Land off Back Lane, , North Heritage Assessment

Client: Tanfield Lodge Estate

Local Planning Authority: Council Planning Reference: TBC NGR: SE 26895, 79016

Date of Report: May 2017 Author: Jim Bonnor Report No.: TLE01-01

Prospect Archaeology Ltd, Prospect House, Garden Lane, Sherburn-in-Elmet, Leeds, LS25 6AT. Tel 01977 681885. Email [email protected]. www.prospectarc.com Limited company registered in 07130161 Client Tanfield Lodge Estate Land off Back Lane, West Tanfield, N Yorks Heritage Assessment

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...... I LIST OF PLATES...... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 2 2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION ...... 2 3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... 2 4.0 STATUTORY AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT ...... 2 5.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA ...... 5 6.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 7 7.0 ASSESSMENT ...... 15 8.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 16 9.0 REFERENCES ...... 17 10.0 FIGURES ...... 19 11.0 PLATES ...... 33

Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of reporting and appropriateness of recommendations. This report is based on information available at the time of writing, from the sources cited. It does not preclude the potential for future discoveries to be made, or for other unidentified sources of information to exist that alter the potential for archaeological impact. Any opinions expressed within this document reflect the honest opinion of Prospect Archaeology. However, the final decision on the need for further work rests with the relevant planning authority. © Prospect Archaeology 2017

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Site Location Map (source OS Opendata) ...... 20 Figure 2 Location Map showing Heritage Assets (information from Oxfordshire HER) ...... 21 Figure 3 Joseph Colbeck’s Map of the Lordship of Tanfield, 1792, no scale ...... 22 Figure 4: Ralph Burton’s survey of West Tanfield, 1797, no scale...... 23 Figure 5 Plan of West Tanfield, 1842, no scale ...... 24 Figure 6: Ordnance Survey 1856, 1:10,560 ...... 25 Figure 7: Ordnance Survey 1891-2, 1:2500 ...... 26 Figure 8: Ordnance Survey 1909, 1:2500 ...... 27 Figure 9: Ordnance Survey 1929 1:2500 ...... 28 Figure 10: Ordnance Survey 1956, 1:10.560 ...... 29 Figure 11: Ordnance Survey 1977, 1:2500 ...... 30 Figure 12: Ordnance Survey 1983, 1:10,000 ...... 31 Figure 13: LiDAR hill-shaded image using Environment Agency 1m DTM opendata ...... 32

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Looking northwest from Back Lane up toward the Weslyan chapel ...... 34 Plate 2 Looking southwest towards Back Lane and the parish church beyond ...... 34 Plate 3 Looking southeast...... 35

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Residential development is proposed on land off Back Lane, West Tanfield, North Yorkshire. The development proposal is for the construction of residential units, taking access off Back Lane. Prospect Archaeology Ltd was commissioned by Tanfield Lodge Estate to prepare a Heritage Assessment to accompany the planning application.

This report has been prepared to consider the archaeological and historical implications of the proposed development in support of the planning application. A map regression exercise and documentary search have provided background information about the history of the site. In addition a site visit was made to assess existing ground conditions and archaeological potential.

Twenty one designated assets have been identified within the study area. These include the medieval parish church and the Marmion Tower, various domestic buildings, the conservation area and the scheduled bridge. Adjacent to the site is the former Wesleyan chapel dating to the early 19th century.

A further 42 undesignated assets have been identified, mostly dating to the post-medieval period and relating to domestic/agricultural features such as pumps and pounds as well as quarrying and making lime. The site contains ridge and furrow earthworks and has not been developed since the medieval period.

The proposed development will not affect any designated assets. Apart from the locally significant ridge and furrow the potential for other periods is largely unknown, due mainly to the lack of fieldwork in this area. It is the cumulative widespread evidence coupled with potential significance of West Tanfield as a crossing point of the river that leads to the consideration that the site’s potential is Low-Moderate for Regionally significant remains of the prehistoric through to the early medieval period.

Geophysical survey should be sufficient to establish the presence and character of any archaeological remains in support of a planning application. A programme of evaluation and/or area excavation may be required as a condition on any planning permission. This is in line with National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) guidelines.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Prospect Archaeology Ltd has been appointed by Tanfield Lodge Estate to prepare a heritage assessment to assess the cultural heritage impact for a proposed residential development on land north of Back Lane, West Tanfield, North Yorkshire. This report considers the known and suspected built heritage and archaeological remains lying within and adjacent to the proposed development.

2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION 2.1.1 The site is a small pasture field of about 0.4 hectares, located on land north of Back Lane in West Tanfield parish, North Yorkshire, centred at NGR SE 26895, 79016. The site is bounded to the south by Back Lane, to the east by a pasture field, to the north by open ground of the former railway yard and to the east by residential development.

3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1.1 The site is situated on the junction of Devensian sands and gravels and Vale of York formation deposits of sand, gravel and clay. These overlie Cadeby formation Dolostone, a Calcium Magnesium Carbonate rock formation (bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain). The site sits on the northern slopes of the valley of the . The site slopes from the northeast corner at 55.6m OD down to 52.4m OD in the southwest.

4.0 STATUTORY AND PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT

4.1 National Policy 4.1.1 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was published on 27 March 2012, coming into immediate effect and replacing all previous Planning Policy Guidance notes (PPGs) and Planning Policy Statements (PPSs). Set out below is a summary of the relevant NPPF guidance in Section 12 ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’ as it relates to archaeology only.

4.1.2 Section 12 provides guidance on the treatment of archaeological remains within the planning process. Whilst it is recognised that important remains should be retained, the benefits of development may be considered to outweigh the benefit of retention, especially where remains of less than national importance are concerned. Early consideration of the potential for ‘heritage assets’ is advised.

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4.1.3 Paragraph 128 states: In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting...... As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

• In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of:

• the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation;

• the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and

• the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness.

4.1.4 Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply:

• the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and

• no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and

• conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and

• the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use.

4.1.5 Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible.

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4.2 Other National Policy and Guidance 4.2.1 The National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) was published by the Department for Communities and Local Government in March 2014 and provides guidance for planners and communities which will help deliver high quality development and sustainable growth in England. In terms of heritage, guidance entitled ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’ sets out information with respect to the following: • the recognition of the appropriate conservation of heritage assets forming one of the ‘Core Planning Principles’ that underpin the planning system; • what the main legislative framework for planning and the historic environment is (Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990; Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and Protection of Wrecks Act 1973); • a definition of ‘significance’; • why significance is important in decision-taking; • the considerations of designated and non-designated assets; • the identification of non-designated heritage assets; and • the considerations for when applications for planning permission are required to consult or notify English Heritage.

4.3 Local Policy Guidance 4.3.1 The Hambleton District Council Local Plan Adopted 2008 includes policies relating to the Historic Environment:

DP28 Conservation Conservation of the historic heritage will be ensured by: i. preserving and enhancing Listed Buildings; ii. identifying, protecting and enhancing Conservation Areas; iii. protecting and preserving Historic Battlefields and Historic Parks and Gardens; iv. protecting and preserving any other built or landscape feature or use which contributes to the heritage of the District.

Development within or affecting the feature or its setting should seek to preserve or enhance all aspects that contribute to its character and appearance, in accordance with the national legislation that designates the feature, and in the case of a Conservation Area, any appraisal produced for that Area. Permission will be granted, where this is consistent with

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the conservation of the feature, for its interpretation and public enjoyment, and developments refused which could prejudice its restoration.

Particularly important considerations will include the position and massing of new development in relation to the particular feature, and the materials and design utilised.

DP29 Archaeology The preservation or enhancement of archaeological remains and their settings will be supported, taking account of the significance of the remains as follows:

i. in the case of Scheduled Monuments (shown on the Proposals Map) and other nationally important archaeological sites and their settings, by operating a presumption in favour of their preservation; and ii. in the case of other remains of lesser significance, development affecting the site and its setting will only be permitted where the need for development and other material considerations outweigh the importance of the remains. Such remains should be preserved in situ. Where this is not justifiable or feasible, appropriate and satisfactory arrangements will be required for the excavation and recording of the archaeological remains and the publication of the results.

In areas of known or potential archaeological interest, an appropriate assessment and evaluation must be submitted to accompany any development proposals.

Where appropriate, provision should be made for interpretation and access of remains in situ, and for realising tourism and cultural benefits where public access is possible without detriment to the site.

5.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA

5.1 Buried Heritage 5.1.1 The buried heritage (archaeology) has been considered through desk-based assessment and a site visit. A full list of referenced sources is provided and references are given. Staff at the Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record gave advice and information about known archaeological sites of interest in the vicinity of the study area, and where relevant, these

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were further investigated. Relevant primary and secondary sources held in the Derbyshire Records Office have been consulted. Additional sources consulted included:

▪ information available on a variety of internet sites including, The National Archives (http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/) and the Archaeology Data Service (http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/); the Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway.org.uk); and data from Pastscape (www.pastscape.org.uk). A full list of sites accessed can be found in the Bibliography section;

▪ cartographic sources held by the Ordnance Survey and Promap (www.promap.co.uk);

▪ A site visit was undertaken by Nansi Rosenberg on 31/03/17.

5.1.2 The historical development of the site has been established through reference to these sources and is described in the Baseline Conditions section of this report. This has been used to identify areas of potential archaeological interest. Each area of archaeological potential has been assessed for its archaeological significance in geographical terms, although it should be noted that despite the national policy guidance’s reliance on geographical significance, there is no statutory definition for these classifications :

▪ International – cultural properties in the World Heritage List, as defined in the operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention;

▪ National – sites or monuments of sufficient archaeological/historical merit to be designated as Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Other sites or monuments may also be considered of national importance but not appropriate for scheduling due to current use(s) or because they have not yet been fully assessed;

▪ Regional – sites and monuments of archaeological or historical merit that are well preserved or good examples of regional types or that have an increased value due to their group associations, regional rarity or historical associations.

▪ Local – sites and monuments of archaeological or historical interest but that are truncated or isolated from their original context and are of limited use in furthering archaeological or historical knowledge.

• Negligible – areas of extremely limited or no archaeological or historic interest. These commonly include areas of major modern disturbance such as quarries, deep basements etc.

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5.1.3 The concluding chapter of this document summarises the findings, and provides an opinion on the potential for archaeological remains to be identified, the likely importance of such remains should they exist and the likely impact of the proposed development. Recommendations for further work are provided.

5.2 Built Heritage 5.2.1 Built heritage includes listed buildings, conservation areas, registered parks and gardens, and scheduled monuments. It also includes non-listed buildings of local architectural or historic interest which are included in the Historic Environment Record. All statutorily protected built heritage assets are of national importance.

5.2.2 The historic built environment is assessed in accordance with the procedures set out in Historic England Advice Notes. Of particular significance in this report is The Setting of Heritage Assets, Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3 (Historic England 2015). Within this document a staged approach is proposed:

Step 1: identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected

Step 2: assess whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset

Step 3: assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance

Step 4: explore the way to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm

Step 5: make and document the decision and monitor outcomes

6.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS 6.1.1 The assessment of existing conditions has been based on a ‘study area’ extending 1km from the boundary of the proposed development. This enables the significance of existing and potential archaeological features to be considered in their local, regional and national contexts.

6.1.2 The source of the monuments (Figure 2; Tables 1 and 2) noted in the following text are from the North Yorkshire Historic Environment Record (HER), and the National Heritage List for England (NHL) and have the prefixes HER or NHL. Known and suspected archaeological remains are summarised and discussed in the following sections.

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6.2 Designated Heritage Assets

Step 1: Identification 6.2.1 There 21 designations within the study area. Scheduled Monument NHL1003681, Tanfield Bridge, sitting across the River Ure c.230m south, is also the subject of two separate grade II listings: NHL1150786 for that part lying within West Tanfield and NHL1266142 for that lying in with Sleningford. Marmion Tower, the remains of a 15th century gatehouse to the fortified manor house of Tanfield Castle stands 270m to the southwest of the site. The tower is both a scheduled monument (NHL1011669) and listed grade I (NHL1190271).

6.2.2 Adjacent to the tower stands the medieval Church of St. Nicholas (NHL1150775), a grade I listed building, and along the south side of Church Street, no closer than 200m from the site, are a number of grade II listed buildings starting at the west end with Chantry House (NHL1315193), a group of three 18th century or earlier cottages; Chantry Cottage (NHL1190284), a house with 13th century origins; Chantry House Cottage (NHL1150776), formerly two houses, also 13th century in origin; 3-5 Church Street (NHL1190337), a row of early 19th century cottages; 2 Church Street (NHL1150777), a late 18th century house; and the Bull Inn on the corner with Main Street (NHL1293843), an 18th century public house.

6.2.3 To the west, along Main Street is a cluster of three more listed buildings, about 350m from the site and all grade II. The closest is Sunnyside and Orchard Cottages (NHL1293849), two early 19th century cottages. Adjacent is Briar and Jasmine Cottages (NHL1150780), of 18th and 19th century date. Furthest west is The Estate House (NHL1293857), early 19th century in date.

6.2.4 On the opposite side of the crossroads and about 180m southeast of the site is NHL1315195, a row of grade II listed cottages of early to mid-19th century date, known as 1-8 Long Row. Another 200m east, just before the Road junction, is Prospect House (NHL1150782), a grade II listed house of early-mid-18th century date with 19th century alterations.

6.2.5 At the junction of Main Street and Mowbray Terrace are The Bruce Arms Inn (NHL1190348) and its stables (NHL1150779). Both are grade II and early 19th century in date, lying just over 100m from the site. Directly adjacent to the northwest corner of the site is the grade II listed Old Wesleyan Chapel (NHL1293821), an early 19th century stone built chapel with a walled burial ground to the rear.

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6.2.6 The Conservation Area focusses on the core of the village along Main Street from the disused railway in the west to Nosterfield Road in the east, extending north to just south of Back Lane and down to the waterfront. It includes all the designated assets mentioned above, except for the Old Wesleyan Chapel.

Step 2: Assessment of contribution of setting 6.2.7 The Old Wesleyan Chapel is the closest designated asset and shares views with the development site. It is built from local stone, a major theme throughout the Conservation Area, though it remains outside, somewhat disassociated from the rest of the traditional village buildings. Initial views from the direction of Main Street are distracted by the later 19th century church adjacent. It is the round-arched sashes which give the first clues to the building’s origins which are best appreciated from the grounds of the church to the south, where good views can also be gained of the graveyard to the rear. Views from here out over the site reveal nothing of significance. By contrast to the well fenestrated façade and sides, the rear gable, the face presented to the development site and visible along Back Lane, is plain and almost invisible beyond the church and, therefore, not considered a significant view of the listed building.

6.2.8 The top of the tower of the church of St. Nicholas can be seen from the site, above and between 20th century terraces and the roofs of development on the site will be visible from The Bruce Arms Inn. Neither view is considered to be significant.

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Table 1 Designated Heritage Assets within 1km of the site

NHL No Name / description Grade 1003681 Tanfield Bridge SM 1011669 Marmion Tower SM 1150775 Church of St. Nicholas I

1150776 Chantry House Cottage II

1150777 2 Church Street II

1150779 Stables to the Bruce Arms Inn II

1150780 Briar and Jasmine Cottages II

1150782 Prospect House II

1150786 Tanfield Bridge II

1190271 The Marmion Tower I

1190284 Chantry Cottage II

1190337 3, 4 & 5 Church Street II

1190348 The Bruce Arms Inn II

1266142 Tanfield Bridge II

1293821 Old Wesleyan Chapel II

1293843 The Bull Inn II

1293849 Sunnyside and Orchard Cottage II

1293857 The Estate House II

1315193 Chantry House II

1315195 1-8 Long Row II

Conservation Area

6.3 Undesignated Heritage Assets

Prehistoric Period (10,000BC – 43AD) 6.3.1 There is one HER record that refers to prehistoric material found in the study area and this is a generic reference (HER32408) to a range of metal detected finds from within the parish with no individual provenances given. The parish is of course renowned for the unique complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments located in the vicinity of the township of Thornborough. Features associated with this complex are known from aerial photographs

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to extend to the periphery of the study area and field walking has revealed flint assemblages extending kilometres around the henges, some scatters known from within about 500m of the site, though they are not necessarily indicative of below ground features. A further set of henges and associated monuments is located less than 10km to the southeast.

Roman Period (43AD to 410AD) 6.3.2 There are no known assets of this date within the study area. However remains of this date are well represented in the surrounding area, a villa at Hambleton and a number of sites in Stainley with Sleningford, south of the River Ure, including a marching camp, a number of enclosures, trackways and field systems as well as two villas. Other surrounding parishes boast a number of Roman sites and find spots.

Early Medieval & Medieval (5th – 16th centuries) 6.3.3 There are no assets of early medieval date recorded in the study area. West Tansfield (HER15759) is mentioned in Domesday Book as Tanfeld and as Westanfeld in 1282 and 1396 (Mawer, A & Stenton, F, M, 1928). The etymology of the name is uncertain: the tan element may refer to a personal name – Tana – or to the use of bark in tanning; feld being the Old English term for open ground, essentially field. In Domesday the settlement is mentioned under the lands of Count Alan of Brittany, having been in the possessions of Thorkil in 1066, so there was a settlement here prior to the Conquest.

6.3.4 The manor passed through the de Mansfield family and thence to the Marmion family during the medieval period. The Church of St. Nicholas (NHL1150776/HER23404) has Norman origins, the chancel and nave dating to the 14th century; there are later additions and the building was extensively renovated in 1860. Adjacent to the church is Marmion Tower (NHL1190271/HER20475), the 15th century gatehouse and all that remains of Tanfield Castle (HER34229), a fortified medieval manor house. Chantry Cottage (NHL1190284) contains 13th century elements and was no doubt the chantry chapel (HER24017) associated with the manor. There is documentary evidence for an almshouse (HER24043) on Magdalen Close in 1614; this is located by grid reference in the vicinity of Back Lane and may have been established since the medieval period, but there is no further evidence given for the location of Magdalen Close or the almshouse.

6.3.5 Beyond the village core there are two adjacent enclosures (HER34392) containing ridge and furrow that probably date to this period. Further elements of the medieval field

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system survive as ridge and furrow earthworks both within the site and in fields to the east (HER34395). Environment Agency LiDAR data (Fig. 13) reveals further areas of ridge and furrow within the core of the village.

6.3.6 A 15th century German jetton (HER35693) recorded in the area of the school is described as coming from Littlethorpe parish and the tomb (HER34213) is possibly a duplicate record with no secure provenance. A Grange (HER14186) is located 200m southeast of the site from cartographic evidence, but is undated and has no further information.

Table 2 Undesignated Heritage Assets within 500m of the study area

HER No. Name / description Period / date 14186 Grange Undated 15759 West Tanfield Village Medieval-20th century 20475 Marmion Tower Medieval 21550 West Tanfield Bridge Post-medieval- modern 23404 St. Nicholas Church Medieval 24014 Branch Line Post-medieval-20th century 24017 Chantry, Church Street Medieval 24018 Site of Tanfield Station Post-medieval-20th century 24043 La Magdalena Almshouse Medieval-Post- medieval 25146 Lime kiln Post-medieval 25173 Site of Lime kiln Post-medieval 32408 Various metal detector finds Late Bronze Age-20th century 32921 Well 19th century 32923 Pump 19th century 34195 Road bridge (poss duplicate) Post-medieval 34213 Tomb (poss duplicate) Medieval 34219 Stocks Post-medieval 34220 Pump 19th century 34221 Well 19th century 34222 Pound Post-medieval 34228 Pump 19th century

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34229 Castle Undated 34240 Well 19th century 34253 Quarry 19th century 34254 Quarry 19th century 34255 Lime Kiln 19th century 34256 Quarry 19th century 34257 Quarry 19th century 34258 Lime Kiln 19th century 34259 Wind Pump 20th century 34260 Tank 20th century 34261 Gravel Pit 20th century 34300 Guidepost/signal post 20th century 34315 Milepost 20th century 34377 Sheepwash 20th century 34392 Enclosure Undated 34395 Ridge and Furrow Medieval/Post- medieval 34411 Guidepost/signpost 20th century 34412 Guidepost/signpost 20th century 34414 Pump Undated 34466 Coin 20th century 35693 German Jetton 15th century

Post-medieval – Modern Periods (mid-16th – present) 6.3.7 The settlement may owe its origins to its location as a fording point of the River Ure: John Leland crossed the river here by ferry in the mid-16th century. By 1725 a bridge had been built with three arches (materials not specified, though probably stone), but was already old then and described as in decay by 1733 (VCH, 1914). The current structure (NHL1266142/HER21550/HER34195) is described in the heritage list as the west (West Tanfield) side dating to 1734, and the east (North Stainley with Slenningford) side being later 18th century.

6.3.8 The parish was enclosed by act of parliament in 1799 and surveyed for such two years before by Ralph Burton showing the site as part of an already enclosed field (Fig. 4).

6.3.9 The Masham branch (HER24014) of the North Eastern Railway was constructed from 1873, opening in 1875; West Tanfield was the only intermediate station (HER24018). Associated

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with the railway were a signal post (HER34300) and milepost (HER34315) – two further (road) signposts are recorded on the A6108 in the centre of the village (HER34411) and on Nosterfield Street (HER34412).

6.3.10 The railway was only lightly used, closed to passengers in 1931 and enjoyed only a brief resurgence of activity when it was used to load locally stored munitions in advance of the D-Day landings (http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/t/tanfield/index.shtml). It appears to have made little difference to the development of the village which was principally an agricultural community. Most of the assets recorded within the study area for this period refer to typical village/farm paraphernalia such as pumps, wells, stocks or pounds (HER32921; 32923; 34219; 34220; 34221; 34222; 34228; 34240; 34414) and a sheepwash (HER34377).

6.3.11 About 300m to the northwest of the site is an area dominated by a gravel pit (HER34261) and quarries (HER34253; 34254: 34255; 34256: 34257) where limestone was won and used to make lime in kilns (HER25146; 25173; 34255; 34258), including pieces of infrastructure such as a wind pump (HER34259) and a tank (HER34260).

6.3.12 HER34466 is a 1950s Dutch 1 cent coin found by a metal detectorist and part of the collection referenced as HER32408 above.

6.4 Map Regression Joseph Colbeck Map of the Lordship of East and West Tanfield 1792 (Fig. 3) 6.4.1 This map shows the site as an enclosed field. Later annotation has pencilled on the chapel

Ralph Burton’s map, 1797 (Fig. 4) 6.4.2 Surveyed ahead of enclosure this shows the site as an enclosed field belonging to Lord Ailsbury (sic) and tenanted by George Clark.

Plan of West Tanfield 1842 (Fig 5) 6.4.3 No significant change to the site. The chapel has been built to the north.

Ordnance Survey 1856 (1:10,560) (Fig 6). 6.4.4 The site is shown as undeveloped with the current boundaries.

Ordnance Survey 1891-2 (1:2,500) (Fig 7). 6.4.5 No significant change.

Ordnance Survey 1909 (1:2,500) (Fig 8). 6.4.6 No significant change.

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Ordnance Survey 1929 (1:2,500) (Fig 9). 6.4.7 No significant change.

Ordnance Survey 1956, (1:10,560) (Fig. 10) 6.4.8 No significant change other than development up to the western boundary of the site.

Ordnance Survey 1977 ( 1:2500) (Fig. 11) 6.4.9 No significant change.

Ordnance Survey 1983 ( 1:10,000) (Fig. 12) 6.4.10 No significant change

6.5 Site Visit and Historic Landscape Character 6.5.1 A site visit was undertaken on 31/03/17 by Nansi Rosenberg. The site is pasture and slopes up from Back Lane to the northwest corner. The site was bounded to the east by an intermittent hedge, a hedge and residential gardens fronting Back Lane to the south, further residential properties to the west and a mature hedge and a fence to the north. Slight earthworks of ridge and furrow survive. A raised area at the northern end of the site ties in with the field boundary and appears to be the line of a former field road.

6.5.2 The site falls within the historic landscape area HNY4489, described as an area of probable strip fields consisting of small semi irregular fields defined by regular external and ‘s’ curved internal hedgerows. This area has partial legibility due to post 1900 boundary loss, and dates to the medieval period.

7.0 ASSESSMENT

7.1 Designated Assets

Step 3: Effects of proposed development 7.1.1 The proposal is for the construction of a new residential development with access off Back Lane.

7.1.2 The proposal will have no direct impact on any designated assets. It will interrupt views from Back Lane to the rear of the Old Wesleyan Chapel (NHL1293821) but this will have no significant impact on the setting of the building and thus is classed as an insignificant

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indirect impact. Similarly, views to and from the church tower (NHL1150775) and The Bruce Arms Inn (NHL1190348) are not deemed significant.

Step 4: Enhancement / Avoiding Harm 7.1.3 There are no recommendations.

Step 5: Conclusions 7.1.4 The development would have no significant impact on any designated heritage asset.

7.2 Archaeological Potential 7.2.1 There is no confirmed prehistoric asset within the study area. The site lies on the edge of a nationally important prehistoric landscape defined by the concentration of major prehistoric monuments in this part of the Vale of Mowbray, most notably the Thornborough Henges. Previous surveys suggest that areas removed from the henges were the focus of settlement and specialist activities (as opposed to the ceremonial function of the henges themselves) and fieldwalking over a wide area showed that flint artefacts were more concentrated at sites in this liminal zone (Harding, J, 1989). Similarly there are no known assets of Roman date from the study area, which sits within a landscape with considerable Roman period activity, some of which may bear a relation to the location of West Tanfield at a traditional crossing point of the Ure, perhaps an alternative crossing point to Boroughbridge where the A1/Dere Street crossed the river.

7.2.2 The site contains earthwork remains of ridge and furrow which are depicted well on satellite images, aerial photographs and LiDAR images. The cartographic evidence also suggests that the site remained outside the core of medieval settlement though there is little evidence on which to predict the layout of any preceding Saxon settlement. In the later periods the site has remained undeveloped.

8.0 CONCLUSIONS 8.1.1 The proposed development will not affect any designated assets. Apart from the locally significant ridge and furrow the potential for other periods is largely unknown, due mainly to the lack of fieldwork in this area. It is the cumulative widespread evidence coupled with potential significance of West Tanfield as a crossing point of the river that leads to the consideration that the site’s potential is Low-Moderate for Local or Regionally significant remains of the prehistoric through to the early medieval period.

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8.1.2 The LiDAR images are considered a suitable record of the earthworks. The site is suitable for geophysical survey and this should be sufficient to establish the presence and character of any archaeological remains in support of a planning application. A programme of evaluation and/or area excavation may be required as a condition on any planning permission. This is in line with National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) guidelines.

9.0 REFERENCES

9.1 Published Documentary Sources Harding, J, 1998 Recent Fieldwork at the Neolithic Monument Complex of Thornborough, North Yorkshire, Northern Archaeology, Vol 15/15, 1998 Harding, j & Johnson, D, 2004 The Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age Archaeology of the Ure-Swale Catchment, School of Historical Studies, University of Newcastle, unpublished report Kelly, 1889 Directory of The North and East Ridings of Yorkshire Manby, T.G, Moorhouse, S & Ottoway, P The archaeology of Yorkshire. An Assessment at the beginning of the 21st Century, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No.3 Martin, G, H & Williams, A, 2003 Domesday Book, A Complete Translation, Penguin Books Mawer & Stenton, 1928 The Placenames of the North Riding of Yorkshire, English Placeneames Scoiety Vol V VCH, 1914 History of Yorkshire and North Riding Vol1,

9.2 Cartographic / Archival Sources Ordnance Survey 1:2,500 1891-2, 1909, 1929, 1976

Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 1856, 1956

Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 1983

Tuke’s Map 1794 ref. 1919/149-70

Greenwood’s Map 1817 ref. 1919/1-60

Joseph Colbeck’s Map of the Lordship of Tanfield, 1792 ref. 1930/39; 431; 433

Ralph Burton’s Map of West Tanfield 1797 ref. 1541/357

Enclosure Award 1799 ref. 1541

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Plan of West Tanfield 1842 ref. 1931/179

9.3 Digital Sources http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/

http://environment.data.gov.uk/ds/survey/index.jsp#/survey

http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/

http://opendomesday.org/place/SE2679/west-tanfield/

http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html

http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20NR/West%20Tanfield

http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/t/tanfield/

http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/

https://www.old-maps.co.uk

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/

http://www.magic.gov.uk/

www.pastscape.org/homepage/

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10.0 FIGURES

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Figure 1 Site Location Map (source OS Opendata)

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Figure 2 Location Map showing Heritage Assets (information from Oxfordshire HER)

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Figure 3 Joseph Colbeck’s Map of the Lordship of Tanfield, 1792, no scale

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Figure 4: Ralph Burton’s survey of West Tanfield, 1797, no scale

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Figure 5 Plan of West Tanfield, 1842, no scale

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Figure 6: Ordnance Survey 1856, 1:10,560

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Figure 7: Ordnance Survey 1891-2, 1:2500

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Figure 8: Ordnance Survey 1909, 1:2500

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Figure 9: Ordnance Survey 1929 1:2500

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Figure 10: Ordnance Survey 1956, 1:10.560

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Figure 11: Ordnance Survey 1977, 1:2500

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Figure 12: Ordnance Survey 1983, 1:10,000

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Figure 13: LiDAR hill-shaded image using Environment Agency 1m DTM opendata

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11.0 PLATES

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Plate 1 Looking northwest from Back Lane up towards the Weslyan chapel.

Plate 2 Looking southwest towards Back Lane and the parish church beyond.

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Plate 3 Looking southeast.

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