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Enfoque Sociológico Sobre La Pandemia De Covid-19

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Enfoque Sociológico Sobre La Pandemia De Covid-19 Enfoque sociológico sobre la pandemia de Covid-19. Enigmas y desafíos a la ciencia Raúl Rojas Soriano Junio de 2021 Diseño de la portada: Carlos Alberto Martínez Islas. Las imáge- nes fueron tomadas de Intenet D.R. © Raúl Rojas Soriano © Plaza y Valdés, S.A. de C.V. Plaza y Valdés, S.A. de C.V. Calle Alfonso Herrera 130, casa 11, colonia San Rafael, alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, CP. 06470. Ciudad de México. Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.plazayvaldes.com Queda permitido por los titulares del copyrigh, para uso personal y sin fines de lucro, la reproducción total o parcial, pero no la trans- formación a un formato distinto, de esta obra, citando como fuentes la dirección electrónica del autor <www.raulrojassoriano.com> y de la editorial <www.plazayvaldez.com>. isbn: 978-607-8624-85-0 www.raulrojassoriano.com www.facebook.com/rojassorianoraul @RojasSorianoR DEDICO este libro al personal Médico, de Enfermería, Trabajo Social y de otras áreas (Laboratorio e Inten- dencia) de México y de los demás países que lucha, o luchó (†), en la primera línea de batalla (los hos- pitales) contra la pandemia de Covid-19, en don- de muchos han contraído enfermedades orgánicas y mental-emocionales en cumplimiento de su noble deber. Mi más profundo reconocimiento por su invaluable dedicación para enfrentar en distintas trincheras, pero to- das importantes, esa enfermedad exponiendo su salud y la de sus familias, y laborando, además, en c.ondiciones de trabajo extremas que hacen más encomiable su esfuerzo. Dr. en Sociología Raúl Rojas Soriano ÍNDICE Palabras preliminares . 7 Capítulo I. Enfoque sociológico sobre la pandemia de Covid-19. Un breve análisis y un desafío, como propuesta . 11 Capítulo II. Pandemia de Covid-19: Reflexiones epistemológicas y metodológicas . 45 Capítulo III. Enigmas del Covid-19. Desafíos a la comunidad científica y médica. Controversias . 103 Capítulo IV. Pandemia de Covid-19. Objetividad-subjetividad de la información estadística . 161 Capítulo V. Reflexiones sobre la predicción en la ciencia. Un acer- camiento al caso de la pandemia de Covid-19 . 217 Capítulo VI. Dificultades para la predicción de la pandemia por la complejidad del virus y del comportamiento humano y social . 253 Capítulo VII. Organización de los servicios médicos y la políti- ca sanitaria sobre la pandemia de Covid-19. Reflexiones . 341 Capítulo VIII. Política sanitaria en México sobre la pandemia de Covid-19. Controversias y reflexiones . 403 Capítulo IX. Una aproximación al análisis socioeconómico de la pandemia de Covid-19 . 447 Capítulo X. Repercusiones de la pandemia en la situación socioe- conómica de la población . 481 5 Dr. Raúl Rojas Soriano Capítulo XI. Efectos de la pandemia en la salud mental-emocional de la población . 531 A manera de un epílogo provisional... porque la realidad no tiene pa- rada final . 583 Bibliografía . 593 Anexos . 599 NOTA: Actualizaré los capítulos cada cierto tiempo, dependiendo de la información que se genere al respecto para orientar las reflexiones correspondientes. 6 PALABRAS PRELIMINARES . A medida que me adentro en el análisis de la pandemia de 1Covid-19 en sus diferentes facetas, más preguntas surgen al leer diversos artículos y reportajes que se publican constante- mente en los medios de comunicación tradicionales, en las revis- tas científicas y en las redes sociales. Sin duda, el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha ganado las primeras ba- tallas a la comunidad científica y a la humanidad, que se enfrentan a un hecho inédito e insólito, el cual está llevándonos a replantear varias cuestiones tanto de la vida cotidiana como de aquellas rela- cionadas con la educación y el trabajo en sus diferentes aspectos. Las relaciones sociales se han visto alteradas por la intromi- sión imprevista de un agente patógeno cuya complejidad ha asom- brado a las y los expertos de todo el mundo. Sin duda, nuestra ma- nera de relacionarnos con los demás ya se ha visto afectada de una u otra forma, y sufrirá otras modificaciones en las próximas sema- nas y meses en distintos ámbitos como la familia, la escuela, los espacios laborales y recreativos, entre otros, cuando se reanuden completamente las actividades sociales, en lo que se ha llamado la nueva normalidad. 7 Dr. Raúl Rojas Soriano Sin duda, la comunidad científica, pese a los tropiezos que ha tenido para descifrar la complejidad de dicho agente patógeno, verá enriquecido su acervo de conocimientos en el campo biomédico, y de otras áreas de la ciencia. Asimismo, se elaborarán nuevas teorías y conceptos sobre las actitudes, conductas y formas de actuar de los diversos actores sociales durante la pandemia y después de que se controle, considerando en la conceptualización el contexto socioeco- nómico y cultural específico de los individuos, según el grupo social al que pertenezcan. 2. El análisis que pretendo realizar en el presente texto se complica porque aparece información contradictoria o sin suficiente evidencia científica. Por otro lado, la realidad socioeconómica de cada país se deja sentir en el modo como se enfrenta la pandemia por parte de los diferentes grupos sociales. Por si esto fuera poco, el factor político e ideológico se manifiesta de variadas formas. El cúmulo enorme de noticias, reportajes y artículos me lleva a la necesidad de discriminar, en forma crítica, la información para ir concretando poco a poco el análisis. Si bien en cada capítulo se tratan temas específicos, la complejidad de la pandemia me obliga en ocasiones a abordar aspectos que corresponden a otros capítulos; ello debido a la comprensión de dicho fenómeno como una totalidad. A medida que avanzo en la investigación documental surgen más dudas..., el trabajo es arduo pero, a la vez, apasionante y desa- fiante. Dentro de algunos meses volveré a revisar todos los capítulos del libro para actualizar la información e incluir otra que sea relevante para el análisis de la pandemia de Covid-19 desde una perspectiva sociológi- ca. Surgirán, sin duda, nuevas reflexiones derivadas de la situación que se presente en los últimos meses de 2021 y en los próximos años so- 8 Enfoque sociológico sobre la pandemia de covid-19. Enigmas y desafíos a la ciencia bre la manera como los gobiernos y las poblaciones han enfrentado los problemas socioeconómicos y de salud que está dejando dicha enfer- medad, de conformidad con el momento sociohistórico de que se trate, es decir, según el sistema sociopolítico de cada país y las desigualdades sociales particulares de cada sociedad considerando sus clases y grupos sociales específicos. Un esfuerzo de esta índole, caracterizado por la rapidez con la que se presentan los hechos que se analizan, requiere del concurso de otras personas. En razón de ello, hago patente mi reconocimiento a la encomiable dedicación de la distinguida psicóloga y Mtra. en educación Claudia del Carmen Aranda Cotero, quien ha contribuido de manera crítica en la búsqueda, análisis y exposición de la infor- mación necesaria y pertinente sobre la pandemia, al igual que en la revisión meticulosa del texto, para mejorar su redacción, y lograr la calidad necesaria para su publicación. De igual modo, mi recono- cimiento al destacado sociólogo Carlos Alberto Martínez Islas por su trabajo en la revisión crítica del contenido, y por las sugerencias para mejorar su presentación. A él se debe el cuidadoso diseño de la por- tada general del libro y de los distintos capítulos. Muchas gracias a ambos por acompañarme en el enorme esfuerzo que implica una in- vestigación documental como la que estamos realizando. Ciudad de México, junio de 2021. Dr. en Sociología Raúl Rojas Soriano. 9 Capítulo I. ENFOQUE SOCIOLÓGICO SOBRE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19* Un breve análisis y una propuesta, como desafío Dr. en Sociología Raúl Rojas Soriano Ciudad de México, 2020-2021. www.raulrojassoriano.com * El primer capítulo, en su versión preliminar, se envió por correo elec- trónico al Dr. Jorge Carlos Alcocer Varela, Secretario de Salud de Mé- xico, y al Dr. Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez, Subsecretario de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, el 14 de abril de 2020. Capítulo I. ENFOQUE SOCIOLÓGICO SOBRE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 Un breve análisis y una propuesta, como desafío. Dr. en Sociología Raúl Rojas Soriano*. Profesor-investigador de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UNAM. www.raulrojassoriano.com . Hace 11 años expresé en un artículo sobre la influenza AH1N1 1intitulado “El virus no mata, la pobreza sí”, que publicó el perió- dico Reforma (el 18 de abril de 2010), varios aspectos relacionados con el enfoque sociológico de dicha epidemia que tienen validez para comprender la dimensión social de la actual pandemia de Covid-19: […] la mayoría de la población (la clase trabajadora) carece de condiciones de vida y de trabajo apropiadas, por lo que es y * Autor de los libros, entre otros: Crisis, salud-enfermedad y práctica médi- ca; Capitalismo y enfermedad; Sociología médica e Investigación-acción en el deporte, nutrición y salud. Un experimento con dieta vegetariana (vegana) 2008-2014, los cuales pueden descargarse completos y sin costo de la página electrónica (www.raulrojassoriano.com). Fue asesor-investigador de la Sub- dirección General Médica del IMSS (1973-1977). Estudió cursos de Epidemio- logía (1977) y de Medicina Preventiva y Social (1978) en el posgrado de la Fa- cultad de Medicina de la UNAM, plantel del que fue profesor asociado en 1981, 1982, 1983 y 1985. Fue profesor-coordinador de cinco cursos de actualización sobre Sociología médica en el posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UNAM (1978-1983). Ha sido invitado a impartir conferencias en la Academia Nacional de Medicina, así como en la mayoría de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de México y en hospitales del IMSS, ISSSTE y SSA, al igual que en diversas facultades y escuelas de medicina, enfermería, odontología y en asociaciones médicas.
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