are summarised here but are discussed in burning down and was then abandoned after a Chapter 5. The individual results form part of second fire in the 3rd century. The building was each entry in the catalogue and are repeated in used for agricultural rather than domestic tabular form in Appendix 1; the details of the pu{poses, possibly as a malt house. The site is analyses are provided on the CD that viewed in the context of an intensely occupied accompanies the volume. Chapter 3 covers area along the Fen edge in the Iron Age and methods of rnanufacture and decorative Roman period. techniques, and has valuable tables listing both the British and continental evidence for brooch manufacture. This evidence is surprisingly REVIEW scanty given the huge numbers of brooches in museum collections and archaeological archives (let alone private collections), and serves to Roman brooches in Britain, a technological point up how little imp act the manufacture of and typological study based on the small copper-alloy objects has upon its Richb orough Collection immediate suffoundings. J. Bayley & S. Butcher Report of the Research Committee of the Chapt er 4 is the catalogue, divided broadly into Society of Antiquaries of London 68, bow, plate and penannular forms, and within London,2004 those groups more or less by the chronology of 300 pp, 185 figr, 24 colour plates tables, CD ,28 the types present in the collection. The individual entries are brief but clear, the context The excavations at Richborough from 1922 to details are providod, and all the brooches are 1,938 produced over 440 brooches, only about illustrated. Chapter 5 is a chronologically half of which were published in the site reports ordered discussion of the tlpology and the (Bushe-Fox 1926, 1928, 1932, 1949; Cunliffe metallurgy and it is here that we should begin to 1968). These brooches form the core of this see the advantage of combining the two study, but the technological inforrnation on the techniques and the identification of individual copper alloys used in their manufacture has workshop products. Some progress in this been greatly enhanced by additional data from respect is indeed made, particularly within the other brooches from British sites analysed. The trumpet-headed and headstud series. volume does not attempt to produce a full typology for Britain, but it does make reference Throughout this chapter there are sorne to M.R. Hull's volume of 10,000 brooches from intriguing results that raise questions that are Britain (Hull forthcoming), and thereby also left unanswered and that deserve greater provides a link to Hattatt's brooch volumes attention and discussion than I am able to give (1982, 1985, L987 1989). A concordance , them here. For example, why are there so many between the Richborough catalogue and Hull's Colchester brooches at Richborough and why tlpes is provided in Chapter 1, and all Hull's are so many of them made from a different alloy tlpes are listed in Appendix 2. This will to most examples of that type? Hull's corpus undoubtedly prove to be a valuable resource for

t9 lucerna 30 shows that though these pre-conquest British- research of individual types that may eventually, made brooches have a wide distribution across for British brooches at least, provide us with a Britain, the overwhelming majority come from precise understanding of where and when they the Trino v antian/C atuvellaunian heartlands and were made, ffid which types were products of are also well-represented in Kent, no doubt due the same workshops. to the expansionist policies of Cunobelin. Do the Richborough brooches reflect an alloy- Bibliography difference that was already established in Kent before the corloruest, or were they made after the J.P. Bushe-Fox 1926 First report on, tlte invasion by arrrry smiths imitating native forms; excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, in either case is there any concomitant Kent, Soc. Ant. London Res. Comm. Rep. VI typological difference? A further programme of (London) analysis of all the Colchesters frorn Kent, Essex t 928 Second report on the excavations of and Hertfordshire (as a minimum) is needed -the Romanfort at Richborough, Kent, Soc. A-Irt. before this question can be answered, but this is London Res. Comm. Rep. VII (London) one of the major achievements of the book. It 1932 Third report on the excavations of the provides direction for future work combining - alloy analysis and typology, work that ought to Roman fort at Richborouglt, Kent, Soc. AIlt. provide useful answers, while typology matched London Res. Comm. Rep. X (London) to distribution alone can only lead to 1949 Fourth report on the excavations of speculation, which for LPRIA brooches on -the Romanfort at Richborough, Kent, Soc. Altt. Roman sites tends to be along the lines of London Res. Comm. Rep. XVI (London) diplomatic contact, collaboration, booty or enslavement. B. Cunliffe 1968 Frrth report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, While detailed comments upon individual types Kent, Soc. Ant. London Res. Comm. Rep. can be found in Chapter 5, Chapter 6 attempts XXIU (London) to set the Richborough brooches and their R.A. Hattatt 1982 Ancient and Romano- analyses within the context of the history of the British bro oches (Sherborne) site and the geographical links provided by the 1985 Iron Age and Roman brooches collection. There is a very sensible caveat at the -(Oxford) beginning of the chapter, which acknowledges the subj ective and fragile nature of the evidetlce. 1987 Brooches of antiquity (Oxford) Nevertheless, Richborough's role as an official - 1989 Ancient brooches and other artefacts and also liminal site, at the tip of Britain and in -(Oxford) close contact with both insular and continent developments in brooch technology, is clearly M.R. Hull forthcoming Brooches in pre- demonstrated. Roman and Roman Britain, edited by G.M. Simpson, N. Crummy & B. Blance Chapt er 7 presents an overall survey of the results laid out in more detail in the rest of the book, and returns again to such subjects as alloy NinaCrummy use and types of decoration. The chapter ends nin4 crummy@nt1r,yorld. c om with a plea that alloy analysis and typology will in future often be used together as tools for a common end, the identification of workshops.

The book is an impressive and ground-breakit g achievement. It sets the stage for future detailed

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Roman Iron production in Britain: The last frontier Technological and socio-economic landscape The Roman Invasions of Scotland development along the Jurassic Ridge Antony Kamm kene Schnifer -Kolb Tempus 2004. f 17 .99 BAR 3 80, 2004. Paperback. f32. A look at the campaigns in Scotland throughout the A detailed investigation of the social technology of Roman occupation of Britain, including the battle of Roman iron production based on scientific, technical Mons Graupius up to the attempted invasion by and socio-historical analysis of archaeometallurgical Septimius Severus in AD 209. sites in the East Midlands, including a gazetteer. The Roman invasions of Britain Kniefiirmig gebogene Fibeln der riimischen Gerald Grainge Kaiserzeit Tempus 2005 . f,L7 .99 Oliver Gupte UPA 110, Hapelt2004. Paperback f,57 The challenges facing the unsuccessful and successful invasions of Britain by Julius Caesar, This volume focuses on knee brooches, and includes Claudius and Constantius Chlorus. an illustrated catalogue of over 1,200 examples presented by region and covering central and eastern Durobrivae Europe. A Roman To\ryn between Fen and IJpland Garrick Fincharn Kleinfunde der riimischen Kaiserzeit aus Tempus 2005. f 16.99 Unterfranken Kerstin Hoffmann The development of Durobrivae (Water Newton) IA 80, VML 2004. Paperback f60.50. over three centuries, in the context of its hinterland known for their salt-making, ironworks and potteries. This detailed examination of the nature and extent of cultural exchange between Romans and Germans in Mosaies in Britain: stories in stone the border region of Lower Franconia is based on a Patricia Witts catalogue of Roman small finds, many of which Tempus 2005. f 17 .99 were recovered by metal detectorists. A look at the 200 figured mosaics from Roman All the above are available from Britain, and including a full gazetteer of where these Oxbow Books are located. Park End Place, Oxford OXl lHN www.oxbowbooks.com Stonea and the Roman Fens TimMalim Tempus 2005 . fI7.99

Looks at the importance of Stonea as the first Icenian stronghold and later as a Roman town.

All the above available from Tempus Publishing, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL5 2QG. e-mail: [email protected].

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Brine in Britannia January 2004. 416 pp., 140 figs, 23 pls. Paperback. Recent Archaeological Work on the Roman f60. salt industry in Cheshire edited by Michael Nevell and Andrew P No.2L H E M Cool, 2004. The Roman Cemetery

Fieldins-'----o at Broushum. C!4wr-bria: Excavstiorus 1966-67 Archaeology North-West 7. f,10. The rescue excavations at Brougham uncovered An excellent overview of the brine making the largest cemetery associated with a fort in the industries centred on Middlewich and Nantwich north yet dug. They revealed a third century in Cheshire, set against the Iron Age cemetery where not only the soldiers, but also their background in comparison with the wider wives and children were cremated and buried. The context of salt making in the Wash and modern dead were provided with expensive pyre goods, experimental work. such as elaborately decorated biers, jewellery, military equipment, household items and a wide range of animal offerings including horses. Their BruTANI\IA MONOGRAPHS remains were generally deposited with pottery vessels including alarge number in samian and has possible No. 20. Heather James, 2004, Excavations in Rhenish colour-coated wares. It been parts was Roman Carmarthen I 973-1 993 to show that all of the funerary ritual strongly structured by the age and sex of the This is the first detailed publication on Roman deceased. There is good evidence that the unit was Carmarthen, Moridunum, tnbal capital of the originally from the Danubian frontier. Demetae of West Wales. The numerous The volume includes detailed specialist reports on illustrations include splendid reconstruction all aspects of the finds and funerary rituals. A drawings by Neil Ludlow. The volume covers database of the results is included on a CD to seven excavations carried out by the Dyfed facilit ate further analysis. Archaeological Trust between 1978 and 1993. Small rescue excavations located the Roman July 2004, 542 pp., incl. 349 illus. and CD- auxili ary fort west of the later town. The largest Rom. Paperback. f68. site at Priory Street encompassed the intersection of two Roman streets, flanked by a sequence of buildings (early second to late days Lyranged fourth century) with evidence of smithing and Conferences and study ) baking. Important evidence was produced on by date order the processes of laying out a Roman town. Other sites explored the town defences, whose The Romans in the Eden Valley entire circuit is known through watching briefs lTth Septemb er 2005 and topographic aL analysis. A substantial Organised by the Appleby Archaeology Group. building, possibly a mansio, on the south side of the town was also sampled. The finds The Eden Valley is full of Roman sites and history and yet little has recent years to assemblages are valuable for comparison with been done in bring presence other towns and especially in the context of the together what is known about the Roman supposedly lightly romanised hinterland. and the monuments they left behind. Appleby Archaeology has asked specialists in Roman history to present their knowledge at a one day

22 lucerna 30 conference to be held at Appleby Grammar Society of Museum Archaeologistsl Annual School. Topics include: The Romans in Cumbrua, Conference - Reaching Out Roman Sites of the Eden Valley, The Roman Blaise Castle House Museum, Bristol Cemetery at Brougham, Roman Carlisle. Speakers: 3'd to 5th November 2005 David Shotter, Tony Wilmot, Frank Giecco. This year's SMA conference will focus on the theme of and a Details booking form from Harry Hawkins, 60 Reaching Out. Sessions will look at outreach work Holme Riggs Avenue, Penrith, being undertaken by museums; how museum curators Cumbria CAl 1 8NL, tel 017 68 864340 or email are working together and how museums might engage 1 0 1 503 .673 @compuserve.com. more fully with the arehaeological process. Further details and booking forms can be obtained by Quern Study Group Meeting contacting Ehzabeth A. Walker, Hon. Secretary SMA, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford clo Dept. Archaeology & Numismatics, National 2ft September 2005 Museum & Gallery, Cathays Park, Cardiff CFl0 3NfP, tel 029 2057 327 4, email

The meeting will include papers by the following Eli zab eth.Walker@nmew. ac . uk. speakers: TRAC 2006, Cambridge Emma Durham - 'Stone objects from Le Yaudet, 25th March 2006 Brittany'; Ruth Shaffrey - 'Some querns and millstones frorn recent Oxford Archaeology The sixteenth Theoretical Roman Archaeology excavations across the south of England'; Fiona Roe Conference be held at the [Jniversity Cambridge, 'Querns coming together: some regional groupings will of - Faculty of Classics an24th and 25th March 2006. in southern England'; John Cruse 'Current and - The organisers are currently asking for session future activities of the Yorkshire Quern Project'; proposals (of no rnore than 400 words) which should David Heslop 'A corpus of beehive querns from - be sent to the conference email address - northern Yorkshire and south Durham' trac2006cambridge@)rahoo.co.uk. The closing date for proposing a session is 1st October 2005. For further The cost for the day is f5 which will include details see website: tealcoffee and lunch. the conference www. arch.cam. ac.uk/trac06. Ben Croxford and Roman Roth (TRAC 2006 organisers) To book a place please contact: Emma Durh&ffi, Institute of Archaeology , 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX 1 ZPG; [email protected] Regionality in Roman Britain Oxford University Continuing Education 22"d b 23'o April 2006 Museums Association conference 2005 This two day conference sets out to explore regionality 24th $ 26th October 2oo5 in Roman Britain, and seeks to define groups of The largest museum and gallery event in the UK artefacts, settlement patterns and econornic trends will be held at the Queen Elizabeth II Conference characteristic of specific regions. Centre, Londorr. For more information contact the Speakers include Martin Millett, Chris Gosden, Hella Museums Association, 24 Calvin Street, London E I Eckardt, Nina Crummy, Ralph Jackson, Peter Guest, 6NW, tel 020 7 426 6940, fax 020 7 426 6961, Ellen Swift and Richard Reece. www. museumsas s oc i ation. org Further information and an application form can be obtained from: Short Courses Administrator, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford OX | 2J A. Tel.: 01 865 270380 or e-mail: .

23 lucerna 30

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1 Loitering within tent? (7) 1. Person used pet's foot (7) 5. Shed the French chain (7) 2. See mutt capering in old dance (7) 9. Part of a mosaic from the age of the 3. Tribe in nice nighties (5) d'Urbervilles? (7) 4. Fighter, happy one on a high point (9) 10. Start singing outside (4,3) 5. Top of Saxon drinking vessel is cut off (5) 11. Short Irish saint joins Scotsman and Roman 6. Great ruler joins Ferguson, perhaps, and the nobleman (9) Queen (9) 12. Someone who enquires about rakes (5) 7. Exhaust horse butcher (7) 13. Old clothes for small policeman (5) 8. Ancient country made famous by 15. Half-hearted song in Roman baths (9) Wedgwood (7) 17. Sara Baker dug up Orkney site (5,4) 14. Soft rock - could it be the sound of 19. Ran through Thrace doggedly (5) 'Eastenders'? (9) 22. Tllts stones (5) 16. Use 'raptor'wrongly- it's really a flying 23. Forest bird returns, for example, to reptile (9) Neolithic monument (9) 17. Knight said 'Shut up, snake' (7) 25. Give stewed pie to Digger, a typical 18. Attribute to an old writer (7) example (7) 20. Horseman(1) 26. Warm and dry trousers could be car safety 21. Stone may be straightened (7) features (7) 23. Sharpens and dampens, say (5) 27. Crazy Sue's the hero (7) 24. Egyptian God with his own religion 28. Came up with revolutionary epithet for initially (American) (5) Petra (4-3)

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