NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
U5sa
SPECIROPHOTOMETRIC AND CWLCEXMEIRIC
STUD! OF DISEASED
AND RUST RESISTING CEREAL CROPS
By
Harry J« Keegan
John C* Schleter
Wiley A. Hall, Jr.,
and
QLadys M* Haas
To
U* S. Department of die Air Force Aerial Recocmaissance laboratory Wright Air De'velopment Center Wright-Patterscn Air Force Base, Ohio
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS .
V. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Sinclair Weeks, Secretary
NATIONAL HLREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Aslin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington, D. C., and its major field laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the di\ isions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside back cover of this re[)ort.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Process Technology. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Elect roeheniis try. Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic Teehnolog\. Length. Engineering Metrology. H eat and Power. Temp<‘ratur<‘ Measurements. ThermodMiamies. Cryogenic Phvsies. Engines and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.
Atomic and Radiation Physics. Speetroseop\ . Kadiometrv . Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Phvsies. Eh^etron Ph\si(‘s. Atomic Phvsies. Nuclear Phvsies. Radioaetivitv. X-rays. B(*tatron. Nuch'onic Instruimmlation. Radiological f.quipment. AEC Radiation Instruments.
(dicniistrv. Organic (boatings. Surface ClKunistrv . Organic Clnmiistrv . Analv tieal Chemistrv
Inorganic Clnmiisirv . fd(‘Ctro < h<*mistrv. Sp(‘ctroch(‘inistr\ . Pun* Substanc<*s. Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical lnstniin<*nts. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass and Scab*, (^apacitv, Densitv, and Eluid Meters. Combustion Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Kid)b<*r. Textiles. Pa])cr. Leather. Testing and Specifica- tions. Polv mcr Structur(*. Organic Plastics. I)(*ntal R<*search. Mctall iirgy. Th<*rmal Mctalhirgv. (dicmical M(*tallurgv. Mechanical Metallurgv. Corrosion. Mineral Products. (]<*ramic I'ngincf'ring. Porcelain and Potterv. Glass. Refractories. I'’naniclc»l Metals. (Concreting \lat(*rials. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Technology. Structural fCnginet*ring. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Condi- tioning. Floor. Roof, and Wall (Coverings. (]odes and Sj)(*cifications. Ap]d ic Data Pro<*cssing Systems. (Comj)onents and ^(‘chniijues. Digital Circuitrv. Digital S)stems. \nalogin* Svst<*ms. Applications lMigim*ering. • Office o( Basic instrnm(*ntation • Office o I W eights and Measures KOI LDER. COLORADO (Cryogenic FCngim*cring. (Jrvog(*nic l‘Cquipnn*nt. Crv ogenic Processes. Properties ol Materials. (C^as Li(piclaction. Radio Propagation Physics. I pj)(*r Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation Services. Ra Radio Slamlards. High Fr(*(picncv Standards Branch: High f r(*qucncv I'.lectrical Standards. Radio Br l^\tr(*m^“ High Fr(*(}iu*n(*v ami Noise*. M ie*re)v\ ave F're*epieMU‘v anel Spe*e*tre)se*e>pv . Mie*re)wave (Cire*uil Stamlards. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT NBS PROJECT MBS REPORT 0201-20-2325 1956 U591 SPECTROPHOTOMEmC AND COLORIMETRIC STUDY OF DISEASED AND RUST RESISTING CEREAL CROPS By Harry J. Keegan, John C* Schleter, Wiley A. Hall, Jr., and Gladys M. Haas Photometry and Colorimetry Section Optics and Metrology Division To U. S. Department of the Air Force Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory Wright Air Development Center Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Air Force Contract No. AF 33(6l6) 52-21 Task Number 62IOU U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Approved for public release by the The publication, reprint! t, is prohibited director of the National Institute of unless permission Is obtai ds, Washington Standards and Technology (NIST) 25,D.C. Such permissii as been specif!- tally prepared if that a| on October 9, 2015 For its own use, PREFACE This is one of a series lof NBS reports of spectrophotometri and colorimetric work done under NBS Project No. 0201-20-2325 entitled Color Reconnaissance Studies, financed by the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio; Air Force Contract No. 33(6l6) 52-21. The present report on cereal crop diseases was made in cooperation with the National Research Council, Committee on Plant and Crop Ecology, Division of Biology and Agriculture, Dr. Everett F. Davis, Executive Secretary; and with its Sub- committee on Crop Geography and Vegetation Analysis, under the chairmanship of Dr. Robert N. Colwell, Associate Professor of Forestry and Associate Silviculturist in the Experiment Station, Department of Forestry, liiiversity of California, Berkeley, California. Harry J. Keegan Project Leader / SPECTROPHOTQMETRIC AND COLORIMETRIC STUD! OF DISEASED AND RUST RESISTING CEREAL CROPS Harry J. Keegan, John C. Schleter, Wiley A. Hall, Jr., and Gladys M. Haas ^ Abstract This stady involves the development of a method for the detection and for the evaluation of wheat rust and of other cereal crop diseases in the field by means of ground or aerial photography based on spec tropho tometrie and colorimetric analyses of specimens of healthy and diseased cereal crops* To develop this method, measurements of the visible and the near infra- red spectral directional reflectance, or spectral transmittance, of 30 specimens of diseased and non-diseased cereal crop plants and of 6 specimens of rust were made on a General Electric recording spectrophotometer for the spectral range I4.OO to IO8O irdllimicrons . Three of the saitples of rust were measured for spectral transmittance and three for spectral directional re- flectance* All of the 30 specimens of diseased and rust resisting cereal crop plants were measured for spectral directional reflectance; II4 specimens, of which nine were youag wheat plants, two mature heads of wheat, and three young rye plants were grown in pots under controlled conditions at the Plant Industry Station, USDA, Belts ville, Maryland; the remaining I6 were the leaves, heads, and stalks of three species of wheat growi in Ihe field at Stillwater, Oklahoma, and flown to Washington, D. C. for measurement at the National B\areau of Standards* These spec trophotome trie measurements have been illustrated and tables of data are included as well as graphs and tables of chromaticity coordinates dominant wavelength, excitation purity, daylight reflectance, Munsell reno- tations, and ISCC-NBS (Inter -Society Color Council - National Bureau of Standards) color designations. In addition, color difference determinations in terms of the NBS unit of color difference have been made between the same parts of different plants and between diseased and non-diseased parts of the same plants • » Miss Haas is at present employed at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, San ETrancisco, California. r;T^- OjOO L 'mrz ciiam 'H (IV\ " ^Xl>^. .• .D’ ;!>V. V ^:vbr;iO' 'avJCj' ' '”'0 "v,'.;. bci6 fwx<" -.''i'' ' hciiiK^-i ii0Qf;r>.f' fov "ib e'-v.'. .^.-v *^> ‘ ^ •,^.r‘’r‘ ‘'x'-. yij r : i:? T: ' - . ‘ .• : rtr.' J tD b»a-'X-’X^ do . •" .-...-} • ..•/.••> bi;^ ;, ;.r- iO aoi ^ . ::a . • X 1^'--'^ .r?-t bfzz e£cHj:.tr add lo «»t;f »;i4jTx0a(affi ..badd-'»Ti didd ' • '..••»’sb '' V ;,' o.rcd^iittar'^T' c^.rr. *zo * jj^r-c>iit i :_ !«/' • :? -e oe.-: ^ • :r .*v Bi: /ffi'tsqa ' io br'vV ut.VAi'.v •' L' bxy? bacicifrjc- fb 'to <: '. ? D..id lol •"€' ^^^’'4^o^:i£ oin. !:: -- '5o - ••{•a; f-r:ir'i ' •:^-'- ‘' i : i . '-j'Xov "i . .'-v*''^ . rX.i4M --Ji-O c*ia ^^. .. ' '.‘' '*: >•" .• :; • 'i' TAr- JJS^^ r: 'tod I>€ * '{'>’.:/ 0^' X'''rT?"- oOv- .. j. ) u.'3irs.i;-. 0^ odJ j di * •: :'.: y*:^'- fOoteiaeq^ Ji' ,.-7,a±- 'J '- 6 *>x. . .: a; .•xlc - . •v ..r i(yd>* 1: oeisit ba- lo £E'.j,orf urn- ^ai^sv Lq .. 9fi^ thno- flc-;.‘»n'r' usfeu.cr :-.t^ f iivoiig d w cro-c.^'q i*»V“ • /":. f r- ;^bi.‘'6.f.y i th , J .i .y^SRf •’t ri 9'wv cl ' blail €kilb £J: ii:cr^ iBLsfw lo tir:4r')c»qa 0&%i£ d ...iMn ba:^ .••* I' '. -C- .d ^rotri.rdfiafiv' o& wolt jbns -jd :'jd -Bb'WbXvfiJ-a do t'iKViU !/.' Iolr ha^Bidci. *' r rreed 'tTjBrt ^ji^r;o*a8Wasoia oiTi s’lcdcrq' "doaqj ‘ ET ' ^3Sdf.nib’xo-r> x^xoXdr, o*3icf£.t bnj5 pdq«‘3S 3a 1/^w e;. babxxibr. .^^ rd-^-b Tto “Ci!^>*x oe.D - . wq iX)l^x:.jIi)X& .'ir'.SiTjiaof 7 irfi'iTJlI Xar*o.td.;:'!f - Xto.nujoO rccIoD ^®i:oo^.-‘te+ql) ^..4-, ^nnoL-^r^f : ‘ — Me a" nr<\ -tb action r~ li •BuoxJa/ryj .1,. - ib 'i :' '' •; •' n^^-dv .d-«« r.!&c -’ 4*. d)0i5ryx:Ml-.-'> ^Iho / 1lfjj I’Sli et.' '».o a-rieX ni lo bx r : ‘ -3.tr .Vr njcj^ ' • ^ ^ t -/ft"' 1C ,4-" , :^iikLv . i ,b >=Tt:MS ' Tel aiiiJ' 4 'xLrf -AX.Txo'iiiBd , '•* - 2 - C on tents Page I. Introduction 3 II. Material k III. Preparation of Specimens k IV. Spectrophotometric Jfeasurements 5 V. Spectrophotometric Results 5 VI. Colorimetric Computations 6 VII. Munsell Renotations and ISCC-NBS Color Designations • ^ • 6 VIII. Color-Difference Confutations 7 IX. Specimens Grown Under Controlled Conditions at Beltsville, Md. . 7 Figures ltol7 8 toUl Tables I to IV .142 to Appendix A.. I46 Appendix B ...... 60 X. Field-Grown Specimens from Stillwater, Oklahoma •••••.•• 68 Figures l8to31 69 to 96 Tables V to VIII ••97to 100 Appendix C...... 101 Appendix D. 113 XI. Discussion 120 XII. Conclusions 121; XIII. Bibliography 12U Appendix E... 126 S'C'x- 7 : iK' :.T.r: .1 • % • % » ;! 37fr\n * • « ^ V » » V « • • % • V # 4 'ix*0 i -5^! <\c’- oL^^'u:. -fp v. v: ^ 7’. 'o [• y V • r ?*^noO -•o*.C •-X r V •» V I4I 6 * ^ i 5ii of • • *<• «*« -' n • rf » • • * .' ' , ' • s . L'lO , »!;i ''i 1 til A -J' <:^ % # X' * 07 c>JL Of :; ' ' i'U . 7# V SE..;.--.,: xoj: . 4 ', * X . ( xt^4**^jqA OS •: * « « » '.: :'j 4 • • • • • » * » j X » ?: ^04 . ^ 9 L t % « « f « II :r (>i:,r . . . ‘ » t 'ft « » vi-. At It • .i\ •. | -3- lo Introduction The overall objective of this Air Force investigatioi is stated as follows; ”To develop by visible^ near infrared, and near ultraviolet spectro- photometry, methods for the detection of objects from color reconnaissance to study the colors, tonal contrast, and color separation necessary in aerial photography to yield maximum information^ to determine the wavelength region at which the film manufacturer should strive to obtain maximum sensitivity to yield clear separation of an object from its adjacent area rather than to yield true color fidelity 5 to determine the characteristics required in a sen- sitized material for the rapid and accurate extraction of this information”* The present report results from work that began prior to the formlation of the objective of the Air Force investigation as stated above but which carried over beyond July 1, 1952 when the WADC-finaiM^ed NBS Color Reconnaissance Studies project began. In April, 1952, the Committee on Plant and Crop Ecology of the National Research Council, Dr. E. F. Davis, Executive Secretary, in- vited the senior author to attend a conference to assist in the development of methods for the detection of wheat rust in a field of growing wheat. With the approval of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards, arrangements were made to perform preliminary spec tropho tome trie determinations on controlled specimens of rxist-resisting young wheat plants and susceptible young wheat plants that had been manually inoculated with wheat rust. The results of these initial determinations appeared promising and furjther preliminary in- vestigations were made resulting in the recommendations of the present methc»fl. The pertinent events leading to this investigation are listed in chronological order in Appendix E of this report (page 126). In 195U, the Air Force became interested in these studies and the present report is made possible by their support of this work. To develop fully this method for the detection of wheat rust in a field of growing wheat it was necessary to measure the spectral directional re- flectance for the visible and near infrared spectrum, UOO to IO8O milli- microns of a number of specimens of -the ventral sides of leaves of young wheat plants that had been manually inoculated and of similar species of r\ist-re sis ting plants, ffeasurements were also made of potted plants Ihat had been maintained with low and with excessive watei^l of wheat rusts for both spectral transmittance and spectral directional reflectancei of the in- oculated heads of susceptible and resisting wheat plants | of the leaves of diseased and healthy rye plants | and of leaves, stklks, and heads of three species of field grown wheat. Illustrations were prepared showing the results of these visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance and spectral transmittance measurements, and computations were made from the visible spectral data of these 36 specimens to illustrate their colorimetric properties in terms of the CIE standard observer and coordinate system chromaticity coordinates and daylight reflectances, as well as in terms of the Mj.nsell renotation color 1 ( ' ‘ •'. . .; olc. 'J. •t.. . ' r-. 's . r-;: . ;/• ' ,t .-.14 * ' ' -wo*::* ; •, .V . : '. . e-'- \ • .*• v'^i ,\) vr {;•• 1 - V o* V < i* i . " ' * '. ‘ '.c .. .»'W - f , v?*-:,*! . '.I ;J . :• ^ i(<,t ,!r S’l ’* • ' ' ’ ' ' f • • j >v-L, j-.-'-f 1. '^,;, 7\,'. <-’t :r" ., .V- i.^ ^ rJl} O ji a -• ^ • :o5 . ' ” .? ?i.' -;i .^V' :f’r:;V , , ' - . •; , f* • . ; yll:- ' ’ • " '.yy:'. - I ' . J’ , V"' r „ . ' ' I 'V ^ '. » 't . i. r' ^ , < •, iiL^C»iv = rtf, '' ^ ». ' : ; JrUOq B* t -f- : - f }‘0 .8U^p«^' : -J. ' ^vV .'jl ';. ic ' > 'to V ' X - : v'i _f* I .' ;^, . r . .' ^ i*. r»- 'rW' •' !-*v,-, « of. ’ * L." “ in?*'') '. > ^ ' f G , Ul-ll'v V f • '-t •ai • system, the ISCC-NBS system of color designations, and in terms of the NBS unit of color difference. It is believed that this type of information is a necessary step in the development of methods for. the aerial detection and evaluation of wheat rust or of other types of cereal cr<^ diseases. The method of measurement and con^Dutation used in this report is that requested in the original project proposal quoted above and used in four of the previous seven reports issued under this project, [l, 2, 3, * II. Material The specimens measured in these determinations are of five types; (a) young wheat plants grown in pots under ccntrolled conditions, (b) mature wheat plants grown under controlled conditions, (c) specimens of spores from plants grown under controlled conditions, (d) young rye plants grown in pots under controlled conditions, and (e) mature wheat plants grown in the field. The specimens grown under controlled conditions ((a), (b), and (c) above) were produced at the USDA Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Maryland, and brought to the NBS for measurements by Dr. H. A. Rodenhiser of the Beltsville Station. These specimens are further identified in Table I (page U2) Specimen Numbers 1 to 17 The specimens of young rye plants grown under controlled conditions ((d) above) were presumably grown at Beltsville, Maryland, and were brought to the NBS for measurements by Dr. Robert N. Colwell . These specimens are further identified in Table I, Specimen Numbers 18 to 20. The mature wheat plants grown in the field ((e) above) were delivered to the NBS for measurement by Dr. Colwell, who had the specimens flown to Iflfeishington, D. C. from the USDA, Plant Industry Station, located at Stillwater Oklahoma. These specimens are further identified in Table V (page 97) Specimen Nuiribers 21 to 36. The specimen designations used in this report are those given by either Dr. Colwell or Dr. Rodenhiser. III. Preparation of Speclmgis In order to study the spec trophotometrie properties of the specimen plants, it was necessary to cut from these plants sections of leaves, stalks, and heads. The size of these cut specimens was such that it was necessary to form con^DOsite samples made from several pieces of the same or similar parts of the plant. In the case of the leaves and stalks, each sample to be measured consisted of four or five lengths of specimen mounted between clear * Nuithers in brackets refer to bibliography on page 12U of this report. . T ^ i ! -- ^'i ’M ''^V' . . 1^^ ty^ .. V % aflK oA^ %i sAifl^ ^ *10X05 a€K‘-QD^i*'Mt >‘:v;’' '-10X00 ta.^Xitr -* '»*l.-^:•o?E^j’e^ j i 6 « ijiair* ^o /ioi^^v^Lr^o arii. 1 2^o|«vo 't "io- ic ic * 5 J^lSo i". <3P'^ Xi i^50 'j ^'T' ‘V .-r , v^A*fc^'! fiX oX Xnoc/^ iwityaw ^r ttX !««« £ans>qo^ tt«f|o*5eq ^liax^D orlr iX? ood«t*j.j:v:x * 1 fc«i£*15 13:t*-0?<^a 3113 , .'*L^ -f’ *-0 lU# 55^ ^ ^X v;v. f‘ {*''1 Ji JX •-•*' - '. .* '. '• .• .- ‘iV. ’ • -- - , .0 * . •'i. 5 «4>qXt 3ril Ao ^Ttft «aoiX«aIairo^Ql> »iwif ftt :?59ii.XQdfr3 ^fP- ^ ©*xii^iaH (d) \iftxK>idXfcno& b©XlG«m>o 'twfjffxi ado^ >1? ' }»rt S lo AC|i9dU:od^ ( 5 ) ^ai^iXlhiVO fe^JXoya’OW^ 5d>&w ajoq at ovo-xj. ftXtiXq arx (A>) ,ottol^Xhnoo fceXiD*:s^iiO(y 'tetap^ jyon^jttr^&Zq •&, (, .,j fejifi TjflotXXbfroo £>#Xio%fjfi«»t> 'tsjfeexi t^rlT . I (o) f{d} ^t^) ) XaoX'^ ci3 550 9t»^(stodi^ ;ik . i^XXJtireXJtaS Xa noidmdii x^aisbnl A0 «iX ^-^ -»*? lo ic4ainn«b<>H rA ^H *i?I vf SOT iwfS I oXd^ fti l>bJ:liX«i«»t)X &^sa ©nefikUouq? mctaifl!'" .x»^3'sX£ ^ oi X wn^datfov) 4 . , TX C^ ‘>-V- • anoidxbaoo toi lo-jonoo 3©i>i2ir 5x^’«8 edojiXq bx^x ^c.«o^ 1:o j^i^iaLteo <|5 «iXi' *db^ijo'wf 9TX1SM ha& ^^JXl’^TutXaS ds cawT^ e*5^, a beT&jf^XXBfc oieW (c^ odn {•)) bX^l aridF aif^*x^ tPoAJj^ p^xtm Bt{f mtoll biw( oiw ,.Xi.t5fXoD •id iaeiti©’urRc^<,*"ja3*i^^ 4^ bd-iaobX ^ftofPuS^ ^%?‘4w>bal X/s»ri^ ^JedSW fti4 m r# *4 (V’^ »;^Hi:) V eidel itt b^tUaobi otul %mmt:o^cn Xj£it»/inX^^ •xaddla «svXj| #ao.l •*'^jf. .Vj^.'. B^f, V'l H -iKi • m . . ... , oanJoaqi oAp lo o4 nX -‘> ^SDtXiKJ-' « 057461 lo c^tdltdm ^mX'i ©aicid noitSl f^> o4 ©st;^ Xi leJirtoIq X^^9posa 6«tf St Sxidj,sk>u^ ai?v ©i^^flLtooqa^difo e^.eiiJ^lo o&Xc orfi* t>/To loUwxJi xo ts«f-f lo SffftoXcf i»icl €>b»a e«X^«»e ^ Jtt3c :jnir*o' wibl 0^ ^* Ot oXqiiw'ifiMa ^ ,JoaXq 15 2:00 i/?!?Xc. DRi'iiion joe«JX;^e^4a lo /^cwi mr£X to lo balaXair.':? b«r:x/afe£^n i Vf^ m * -M^ ' Vi' '^, ;^ifc JS» ' .#l©q6i aJbKif lo no t9ldlv^33i*^^td aX ^ ' 3 -5- microscope co'ver glasses. The heads of the plants were placed in a clear glass cell ordinarily used for the measurement of spectral transmittance of solutions, using enough heads to fill the cell. The spare specimens ((c) above), like the leaves and stalks, were placed between clear microscope cover glasses. The spore specimens prepared for the measurement of spectral transmittance of the spore consisted of a thin layer of specimen 5 the speci- mens of spore for the spectral directional reflectance measurements consisted of a thick layer of specimen. When mounted in the spectrophotometer for measurement of spectral direc- tional reflectance, all of the con^^osite specimens between microscope Qover glasses and in the glass cell were backed with black velvet on a wooden block. IV. Spectrophotometric Measurements Measurements of spectral directional reflectance for the visible and near infrared spectral ranges (UOO to IO8O millimicrons) were made for 33 specimens on a General Electric recording spectrophotometer p, 6] • Similar measurements of spectral transmittance were also made on three specimens of spore. The measurements of spectral directional reflectance were made for the condition of included specular coii5)onent of the reflected radiant energy. Slits of approximately 10 millimicrons of spectral width were used for the measurements in the visible spectrum, UOO to ?50 millimicrons, and 20 milli- microns of spectral width for the near infl^ared spectrum, 730 to IO8O milli- microns. V. Spectrophotometric Results The results of the spectrophotometric measurements of spectral direc- tional reflectance or spectral transmittance of this report are shown on the 22 Ozalid copies of the original recordings from the General Electric recording spectrophotometer. These Ozalid copies are a part of Appendices A and C of this report^ eleven of them are the visible spectrum, UOO to ?50 millimicrons, and eleven of them are for Ihe near infl*ared spectrum, 730 ‘ to 1080 millimicrons. • Values of spectral directional reflectance or spectral transmittance were read at 10 millimicron intervals from UOC to I080 millimicrons for each of the 72 determinations made on the 36 specimens. These 72 sets of spectrophotometric data are listed in Appendices B and D. Forty of these 72 sets of spectrophotometric data for the controlled wheat, rye, and spore specimens grown at Beltsville, Maryland, are illustrated in Figures 1, 2, U, 9, 10, and l5. The remaining 32 sets of spectrophotometric data for the field grown wheat specimens from Stillwater, Oklahoma, are illustrated in Figures I8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 2U, and 2?. 1 , £ . '^3^ -?• *X?S’1H3 -^OHOTaiw (ii)} ;'^."3J3.C!_iI .Hix^lTsxS.OB sollirl Jmoci& „ f JtdCHia kU 's-'^mi^t cwfSB'i^ f>9^±:«ioa, la afieci- ’’' '' j' '-'” ' & *tO’ pya^-^' 5 '’‘'S •‘'’•li' *'- 1 •' .: ^ A>. I Sfc , . * e:i$ms)ymzfi^^^»*.'-»— i^^ Wi «p »*>« '»»»' *wliMii«»«ii Bi III r^ » m * -.OIW^. *A r*>v uMd M>*~>-- <4 ! « iji^wfcn ‘ '‘ ‘ , ; t 'Hi ' '> tC 'tot «fi£« W'3V .C’O 3*Ki a ;s ^ ' -3W7a '"^'l aJ4t Tol^^bJa etfT :• y. •’iCg’UsuVS' V «iUi b^jbuS^sit ‘L> nol*t *>nc>c " !f #ii^' i»1: £^:&ei/ CMarqi v ,0 -^ie^ sai’’^vi<5,4j^ lo -tIXtK OS'^ &jh6g'^V«jg*l6ito g;^' 6Cil xtt/A» rreaft^^ - ^JtUm OSOX o^.^OCT ti''l i4 5.V}vq^f; ' -^’ "', ^ '’i -Vi ... -/ -•dno»s!>im Y.fr 3 •'C*e>'ii:a> Jj&i:ft>6<3:a Ic .|k^>ij|N(i!»'ursj^ aX'rfa«U!i^^d(fp*j#vaq^ to ed’Xvcv^'i.aHT oBl ao miorfs etfi i^'ifoiiija tx. Is^fcOi i •apX&wqcjA to A 55Oi^op0*x C*2T otf .004' odi gmiif Ho aero^7'^ 5^'toqt I lo ^ 'OCT rm>a 0£& 'xot \o tr^'fjlf^> bna ^e-ii»'ii>iiiiXiXi« osei ow* '^<- ‘ ^ im:' , - r :Amt6i- *'* 7i lA » , liijcfpikje io , •B>i s5:ic>iojiniZiilim 0^4 Jio^^ 01 /ji- kail So iSiT *8#dT •%tawjboq* iC oiU m Ifi. /fcj«iO - So' iC bnr^i fl 4oo^iWt|c(A rt^ oXd^b^o:tif^o‘tto^z * rwwf’^ t>«vUoi^Aod ’*:)"i Jijj^ oii io i:»a« 2V a1 b9^^Ti^ktXlt im ij;iu*;^ n-t*.aop^» 0db Sd, ^ui 4I ' ’ •'[*, ' <^yj;^r »25 kiw. i^ai' isymii.i’'l , _ '^ j^:-" rtf # s?; ^: i'; i?y t\ , v.= W' ;A^2fl»^I^S;. 'S.'itliSa 4 , -6- VI* Colorimetric Con^tations The spectral-directional-reflectance or spectral-transmittance data of each of the 36 specimens listed in Appendices B and D for the visible spectrum (ijOO to ?50 millimicrons) were converted into terms of luminous reflectance or luminous transmittance, Y, and chromaticity coordinates, x and y, of the C.I*E* colorimetric system by integration according to the C*I.E. standard observer m for C.I.E* source C, representative of average daylight* In addition to the chroma tic coordinates, and the dominant ity x y, wavelength, A » and ex- citation purity, p, of each of the 36 specimens have been derived* Dominant wavelength and excitation purity are alternative specifications, more or less suggestive of the appearance of the color and help to form a chromaticity specification sometimes more easily understood than the chroma- ticity coordinates, x and y. Dominant wavelength is defined as the wavelength corresponding to the intersection with the spectrum locus in the C.I.E. dia- gram of a straight line drawn through the neutral point (Source C), and the sample point. Excitation purity is defined as the ratio of the distance, in the C.I.E. diagram, between the neu-tral point and the sanple point to the distance between the neutral point and the point on the spectrum locus repre- senting the dominant wavelength of the specimen. Dominant wavelength thus indicates what part of the spectrum has to be mixed with the neutral standard to produce the unknown color, and the excitation purity indicates the degree of approach of the unknown color to the spectrum color so defined. The domi- nant wavelength and excitation purity of the specimens of this report were determined from chrcmaticity data by means of graphs showing the conversion of C.I.E. chromaticity data into these terms [^8J . The chromaticity coordinates, daylight reflectance or daylight trans- mittance, dominant wavelength, and excitation purity are listed in Tables II and VI and in illustrations of segments of the C.I.E. chromaticity diagram at the end of each of the two type classifications of this report; namely specimens grown in pots under controlled conditions (Figures 5, 6, U, 12, and l6) at Beltsville, Maryland, and field-grown specimens (Figures 26, 27, and 28) from Stillwater, Oklahoma. VII. Munsell Renotations and ISCC-NBS Color Designations From the above-mentioned determinations of C.I.E. chromaticity coordinates and daylight reflectances or daylight transmittances of the 36 specimens studied in this report, the Minsell renotations (H V/C) were obtained from graphs of conversion from the C.I.E. system to the Munsell re notation sys- tem • These were then converted into terms of the [[9] Munsell renotations ISCC^BS (Inter-Society Color Council - National Bureau of Standards) color designations D-ol. Similarly, these renotations and color designations are listed in Tables III and VII and illustrated (Figures 7, 8, 13, lU, 17, 29, 30 , and 31 ) in graphs under the respective type classifications. ; • 1 3 J ' ' f ^ • ip; ' ;• - y , ;srpjyi- *;*•: •> - . '50 .' u^{^n&TKt*‘£-*vJ it: tk> ^ 1“' ' .“ .'*11 . : .7-' •^ ^‘. 1'*-' ..^!tOf£B'T'-'^0l&TC “*f-‘‘'Vij .t«T* •? ii?'’Se,: 'i-r'i : "'•-• •/./<«'- 7»AxTv^t3C 3 • t ^ nny-' rr. %.; ^\ ; , .,.7 . I---.. . j;*-; :i ... 7 j crxl K K-'* ; .• ’.'*' ot mx^h>rj. i:l ^A - sn^'xo dv.i . n.i-.v*?'- *S.:r.;' '- '.r^-'y07 'v.r :G.J:i oa.' -X8 'i^ f /V ' •’ <•* .. . , < 7:7 . X. .: .^i..‘ j7 y- '-r . fjOd ;ax v\- iy%i'Zj 07 Jxv - u no.r "- ari:jT.;rr^^j V :•-' ^ ;.. rV;P -. :; bivi: d7^nh. .-rrsy d' vL^atrnr.C . f -0 •. e'/i'T^. 0 . ? -7 u s .Tyxji c r •,, y&d i i‘'^ 'Xo'/-. j.o ^ 2 7 - ' - .j4.' 7 a i? iJ •'.,.'.<^1^0 ^'1 • . f\>i;d- >..- 1: . ‘-m , ..^V r' 7 k-’ ;..rv-: >t^b 'sT : . ;-*.i^V -J P..TB X , .•^'^Fviicbnio:LV 77:.IV^ ' ’ •" ' ' .'” ' »'' ‘ >. « 1 ' ‘f r/iivt L - 0. ' it* j7 rtfL.b ' '^-7 r. ’.'«/q ‘?OA'i -icjit ihiuy^lf iaW:.-'- r-iiii/iT' -. r is: ,s , foil - ' '•• /• •' ' .•* •. ' " - o,..y * at.- "yncttal'' ?.. »; / , v. . .• - .fid.- 5 c : ‘ " <.’. \ 'i«* V klXOr X-fi*Vv l*lc«vi J ([ili «i*»4.»v- ^ '.,>V ^ ^ . < f>n J r"* . ::TJi :*ii cxii »i:*3Wc. J j&Tq»'i arjoS / iv^q 9 . ' '. ,' • -.. y' y''Jr'jt*qe t^i' jxiT&J-Gyjsw d^^-:t .r:: h -iw . 7,^'k) u liKv b^’j' -yS r '/ c . V • c. 'ic sJ 'Dv.; 7 iA.':^ ojr O'i' a i^'vb rr a rt/ f:St ?•'" - " -iJTC‘6 atZi.’ *fV^r !:''*•: -.7 S lOij i^v. -^o './•• ;au: "lo ^-T0W ch'ioj'i “io *re.,^ et'J" ^ noj fSu J o/.>> Lir^r i\ j'^rro.lo'/ ^ v' .'l.a-:-. • '-.%** U/xsvrr-r.. c>.ii vf •,l0 a. V/- Bta3 ^‘bJ’feinDX' 5».aj:aaao •' 'I.'o :o . (1B^ e.r. J oSrit v.i,'* *:::.; .t:.- . V v.n :\'-.fix 7 ,i:o. ..iiI'-.c*c*G v^*' A^"o t^-.'T • '. • .-\7 n* aaXi^'y y-i.: ao.tr i\J* : "a-cv^xiBn o^.- >'• .- . f • '. ,'7 .L"';j:, 0 / 'ia;^ to pJr-- rx-^ lo ' IJ..: IV .--r '•' •• a 1 . . n.-yii.' "o bj'i at.U .•• '' • - >1 a/. IN •:*'. ;.-.,v', » •r‘t/'«irs Kja -'7 r’ . .^:; ^....rib , j nr (’-:tnr. '"-' ' &r.-..i.7 -V f i. 4*s . . -IIV [^.7^7C‘0^ V* > .;a- i-.C i; ->rr r: c'i: ...-' - BoaCio^v.^ ol '-a r$f/!5= i 7 '..stal’.l^.'-‘\;r I -a e>7 jiuJ'0 £;i 7 o'r. - rt:n.' r/ •. -* f.^.f;-.a- ^t. 7 ; ..» (o\v ?1 V iiw j ufl 7 «n a X...:j£-’.7 r i3d:r c(\ ..r\ * >r ’,o )-'j '.'*»:}•? •>..- v j. o^r-r^j o*"!’''!! j.n^j .^xsw la'a-jr?! I*A..on:>f 3 R:-si'.j’ . [-1 i:ir;.** ' -‘ "oli'O C-;-;.‘. •^ ^>yci z:j - .X loar-,.!- . ^I.. - -.- &>: "y ^^:}t riOio~ ,{x'u7llr!:o r.'j : ,. ' •* : - r t‘?li tYI ti'I ,0 ,T x,,yfS'* b»fr.%hiuIJJ . - IIV '-a^ .iTI >.^Xos’-' -r-i • 4 B.*i0 7 t.'’-y-.Tla:-! . -n rcX 'If ^.77 '/; y’f’ J/ ... . -7- I VIII > Color Difference Computations From the Mansell renotations of the 36 specimois, color differences in terms of the MBS unit of color difference (^) were computed by means of the Godlove formula [^11^ , as follows; A%s “ 5 + (ac)2 + where f^(H) = 1 - cos 3«6/^H, and AH, AV, and AC refer to differences in Munsell hue, value, and chroma, respectively. These color differences were confuted between diseased and non-diseased parts of the similar plants, between plants having excessive and low water content, and between the specimens of spores. These results are listed in Tables IV and VIII under the respective type classifications. IX. Specimens Grown Ihder Controlled Conditions at Belts ville, Maryland All of the 20 specimens grown under controlled conditions at the USDA Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, are considered in this part of this report. Seventeen of Ihem, wheat plants growing in pots, were brought to the NBS for measurement by Dr. H. A. Rodenhiser. The three rye specimens, two potted and one unpotted, were brought to the NBS for measiare- ment by Dr. R. N. Colwell. Ihe specimen designations given by Dr. Rodenhiser or by Dr. Colwell, together with the specimen numbers arbitrarily assigned and used throughout this section of this report, are listed in Table I (page U2). Figures 1, 2, 3, U, 9, 10, and 15 show spectral directional reflectance curves or spectral transmittance curves of the specimens designated in the legends of the illustrations. The data used for these illustrations are taken from those shown in Appendix A and listed in Appendix B. The chromatic ity coordinates, dominant wavelength, and excitation purity of the specimens of these seven illustrations are shown in segments of the C.I.E. chroma ticity diagram, for Source C, in Figures 5, 6, 11, 12, and l6. The data used for these illustrations are listed in Table II. Table II also lists the daylight reflectance or daylight transmittance of these 20 specimens. The Mansell renotations of these same specimens are illustrated in the schematic diagrams of the "Ideal Munsell System" in Figures 7, 8, 13, II4., and 17* The data used for these illustrations are listed in Table III together with the corresponding ISCC-NBS color designations. Determinations were made of color difference between the related speci- mens indicated in Table IV. ; / . . ^g -^ Ow -ii*' •'> •* v*. .,•; 7 . 'JXXJ : iitr.L^:- /. .voLbcA '• "^.j '-"(vM) * ^(o/-) (aH^cij-s I ^yiu\ ; . “ ^.. kr»y •* oi 't©>-S‘t 0 -\ tui-. •' A « % nof^ r .'{.y' .oiz,' I* v i i:b :cJ.«'. ae.^xM ••‘<"'**'‘^.•3 ^ x’!:'-~ ’le.'* wcI bns ’9-. .izc- ysr^^ i^1 j/ ,< A ' ‘ ' &* ;’’ : ^ al O'ZS 'uzioy. v?- . J ^ br- . j^n ^ t/i.'' ' • r- ^^vi/o-.irv . IJiV y\ X •< .;• ’ X: ..fx» .. 1. b •.c'-L;^nL‘'r) 3g;c *tT- ’ ' * •' ’ " * * :•£' ’• r: » > : ,.. " ^ ' 1 * rsbrui n - .'-iq A OS -^dJ 'i" . * . './xr' I »3 « . J-o n .-. ‘ • . ;^‘CvT il. jT;, :n-lJ-'Vi 'by -^GiiAirror: ... i:q fjij 'iP ’.41:' ,' ' ©<#Vs- • *t>>C5 j‘.^*:.c»: .A .,' i" ' Aij '.nB'i :n,‘..rr ^ci b.lHUC'Xd ' •; ' • •s'^irrv.i^an *_’au r-vur vV-: .,:'oid f'* . : 7oq/rr -''o brxJuo .: ow .. '.n •i^A:(;:.‘-’ X •at vA k- frewixo^qt An'’ •Il.v'oO .s .iJ .'r" qcf ariaffi ^’iC;..'. 'A id' f L. l^ .Xa-. n. -.X/'r;'. -xi^r *f9C[j-« r-Cki ^IjlOWIjOC.^ ,'ifl \ . to I ai. A'aI s.-, o'lB q : a ti m Wooa 5i£^b* Xy:d:)Lrry.ri- ^rx£^ A 3Sv) '• ' ' T ‘^0.15/0' rX s- ;/:.i ?-.a.fO'.!' WC-i'' f)OjS ^.O.f ,q X-.-p.' i .• ot-'J uS I'A? ; .r'f;:^..x r; -v:‘D^qa ^I qlv •.. "Ir4:j 0>jcr7Xi .,Tri/;'5t iG'id’.t'OC ru> C •.••:' *>'• . - •- roT brtoid ;2AfX-:f-x -:ol r ??f' divT .£u*w. . -a vT/ilJi ait pfc ;• ,H :^;osqqi^ ; : i>ijjGr ivAA^iJuaq-v, riT-wo..}:: ^?x'l'^ in 'A •* *> '!?, ift: To r-.y,- ...:^ . . .ofa -'X* ;',UenoTji^j bn£- ^ "• ' > • ^tiS !•:. 0 iA'.r. ^;.i>3 n ^-ork ojauf c'S’.; ji x’-^- ‘.i;'.r na*^ . :. .. *‘o r.j..vi.. ^ ,Oj‘ h::M .,:q„ Z' \c ri q-r toio . : *^.4 1- • II a'vikia* •Tl '-.'vyi;! :u' --'/i:'-cr.-..,:.i ^ ^'g:; /rL^-'r- on. •!'<••: a .q' o8^UX '-''x-yirli^rj-r'S p^> 10 i.-tOfTo' :^... ' ;: -h: :'.\, b 'vv: aj-a.iI «iii/ *;r i). "i) -.Q ,n 10 f ' a.. I , : r*r. 1 . Ims ^(Ix ^ZX bi /) es'W^uy al yuC ’?•. Inx. . ‘.'O ..o rtitsV'T. ‘‘ ' '^' >. s .L 'Xi:dJ -ffi ,ru. o aii t^r rics. : i:’X* ob»^'J:1 lol. .'d^u ' f; *?:^‘ ; '..'/b : \ ni'. jXo r iM iw b *;tjj.Lo^ ft lo A-4s,n 3iLf/r >',•> ^ i '. , ©X-. rhf ;-u j .. n ’ 0 ; Figure 1. Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of five specimens of young wheat plants: (1) Leaves of SIWON 92, sprayed and inoculated (2) Leaves of SUWDN 92, sprayed (3) Leaves of LEE, natural (U) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) (9) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) ) ! ,i • . T .V; ’ a'?:, .' iJ. jo ..^f.2'1 evU ;io Po/:uiJ 03li: t isxio^ivi. ; v.i ; .1 ti. o ' < " ^ D€»*^-»3 13 . ,i.c o t* .‘: cu f I :.'.K^i;,Lu ''''H ' ..'v^ ‘ /‘ oWvfiiqr. t j ^ i o 10 :: s ; 1 1 ( 2 } :.^'TX^JiB^ V; r.->/. v: -.I (^) '. • ^niilOC .,^^.^^^• X^J JV;V-^‘ ''J) boiiw^nt "-z'lw 'io (P) (l>^c? .-iT'»j.o ?b.r;iA/ qeiooO'c; • » ' v.» • «w J f‘- I :•> ‘ ^ \ t- *' 1 / " c Figure 2* Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of two specimens of young wheat plants: ( 5 ) Leaves of L. C. Susceptible, inoculated (excessive water) (6) Leaves of L. C. 1;Sb Susceptible inoculated (low water) iftaa.&Ju-o *.;, . :~J7 »S o^rt' ;> "-«iv>;.:' i 'jo coon.: j^ri'3'r "'. -.-: • Rtfiivln itj'viiv -‘ffrov o ^.y -.^-zo- .•:;.jdrJq‘jo.m^ -0 . T 'to c?g^^£^ W".:i.'’->'--,.-r3 .') .i, 'io .,;•. : fd) . • 5r.r,r '.'.ds'^ wol i be trio I ' * « V >' * ^ 4 . 'O' 4 .»';l Jk 4i Figure 3« Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of two specimens of young wheat plants s (7) Middle leaves, 127-36-L Resistant (low water) (8) Top leaves, 127-17-L Resistant, (excessive water) • ' , V ... br , baa r^:^^UiuK .f '''-' -X- "AS)'' , Kv'. lo ©oa^rn‘* I iw ntb o : I •v‘‘i' ‘.r , y ! . ' ’:Bcr*v (" .‘VvoK‘ ev t \ ' Figure U« Visible and near infjrared spectral directional reflectance of the heads (fruit) of two specimens of mature wheat plants: (10) Mature heads (fruit). Resisting 36 U-16-52; 5-’36-L, inoculated (11) Mature heads (fruit), LC 10/I9; 38 U-23-52, inoculated ' ^ • »? Xijr'.r ti* ', j.lc’a'^) e.!-.* "'•uxv;<-=>r'. ov'; ’•' £Ci 4 .. J’* V :\;«ritotK-^ ow; • ':?: f ’T-'..jK-'i 3dh' «' ,iv /! v't.'.*} .i'’ '-T ) .t£j.JSCr.‘.'d rr) ir V > -rf : Figtire 5. Segment of the C.I.E. chroma ticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitatiai purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C of the leaves of five specimens of young wheat plants: (1) Leaves of SUWON 92, sprayed and inoculated (2) Leaves of SUWON 92, sprayed (3) Leaves of LEE, natural (k) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) (9) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) and of the heads (fruit) of two mature wheat plants (10) Mature heads (fruit). Resisting 36 U-16-52; 5-36-L, inoculated (11) Mature heads (fruit), LC 10/19^ 38 U-23-52, inoculated < '' 1 Cl ' V ' .1 II « V I *» i > v'V f- ; 'C ^ • ' u j .' • : Figure 6. Segment of the C.I.E* chromticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C, of the leaves of four specimens of young wheat plants (5) Leaves of L. C. Susceptible, inoculated (eoccessive water) (6) Leaves of L. C. l^B Susceptible, inoculated (low water) (7) Middle leaves, 127-3^L, Resistant, (low water) ‘ ( 8 ) Top leaves, 12 7-17 -L Resistant, (excessive water) i n, Figure 7* Schematic illustraticai of the vertical and horizontal projections of Ihe "ideal” Mansell system showing Ihe Munsell Value (upper diagram) plotted agadnst the Miinsell Hue and Chroma points projected from the lower diagram of the leaves of fi've specimens of young idieat plants: (9)(1) Leaves of SUWON 92, sprayed and inoculated (2) Leaves of SUWON 92, sprayed (3) Leaves of LEE, natural (U) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) Leaves of wheat, inoculated (species undesignated) and of the heads (fruit) of two mature wheat plants: (10) Mature heads (fruit). Resisting 36 U-16-525 5-36-L, inoculated (11) Mature heads (fruit), LC IO/I95 38 U- 23-5 2, inoculated : . I :* riL ?• t F>-- Of .<. !?rfi :. .. L-o- iV.^ag c D^f-. ilr' Ifc-ur:..;-! Mti -•;J-^c 1 '^Xi.vVr-^ ' ' -> ••% Cni^ : t-.-..i?.v *wV: (sjpirs^.o :^ ’.!«•; m.. ' {••;. 'I'l \ •. i ,r.:> /'; ^ V. 1 . j-:. v'j _ 'v!;' ;: ' i WJUB : .‘V'lr.J ,v.- Ic ?* • •_ ' ' .Xy'" -f t* ' .i .,ijull I-' cWAoJ , • fee-. •^r'/v.:..' . r "f ’>.T,r e.rAj. .>j .' , -^ . V.?*i'->ir V- u < r«fo-3qe) '...j'.-, ;•:" otsri.' :<- p-'' '• '„: '<5' T.f: -M ..'* tC’^' wl ^ l:.i) AVA.ur60.Fi «- '-X. ' ' r '. ; Civ’ll 0.! ju, .. jMK (n) ^ ,i 4^ Figure 8. Schematic illustration of the •vertical and horizontal projections of -the ’’ideal” Mansell sys'bem showing the Mansell Value (upper diagram) plotted against 'the Munsell Hue and Chroma poin-ts projected from the lower diagram of the leaves of four specimens of young wheat plants: (5) Leaves of L. C* Susceptible, inoculated (excessive water) (6) Leaves of L. C. 1$B Susceptible, inoculated (low water) (7) Middle lea'ves, 127-36-L Resistant (low water) (8) Top lea-ves, 127-17-L Resistant, (excessive water) . :' 0:‘.' -'" tv * i.’ u ^ ^ ’ r ri’i* -•• • f a^/ou-oat,"^!? - , 't’r; i . • T*L* ’ •*>'.’' • .t-.v- V' 'O' i 'U r-i- rus^I , • e»r[^ . •.-i:i>84r. '- 'j.-, • VS9>: , •r*! j'^.c c 3T j ^ ri < .V coy&c.r - .'•^ 'i" ' vT .-rv.v '•o\; ‘,r > V. '• : ;> ' , ' a .-3XJ? .) >1 .‘W»ew; . ' -> * '•‘-i'tT'iV ii’VlG^SA :* ' t*l :iT '‘ariS u...-..J[ {h-) / . *- r*. . » ^ « • i^ V T' ‘ f iLi '‘IWVTtVV .'.I'l ’ • ' ' • i#' I. li,’.-.' / K , *?. r. i»«< -2U- Figure Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of three specimens of wheat rust (12) Pure spore (13) Pure leaf rust (II4 ) Pure stem rust v\ •V . t’v'". 4 ^ 6- ''* , *T. IV' ' *vC >'•;.'= .‘p'V .; :aO -.-J * .+ !’ '^.+a ', vU« ‘h /' -26- ft) Figure 10. Visible and near infrared spectral transmittance of three specimens of wheat rust: (1?) Pure spore l5B 5A3/52 (16) Pure leaf rust (17) Pure stem rust S3\£A^ ' C5[X) •r ' (D A'. #B:r;: lael ffti"; (dJt) ' -j. r :*P • ._ „,^_ . / '..'•'•V-'?Si. ' -.Ob is' '*.-v. i.' . 0 Figure 11# Segment of the C.I.E. chranaticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C of three specimens of wheat rust, obtained from spectral directional reflectance data: (12) Pure spore ( 13 ) Pure leaf rust (lli) Pure stem rust • f; I .n :v^ I - /V ‘ . s 1.0 *L£ e^ta^H ' *‘.' 'i ,x ' : I M A '^V ,ii#|3i?ejjC£?7iiw ^jstdmb ^tU^tode • ' ’ ,'. S' **- , ’' ' jji ;i» % ^ *^SL-1 -30 I Figure 12* Segment of the C.I.E. chromatic ity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C, of three specimens of wheat rust, obtained from spectral transmittance data: (15) Pure spore 15B 5A3/52 (16) Pure leaf rust (17) Pure stem rust : ' ’ ^'i • »-'J-l'!Tjq - ;f.;': C9^Mnh^' ' r:. bail ' ..‘ • 'r - • 'f? *lo .. .jd.. d -yfr. . (V) : ‘i..-i' (dl) i:’ • (v.o 'V 'I / -32 I Figure 13 o Schematic ill us Ira tl on of the vertical and horizontal projections of the ” ideal" Munsell system showing the Munsell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Munsell Hue and Chroma points projected from the lower diagram of three specimens of wheat rust, obtained from spectral directional reflectance data? (12) Pure spore (13) Pure leaf rust (ik) Pure stem rust ' )) : a:Lf \o »CX 7y^w:^X'.S. r. . *to k^^l^^4.3^/f^:^ B-rr^"^ bi:i< Xf>3C*^'::'' : x\j ^a.: iX:?:^nv-M '‘Ix'^i.^- ;ifij buLp.V • • '". b^t :j-^o :;.?.!.> ^ .•AO^XiiD *.c i IXern.i'‘! :'. -JTtS.i c fl^' :. : v io W.ii ' • .' Lft'rtuani' 'sU'-^.r ’DijnLRC^o'o , i":,i/T • iM' ^ ^r> lii'-i osll i) •; ': :X>r\^ [ [ • ;» 1/ r *“i a. 3.1 e M .'7 ( f.J yy^'-n my>t-h ('tlX) ^ ir v Figure ih* Schematic illustratLon of the vertical and horizontal projections of the "ideal” Munsell system showing the Munsell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Munsell Hue and Chroma points projected fl*om the lower diagram of three specimens of wheat rust, obtained from spectral transmittance data: (15) Pure spore 1$B 5/13/52 (16) Pure leaf rust V •. r «f:.*:- %' x'ij.^f:_o'rr. j^j-iio5:ju'';0:i .'j'lil VfV -(f .'):• • / .'w'ia'.orf^. ms.T3''v .1'.:-. :*m^M ^'Xx- -virr-.v • erU J'En.-arjv ‘-.i-.ib •'>.- - i-.. Lc:ji cjjH , il l.s,>dw ‘i'O T):nr:t(^t^\\.. lo > jiiTr^ Xi> T#woX ' x.'j'.tcjtX'n^Ofc'Ei’ fp/.v'*o»c;6 ^-. j Sc:\^ r\? acX iw*! Gx) axa laal ew^ {bP " # ' • , .V’ t>33^! ' *.'• ._ , Figure Ij. Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leases of three specimens of young rye plants: (18) Leaves of rye, diseased ( 19 ) Leaves of rye, non-diseased (20) Leaves of rye (unpotted plant) * ; -iUa.-. '^iTvi's^ o' ' * h'-iU:’ '* ' ''/ '<, i j (a.i^ ^G\:i t.. •3V i.OJ rc.lq »;. Ic ^6VB>>i (OS) > .V ' >^v,: ''• V,v' '•-:?>:- ' ‘ . X- ^ ' '.- . '. Figure l6. Segment of the C.IoE* chroma ticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and chroraaticity coordinates, for Source C, of the leaves of three specimens of young rye plants (18) Leaves of rye, diseased ( 19 ) Leaves of lye, non-diseased (20) Leaves of rye (unpotted plant) ' 5;V I I •3*J«0 ©i^ lo cj‘*r:^!!3ec' ,dl ncLfr^ft’/M ,riu-^:el©v.v^' tfljs;Tfriofo ^ihforb. :• .vil^iwo ,0 oo'r^iG'^- j;alrx^ix^00D :v^ zaJ’n.^:] oc^ ^ihjox ,j*i®ti;0'3q8 LM.*‘’f J .*’ lo r.ovpsl iil'Li’ Ic 'i^ >;.'^.-i?.‘:*u; (6X) •" 't o c-^Vi.'O'- I ... .9T^ (^ X) ('jfi?.Xq Lo^^JrJq^l;) e\;i jo 'i3'.^.>:J -I I Figure 17 • Schematic illus-tration of the vertical and horizontal projections of the "ideal” Munsell system showing the Mansell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Mansell Hae and Chroma points projected from the lower diagram of the leaves of three specimens of young rye plants: (18) Leaves of rye, diseased (19) Leaves of iye, non-diseased (20) Leaves of rye (unpotted plant) * ' ‘-'t' ^itJcvwie Xl;‘'‘-'nL/M '^' i- *.=>«;qx‘) Mi f^/ - -i.v*!' •'. ’!/ '*. Ir.y> -vt rT.:Oi':j r' 'r.i'> . 1 ;; ' ••,. 'to a ••Cv *lo 'uvio • ... ::j»ea,rf:; ‘. r ,t • i (8l) s * 5^0/ v '^otl , .;ij i ;-C a--^i33.r (OS) Table I List of the specimens raised at the U.S.D.A. Plant Indnstry Station at BeltsviUe, Msu:yland, and brought to the NBS by Dr. Rodenhiser. Object No. Specimen Designations Diseased and Rust Resisting Wheat Leaves ( 1 ) Leaves of SDWDN 92, Sprayed and Inoculated ( 2 ) Leaves of SIMCN 92, Sprayed (3) Leaves of LEE, Natural ih) Leaves of Wheat, Inoculated (species undesignated) ( 5 ) Leaves of L. C. Susceptible, Inoculated (excessive water) ( 6 ) Leaves of L. C. l5 B Susceptible, Inoculated (low water) (7) Middle Leaves, 127-36-L Resistant (low water) ( 8 ) Top Leaves, 127-17-L Resistant (excessive water) (9) Leaves of Wheat, Inoculated (species undesignated) Inoculated Heads of Susceptible and Resisting Wheat ( 10 ) Mature Heads (fruit). Resisting 36 U-16-52; 5-36-L, Inocul (U.) Mature Heads (fruit), LC 10/195 38 U-23-52, Inoculated Wheat Spore (reflectance ) ( 12 ) Pure Spore (reflectance) (13) Pure Leaf Rust (reflectance) (lU) Pure Stem Rust (reflectance) Wheat Spore (transmittance ) ( 15 ) Pure Spore 15B 5/13/52 (transmittance) ( 16 ) Pure Leaf Rust (transmittance) (17) Pure Stem Rust (transmittance) Diseased and Rust Resisting Rye ( 18 ) Leaves of Rye, Diseased (19) Leaves of Rye, Non-diseased ( 20 ) Leaves of Ifye (unpotted plant) . : ) , ' ->?v ^ J* w Lj^v - UTS^ In rr 1 - OF'.'. .Z.' liT x<^ ^-^ / -.i taB V - j.noT; 'iV ; ' ' i^•r^• tL%y 'vl-^ :o 2G7Jb '' •'XT7C > • ^ » • t ._ ; c t \J . JU .. i ^ •’ *‘ <{ 1. '*' 5«ir . ., : • :*V7 ;i'^, ZiSOb: 0 :nr oa/ be»^JU^ . ’ - •• bSw .:.;’fn‘,/v?! .^-^ - ''.O VgI)- -Oi^ '.i.u . tT'EnJ .t*: : .] vV.l;. j -^IbbizM' .• ' r' • '- • ' ;‘>1 ftoT . o. .r^V . *, . :-f ] .tXT.S'^P V >.l .' t ^s.r ''-::i) . r.T Zt l.o j£-: i- H:^ ^ j.vf; / "i)aeH n ^x ' ]• gt:!.'’! i;M :?.£y u- ; 3iT 'e> ZBsi . ;V iz. i t ) .-V.^iisH ; ^^,^;^i: . b?^ »(;^.^:i^^' '•. Gai! ^ • AT-^rtKilZl'ert; -.^ JV •. riE I V’?*') 6'ioqS ,.i{;'i r> (nf^iTXi:' -J./v-i) J.JJ5I V. • ( 3 on£ . /Ix9t) ^ jH jitin 01 r; DT.vfrB'T^ a • ' •;T y ! o-fs ir’ ^ns/i ('•lil) ^ ,> .''• \ - anr.o.jvj ^ i f^.L. -i. c. AT*' VT.j^' ' / C ,1. ^ iT»t (::.' ’ ’•'T #. V . •I.',., :s._« L aI bozmc' ScQ ; 5 K.. ,'C ".‘^'l , ' , _ . iv'. , j 'zn- Oti '•eji!'' "id V i ! I.'i. lo cZtfV^5»J (OS) *!• fe' I Table II Speciioens from Beltsville^ Maryland Chroma ticity Coordinates, Daylight Reflectances, Dominant Wavelength and Excitation Purity for C.I.E. Source C of the Specimens Studied. Chroma ticity Daylight Dominant Excitation Specimen Coordinates Reflectance Wavelength Purity Number X y K?) (iHx) (%) (1) 0.353 0.362 18.3 576.7 23.6 (2) .322 .358 17.2 562.6 11;.!; (3) .326 .365 19.2 561;. 0 17.U (1») .lOl .38U 8.8 583.1; 1;5.1 (5) .351; .371; 8.1; 57U.O 27.2 (6) .397 .1;09 10.3 576.5 1;8.0 (7) .3l;0 .1;06 12.2 56U.1 32.0 (8) .316 .363 7.9 557.0 Ih.l (9) .368 .372 21.9 578.1 30.1; (10) .355 .356 hh»6 579.2 22.8 (11) .358 .353 36.5 581. U 22.6 (12) ,h62 .388 6.6 588.0 60.0 (13) .391 .3I18 lU.l; 590.1; 30.0 (lU) .373 .3U7 15.9 587.6 25.0 (15) .338 .315 0.3» 625. 6.9 (16) .U99 .1|20 5.> 586.0 7S.3 (17) .10-2 .361 0.8«- 589.0 39.1; (18) .31;8 .376 23.1 571.5 26.1 (19) .320 .359 19.2 561.0 ll;.l (20) .322 .366 16.2 561.2 16.7 '^Daylight transmittance, Y(^) Oj (. . ' 'J . .^ • N « ' J- ' r r '. r> * J- l.k » I •! . 597 -lA- Table III Specimens from BeltsYille^ Maryland Munsell Renotations and ISCC-NBS Color Designations of the Specimens Studied* Specimen Munsell Number Renotation ISCC-NBS Color Designation (1) U.2T 1a. 8/2.0 Light grayish olive (2) 6.6GY U. 7/2.0 Grayish yellow green (3) 6.1GY U.9/2.2 Grayish yellow green (U) 9.3TR 3.U/3.1i Dark yellowish brown (5) 8.5y 3 .I1A .9 Grayish olive (6) 5. or 3 . 7/3. Moderate olive (7) 5.8GY lt.o/3.U Moderate olive green (6) 8.2C5Y 3 . 3/2 .I Dark grayish green (9) 2.7Y 5 . 2/2 . Light olive brown (10) 0.6Y 7 . 1/2 . Light grayish yellowish brown (u) 9.1YR 6. 5/2. Light grayish yellowish brown (12) 6.3YR 3 .O/U.9 Moderate brown (13) 2.8YE b.3/3.1t Moderate reddish brown (lU) lt.5lR 1 . 5/2 . Light grayish reddish brown (15) N 0.2/ Black (16) 8.1*YE 2. 7/5.9 Deep yellowish brown (17) N 0.7/ Black (18) 0.5GY 5 .U/2.5 Light grayish olive (19) 7.2GY U. 9/2.1 Grayish yellow green (20) 6.9GY li.6/2.3 Grayish yellow green . - , , d . i . V. >‘ . ... ' . , f * i’' ., V ' .L,- .i- .V-^- « ' ,4 w{ .-B,rj.:J '’ '--At • -"! wi* .B ^aoij 1 XX-e-oY “ r:v}i ’‘t 0/K>X^ -• -•% * \rr . 1 ^ ^i’- 7 .'i,> .'--I 0 .:\f3 .il i. i afl ^ 1 \ / C') • '.:1 ‘ r?-'" wciJflr^' ^:0 O.S\'i - ^ ::. .Ax . .x WT.,<^ (O • • ' j ri j : ; '.voX J -yr, Erc.x (u) -' ... .'‘lo. •:.ip.t. 7 V ( 2 ) .n,'i .V -i.u£-r-i?i^oK .-.C\T.C TO.; (o; /jrtf j.o kj f.*r*»boM *i.C\0 .t! (T) ' r Y'\ c ‘ •^41 b ^ U*I> . ( 3 ) n^cid S7lto TV.S (<;) ” C\ » •• i * ' (Oi) Tt} imXwo.lX^x rfex^s^rj' . - \ .* H7 £, ; fll) i "i J :. ..o . X ^ia-L». ^ ra T.SVY.Y: rp-;-^* 7ti eit s*l9boH ? »ti\o [S£) iT’fO'td ris* V'Xp'x ;l.?.\£.i' >rj9 .i { f.jvTi I'Uiibi^v^ aBirv 3^a ^riiiXJ V.A'O.ii ^ 4iX) \ i:>mIS \;i . O .i (i;!) rr -:.f • . '-’XT .s (dx) *- liOJSiH \T.O * (YX) - \):Jc 1 -C.xXc.u l.i)::; (P.£ f X *<3 kT’^X- '*C K ^ . 7 UP.C f^S) * ,i- -i .j ih U -h5- Table IV Specimens from Beltsville^ Maryland Color Differences Computed from the Godlove Color-Difference Formla Between the Specimens Indicated. Color Difference Between Specimens Number Color Difference Reference Comparison ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 7.9 ( 3 ) ( 1 ) 8.0 ( 3 ) ( 2 ) u.i ( 3 ) ( U ) 33.6 ( 3 ) ( 9 ) 12 . ( 7 ) ( 5 ) 15.3 ( 7 ) ( 6 ) 13.0 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) 15.6 ( 10 ) ( 11 ) 12.1 ( 12 ) ( 13 ) 27 . 1* ( 12 ) ( 11*) 32.0 ( IS ) ( 16 ) 58.1 ( 15 ) (17 ) 10.0 ( 19 ) ( 18 ) 11.3 ( 19 ) ( 20 ) 6.1 V.. -i* * V ^ t . * r*’ V , •' f -• j- , ^ -U6- Appendix A Ozalid copies of the original recordings of spectral directiaial reflectance cr of spectral transmittance of the 20 specimens of wheat or rye plants grown under controlled conditions at Beltsville, Md., and of spore made on a General Electric recording spectrophotometer. r; ^ V 0;' ^bd' A. - i "to ‘^ni lo iq? 1>:?.Xau-> ’j -? no >£ki ;% no ..vA^^.;:-f lo. rjiX'j^K I /feqs OS :--.-.:f,t *^c oortSitt '•; c^'fjoio fxwc' sJ'afci'; ;'®1 bi £, i?L/ » Ai '* t -U7- Index to Appendix A G£ Graph Sheet Serial Number Specimen Visible Near Infrared Curve Date Number Spectrum Spectrum Number Measured (1) GE II- 96U Cffi II- 965 1 5- 7-52 (2) - 96U - 965 2 5- 7-52 (3) - 96U - 965 3 5- 7-52 0») - 969 - 970 h,5; and U 5-15-52 (5) - 972 - 971 1 5-16-52 (6) - 972 - 971 2 5-16-52 (7) - 972 - 971 3 5-16-52 (8) - 972 - 971 u 5-16-52 (9) - 986 - 987 1 6- 3-52 (10) - 986 - 987 6 6- 3-52 (11) - 986 - 987 7 6- 3-52 (12) - 969 - 970 6; and $ 5-15-52 (13) - 986 - 987 3 6- 3-52 (lU) - 986 - 987 5 6- 3-52 (15) - 973 - 97U 1 5-26-52 (16) - 986 - 987 2 6- 3-52 (17) - 987 - 987 h 6- 3-52 (18) -1376 -1377 1 1-19-5U (19) -1376 -1377 2 1-19-5U (20) -1376 -1377 3 l-l9-51i I . r j \ f V'>^ -* > • S-', V 'i'U C^-.- \ . [\ ,7 .. • ( t'i "O -> z’ r > A % Appendix B Tables of spectral data on the 20 specimens read from the spec tr (photometric curves of Appendix A. 4 I I f: , ,'n' A ,ir *• s/ *; A Diseased and Rust Resisting Wheat (From Beltsville^ Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Lea'^^es of the Indicated Wheat Specimens for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix A; GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II-96U and 965) (1) Leaves of SIMDN 92 (2) Leaves of SUWON 92 (3) Leaves of Sprayed and Inoculated Sprayed Natural Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Rx Length Rx Length Rx Length Length Length Rx up. up _ up up np up Uoo 0.118 750 0.516 1*00 0.126 750 0.590 1*00 0.131* 750 0.591* 10 .120 60 .539 10 .128 60 .622 10 .136 60 .622 20 .122 70 .551 20 .130 70 .636 20 .136 70 .636 30 .122 80 .560 30 .130 80 .61*1* 30 .136 80 .61*2 Uo .120 90 .568 Uo .129 90 .6U6 Uo .136 90 .61*1* U50 .120 800 .576 1*50 0130 800 .6U8 1*50 .136 800 • 6UU 60 .120 10 .581* 60 .130 10 .6U8 60 .136 10 .61*6 70 .120 20 .590 70 0129 20 .6U8 70 .136 20 .61*6 80 .120 30 .596 80 .128 30 .6U8 80 .136 30 .6U6 90 .121* Uo .602 90 .128 Uo .61*7 90 .136 Uo .6U6 500 .126 850 .608 500 .130 850 .6U6 500 .11*0 850 .6U6 10 .131 60 •6lU 10 0I39 60 • 6U6 10 .152 60 .6U6 20 .11*6 70 .620 20 .159 70 .6U6 20 .176 70 .61*7 30 .172 80 .621* 30 .186 80 •6U6 30 .207 80 .6U8 Uo .192 90 .629 Uo .202 90 .61*5 Uo .225 90 .6U8 550 .201* 900 .633 550 .206 900 •6UU 550 .230 900 .650 60 .208 10 .636 60 .201* 10 .6UU 60 .229 10 .650 70 .205 20 .6^9 JO .190 20 .61*3 F .211* 20 .651 80 .198 30 o6U2 So .171* 30 • 6U2 80 .191* 30 .650 90 .195 Uo .6U2 90 .162 Uo .638 90 .182 Uo .6U6 600 .195 950 .639 600 .156 950 063U 600 .175 950 .638 10 .195 60 .63U 10 .151 60 .625 10 .170 60 .628 20 .191* 70 .630 20 .lUU 70 .616 20 .160 70 .618 30 .191* 80 .630 30 .11*0 80 .6lU 30 .156 80 .613 ho .191* 90 .632 Uo .136 90 .615 Uo .152 90 .613 650 .190 1000 .63U 650 .128 1000 .618 650 .11*0 1000 .6l6 60 .188 10 .61*0 60 .121* 10 .622 60 .131* 10 .622 70 .185 20 06U6 70 .118 20 .627 70 .128 20 .627 80 .186 30 .651 80 .116 30 .632 80 .121* 30 .632 90 .195 Uo .656 90 .121 Uo .636 90 .132 Uo .636 700 .21*3 1050 .662 700 .169 1050 .639 700 .188 1050 .639 10 .307 60 .663 10 .250 60 .6U1 10 .275 60 .61a 20 .372 70 .665 20 o3UU 70 .6UU 20 .366 70 .61*1* 30 .1*38 80 .666 30 0 UU9 80 .61*5 30 .1*65 80 .61*5 ho .li86 Uo .531* Uo .51*2 . 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Oil 0 : :>.9(i. - 62- Diseased and Rust Resisting Vflieat (From Beltsville, Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Lea'ves of the Indicated Wheat Specimens for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix A| GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE 11-969, 970, 971, and 972.) (U) Leaves of Wheat (5) Leaves of L.C. ( 6 ) Leaves of L.C. 15B Inoculated Susceptible, Inoculated Susceptible, Inoculated (species undesignated) (excessive water) (low water) Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Rx Length Rx Length «x Length Rx Length Rx Length Rx nu HU mp. np. up up . Uoo 0.032 750 0.391 1*00 0 . 01*3 750 0.1*71 1*00 0.032 750 o.l*a 10 .035 60 . 1*18 10 . 01*7 60 .501* 10 .035 60 .1*36 20 .037 70 . 1*37 20 .050 70 .521* 20 .038 70 .U50 30 .036 80 . 1*53 30 .051 80 .531* 30 . 01*0 80 • U6U ko .039 90 . 1*69 Uo .051 90 , 51*1* Uo . 01*0 90 .1*76 U50 .039 800 . 1*83 U50 .052 800 .550 1*50 . 01*0 800 .U88 60 . 01*0 10 . 1*98 60 .052 10 .556 60 .Ola 10 .500 70 .oUo 20 .512 70 .051 20 .563 70 .Ola 20 .510 80 .01*0 30 .521* 80 .051 30 .568 80 .01*2 30 .520 90 .oUi Uo .539 90 .052 Uo .572 90 .01*1* Uo .531 500 . 01*3 850 .552 500 .051* 850 ,576 500 .01*7 850 .51a 10 • 0li6 60 . 561* 10 .056 60 .581 10 .051* 60 .550 20 .051* 70 .576 20 .066 70 .586 20 .070 70 .559 30 .068 80 .587 30 .081 80 .589 30 .091* 80 .568 ho .082 90 .597 Uo .091* 90 .592 Uo .110 90 .575 550 .091 900 0606 550 .100 900 .596 550 .120 900 .582 60 .096 10 .615 60 .100 10 .600 60 .121* 10 .590 70 .100 20 . 62U 70 .091* 20 .600 70 .121 20 .596 80 .102 30 .632 80 .089 30 .601 80 .118 30 .600 90 .106 Uo .638 90 ,086 Uo .600 90 .116 Uo .603 600 .112 950 . 6UU 600 .086 950 .599 600 .118 950 .603 10 .117 60 . 61*8 10 ,085 60 .592 10 .118 60 .600 20 .122 70 .651 20 . 081* 70 .589 20 .118 70 .600 30 .128 80 .656 30 . 081* 80 .588 30 .120 80 .600 iiO .133 90 .660 Uo . 081* 90 .591 Uo .119 90 .605 650 .137 ODOO . 661* 650 .082 1000 .591* 650 . 111* 1000 .610 60 . 11*2 10 .669 60 .082 10 ,600 60 .112 10 .618 70 . 1U6 20 .675 70 .081 20 .605 70 .109 20 .625 80 .153 30 .679 80 .082 30 .610 80 .110 30 .632 90 .167 Uo .683 90 • 088 Uo . 611* 90 .131* Uo .635 700 .198 3050 .686 700 .119 1050 .618 700 .192 ]o5o . 61a 10 .237 60 .691 10 .172 60 .620 10 .252 60 . 6UU 20 .279 70 .693 20 .250 70 .625 20 .311 70 . 6U6 30 .325 80 .691* 30 . 31*1 80 .626 30 .359 80 . 6U8 Uo .360 Uo .ia 9 Uo .396 ; . 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OT " ' ;xf'4 ,fXX. 406;, i«i5< ^<08 I' OC .5-xi,( 08 ” ' :' 01? < !j»i .. - 5f.&-’ 0(tex 0? s 04 „ Tbl. op ' "* ' ' ' 4-^ i 645> 05«'Si5X. OOT '.{Mi* rS5Pt> 01" 0^V;«4f®a-'' •tX/ /©'X OS 5?CS. at •-.of, “' ii;..: ' 6 , 0 A4fl::n^,, 0S |S.i,,.-^®(S, B^. OT <'?S. 02 - ''' fttio. og|^.^?5e^l* MUi. :«0 ot ofi 5st. OC ^ 0&5V 04 ‘ - “i -53 “ Diseased and Rust Resisting Wheat (From Beltsville^ Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Leaves of the Indicated Wheat Specimens for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, kOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II“97l 5 972, 986 , and 987*) (7) Middle Leaves, 127-36-L (8) Top Leaves, 127-17-L (9) Leaves of Wheat Resistant Resistoit Inoculated (low water) (excessive water) (species undesignated) Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length R^ Length Rx Length Length Length Bx Length Rx np. nu 1T1|J. inp- _irp. _ nu ItOO '0.0U8 750 0.521* 1*00 0.01*1* 750 0.532 1*00 '0.108 750 0.1*92 10 .051* 60 .51*1* 10 .050 60 .568 10 .112 60 .502 20 .060 70 .552 20 .056 70 .586 20 .117 70 .511 3b .062 80 .558 30 .058 80 .596 30 .122 80 .520 ko •06it 90 .562 Uo .060 90 .602 Uo .126 90 .528 U5o • 06U 800 .565 1*50 .060 800 .606 1*50 .128 800 .535 60 .065 10 .568 60 .060 10 .609 60 .132 10 .51*1* 70 .065 20 .570 70 .060 20 .612 70 .131* 20 .550 80 .065 30 .572 80 .060 30 .611* 80 .136 30 .556 90 • O66 uo .571* 90 .060 Uo .615 90 .138 Uo .561 500 .070 85o .575 500 .060 85o .616 500 . 11*2 850 .567 10 . 081* 60 .576 10 .06U 60 .618 10 .150 60 .572 20 .112 70 .578 20 .071* 70 .620 20 .168 70 .576 30 . 11*1 80 .580 30 .090 80 .621 30 .191* 80 .581 ko .155 90 .580 Uo .098 90 .622 Uo .218 90 . 581* 550 .160 900 .581 550 .100 900 .623 550 .235 900 .588 60 .158 10 .582 60 .096 10 . 621* 60 . 21*6 10 .591 70 . 11*2 20 .582 70 .086 20 .62U 70 .250 20 .591* 80 . 121* 30 .582 80 .076 30 .62U 80 . 21*8 30 .596 90 .112 Uo .582 90 .071 UO .621 90 . 21*8 Uo .598 600 .106 950 .579 600 .068 950 .616 600 .250 950 .599 10 .100 60 .571* 10 • 06U 60 .611 10 .250 60 .598 20 .091 70 .570 20 .061 70 .606 20 . 21*8 70 .598 30 .086 80 .570 30 .059 80 .60U 30 .250 80 .599 ho .080 90 .573 Uo .056 90 .606 Uo . 21*9 90 .600 650 .070 1000 .576 650 .051* 1000 .610 65o . 21*1 1000 .602 60 .063 10 .580 60 .051 10 .611* 60 . 23lt 10 .606 70 .056 20 .585 70 .050 20 .618 70 . 221* 20 .608 80 . 051* 30 .588 80 .050 30 .623 80 .221 30 .612 90 . 071* ho .591 90 .051* Uo .626 90 .21*1 Uo .611* 700 .150 1050 .595 700 .086 1050 .630 700 .301* 1050 .616 10 .250 60 .599 10 .152 60 .631 10 .370 60 .618 20 . 31*6 70 .600 20 . 21*9 70 .632 20 .1*21* 70 .620 30 •U3U 80 .60U • 30 .366 80 .63U 30 . 1*58 80 .620 ho .1*92 Uo . 1*65 Uo .1*78 ; a: • •. ti>XItrt^I^ vDK i>./ '. 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Q0)& >',05S » &60h (Jf>6 9T2. 029 dOl* rftjc ,*W-' -r/^: wX 06 4c)0. oi itT2. <» OOi. OX* , 0$' or vM^ Wh,. OS jao. os <5t5. 09 X9C'- os W^'O. m' ot OS 950. Of 0J2. 08 odo. oe 0D^. ,- • ,. olo^ ^ c^l OOT .. . t?s;4. OOT 292. 02IOI o2x. COT ' fcii-. 4vf> oi..: «5[X. Od' 992, Od 02S. 01 ov- >• 9ii. OS 003. or 6(fr, OS •KA,\ •::« *3t m .66f,, 302. 08 o; - atiU (5(i .OjjJ w V L *jf ..» -6U» Diseased and Rust Resisting Wheat (From Belts ville, Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Heads of the Indicated Wheat Specimens for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Milliinicrons. (See Appendix A; GE Gb:*aph Sheets Serial No. GE II-986 and 987*) (10) Mature Heads (Fruit) (11) Mature Heads (Fruit) Resisting 36 U-16-52; 5-36-L LC 10A9| 38 U-23-52 Inoculated Inoculated Wave Wave Wave Wave Length % Length Length R^ Length mp. up. mp. up. Uoo 0.168 750 0.658 1*00 0.11*9 750 0.598 10 .191 60 .667 10 .166 60 .608 20 .221* 70 .67U 20 .186 70 .616 30 .255 80 .678 30 .206 80 .623 Uo .282 90 .682 Uo .222 90 .630 1*50 .305 800 .687 1*50 .236 800 .636 60 .321* 10 .691 60 .250 10 .61*2 70 .31*0 20 .691* 70 .261 20 .61*8 80 .351* 30 .697 80 .272 30 .652 90 .365 Uo .700 90 .281* Uo .657 500 .376 850 .702 500 .291* 85o .662 10 .386 60 .701* 10 .305 60 .666 20 .398 70 .706 20 .316 70 .670 30 .1*08 80 .708 30 .328 80 .672 ho .1*20 90 .708 Uo .31*0 90 .671* 550 .1*31* 900 .709 550 .352 900 .676 60 .1*1*9 10 .707 60 .366 10 .676 70 .U63 20 .706 70 .380 20 .678 80 .1*72 30 .706 80 .391* 30 .680 90 ,1*90 Uo .708 90 .1*08 Uo .682 600 .505 950 .708 600 .U2O 950 .681* 10 .518 60 .706 10 .1*31* 60 .683 20 .530 70 .702 20 •UU8 70 .681 30 .51*1 80 .699 30 .U60 80 .678 Uo .550 90 .69U Uo . U71 90 .676 650 .560 1000 .692 650 • U8U 1000 .671* 60 .570 10 .692 60 .1*91* 10 .676 70 .580 20 .691* 70 .507 20 .676 80 .590 30 .691* 80 .520 30 .680 90 • 6oU Uo .696 90 .533 UO .680 700 .616 1050 .698 700 .51*6 1050 .682 10 .628 60 .698 10 .558 60 .68U 20 .636 70 .703 20 .570 70 .686 30 .61*3 80 .701* 30 .580 80 .688 Uo .652 Uo .590 ^ Wheat Rust Spore (J^om BeltsidUe, Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of Specimens of the Indicated Wheat Rust ^ore for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix A; GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE 11-969, 970, 986, and 987*) (12) ?wre Spore (13) Pure Leaf East (lU) Pure Stem Rust Wave Wa*ve Wave Wave Wave Wave Length R^^ Length R^ Length R^ Length R)^ Length R^ Length R^ iru nU n*jL n*x HU HU Uoo 0.023 750 0.281* 1*00 0.091* 750 0.377 1*00 0.108 750 0.366 10 .023 60 .302 10 .093 60 .392 10 .109 60 .379 20 .022 70 .319 20 .092 70 .1*01* 20 .109 70 .390 30 .022 80 .331* 30 .092 80 .ia8 30 .109 80 .1*03 Uo .021 90 .350 1*0 .092 90 .1*30 1*0 .108 90 .ia5 1*50 .021 800 .367 1*50 .091 800 .1*1*1* 1*50 .108 800 .1*26 60 .021 10 .383 60 .090 10 .1*58 60 .108 10 .1*1*0 70 .021 20 .1*01 70 .090 20 .1*71* 70 .107 20 .1*51 80 .021 30 .1*17 80 .090 30 .1*86 80 .108 30 .1*61* 90 .022 1*0 .1*33 90 .090 1*0 .500 90 .110 1*0 .1*76 500 .023 850 .1*1*9 500 .090 85o .515 500 .111 850 .1*90 10 .023 60 .1*65 10 .090 60 .531 10 .112 60 .501 20 .029 70 .1*80 20 .091 70 .51*1* 20 .U8 70 .511* 30 .01*2 80 .1*95 30 .099 80 .558 30 .132 80 .52U 1*0 .053 90 .508 1*0 .118 90 .570 1*0 .11*5 90 .535 550 .061 900 .522 550 .136 900 .581* 550 .155 900 .5U5 60 .068 10 .536 60 .11*9 10 .598 60 .161 10 .556 70 .075 20 .51*8 70 .159 20 .611 70 .169 20 .566 80 .081 30 .561 80 .168 30 .623 80 .176 30 .576 90 .089 1*0 .572 90 .178 1*0 .631* 90 .181* 1*0 .586 6oo .097 950 .581* 600 .188 950 .61*5 600 .191* 950 .591* 10 .105 60 .591* 10 .198 60 .651* 10 .201 60 .602 20 .116 70 .60l* 20 .209 70 .665 20 .212 70 .610 30 .126 80 .611* 30 .221 80 .675 30 .221 80 .619 1*0 .135 90 .621* 1*0 .232 90 .685 1*0 .232 90 0626 650 .11*6 1000 .628 650 .21*1* 1000 .692 65o .21*1* 1000 .630 60 .157 10 .636 60 .256 10 .702 60 .255 10 .636 70 .169 20 .61*6 70 .270 20 .710 70 .266 20 .61*1 80 .182 30 .651 80 .281* 30 .716 80 .278 30 .6U5 90 .191* 1*0 .657 90 .295 1*0 .721 90 .290 1*0 .650 700 .207 1050 .658 700 .309 1050 .727 700 .301* 1050 .65U 10 .222 60 .663 10 .323 60 .731 10 .316 60 .656 20 .238 70 .661* 20 .336 70 .735 20 .330 70 • 660 30 .253 80 .668 30 .352 80 .7l*X 30 .31*2 80 .661* 1*0 .269 1*0 .361* 1*0 .355 ' .' ,.. 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(l5) Pure Spore i5b (16) Pure Leaf Rust (17) Pure Stem Rust 5A3/52 Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Tx Length Length Tx Length Length \ Length Tx iru mp, itu ItOO 0.003 750 O.Oll* 1*00 c1.012 750 0.131* Uoo 0.005 750 0.032 10 .003 60 .015 10 .011 60 .lUU 10 .005 60 .031* 20 .003 70 .016 20 .010 70 .1U6 20 .005 70 .036 30 .003 80 .018 30 .009 80 ,11*8 30 ,005 80 .038 ho .003 90 .020 Uo ,008 90 .150 Uo .001* 90 .01*0 1*50 .003 800 .021 1*50 .008 800 .151 U50 .001* 800 .Ola 60 .003 10 .023 60 .008 10 .153 60 .001* 10 .01*1* 70 .003 20 .025 70 .008 20 .155 70 ,001* 20 .01*6 80 .002 30 .027 80 .008 30 .156 80 .001* 30 .01*8 90 .002 Uo .029 90 .008 Uo .158 90 • 00 Uo .050 500 .002 850 .031 500 .008 85o .160 500 .005 850 .051 10 .002 60 .033 10 .008 60 .161 10 .005 60 .053 20 .002 70 .035 20 .010 70 .162 20 .005 70 .055 30 .002 80 .037 30 .020 80 .I6U 30 .006 80 .056 Uo .002 90 .039 Uo o039 90 ,161* Uo .007 90 ,058 550 .003 900 .Ola 550 .056 900 .166 550 .008 900 .060 60 .003 10 .01*2 60 o06U 10 .166 60 .009 10 .061 70 .003 20 oOliU 70 .070 20 .167 70 .009 20 .062 80 .003 30 .01*6 80 ,071* 30 .168 80 .010 30 .061* 90 .003 iiO .01*7 90 .078 Uo .168 90 .011 Uo .065 600 .003 950 .01*9 600 .082 950 .169 600 .011 950 .066 10 .003 60 .050 10 .086 60 .170 10 .012 60 .066 20 .003 70 .052 20 o090 70 .170 20 .013 70 .068 30 .001* 80 .053 30 .091* 80 0I7O 30 oOlU 80 .068 ho .001* 90 .051* Uo .096 90 .170 Uo .015 90 .069 650 OO 1000 .055 650 .100 1000 .170 650 .016 1000 ,070 60 .005 10 .055 60 ,101* 10 .171 60 .018 10 .070 70 .006 20 .057 70 .106 20 .171 70 .019 20 .071 80 .006 30 .058 80 .110 30 .171 80 .020 30 .071 90 .007 liO ,058 90 .112 Uo .172 90 .022 Uo .071 700 .008 io5o .059 700 .U6 1050 .170 700 .02U 1050 .071 10 .009 60 .060 10 .119 60 .170 10 .026 60 ,071 20 .010 70 .062 20 .121 70 .170 20 .028 70 .071 30 .011 80 .061; 30 0I3O 80 .171 30 .029 80 .071 ho .012 UO 0I32 Uo .030 , ' ! . 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CT m lYO* Of OSbi itXv' ^ '4It . .Ofil?,’ 08 050^ ot OOCT. 06 ' xro. vW SSpt^, Od. sri- SXI'. 0’5Qi- '•* too. 0^ r-- : •* .% • XT9. 0501 4S0.' WT OTX . CCti OcOX 0ot. (53''* n 3i»'. OX <* OTX 4 03% .030,. ..03 POO. XtO. * r ' xro. SSO'I- aif^ ^ 0^.fitxsx. OS S35, OVi, oxc. OS • • XTO- 00 “?SQ. £U.\ 00;^ ot :;430. .5 00 liD. oc •.« I stx. <5 : sxn OJ oco:^ 04 04 .' , •» . a •_ -• fc. . £ * ^ f 1 i 'A 4^:, * I" ,’jj'nll'! ' *rJ f4 .V. ^7- I Diseased and Rnst Resisting Rye (From Beltsville, Maryland) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Lea-ves of the Indicated Rye Specimens for the '^^sible and Near Infrared Spectrum, i;00 to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix A| GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II - 1376 and 1377 o) (18) Leaves of Rye (19) Leaves of Rye (20) Leaves of Rye Diseased Non-diseased (unpotted plant) Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length h Length Length Length Rx Length Length Rx nu __np nu _ llOO 0 . 11*0 750 1 0.556 1*00 0 . 11*1 750 0.596 1*00 0.116 750 0.688 . 10 . 11*0 60 .565 10 oiUU 60 .608 10 .U8 60 .721 20 . 11*0 70 .571 20 . 11*5 70 .611* 20 .118 70 .736 30 . 11*0 80 .575 30 . 11*1* 80 0616 30 <,H 7 80 .71*3 Uo . 11*0 90 .580 Uo oiUU 90 .619 1*0 .116 90 .71*6 1*50 .iia 800 . 581* 1*50 . oiUU 800 .620 1*50 .116 800 .71*8 60 . 11*2 10 .587 60 o!iUU 10 .620 60 .116 10 .71*9 70 . 114* 20 .590 70 .lUU 20 .620 70 .116 20 .750 80 . 11*1* 30 . 591* 80 .lUU 30 .620 80 .116 30 -750 90 . 1U6 Uo .596 90 .lUU Uo .620 90 .115 Uo .71*9 vn 8 . 151* 85o .600 500 . 11*6 850 .620 500 .119 850 .71*9 10 .172 60 ,602 10 .159 60 .620 10 .130 60 .71*9 20 .202 70 .601* 20 .186 70 .620 20 .155 70 .71*9 30 .236 80 .608 30 . 211* 80 .620 30 . 181* 80 .71*9 ho .256 90 .610 Uo .226 90 .620 Uo .195 90 .71*8 550 .266 900 .612 550 o 230 900 .620 550 .198 900 .71*8 60 .269 10 .611* 60 . 221* 10 .620 60 .193 10 .71*6 70 .259 20 .616 70 .206 20 .620 70 .176 20 . 71*1* 80 .21*6 30 .616 80 .188 30 .620 80 .159 30 .739 90 o 239 Uo . 616 90 .178 Uo .618 90 .150 Uo .729 600 .235 950 . 611* 600 .171* 950 .611* 600 .11*1* 950 .716 10 .230 60 .612 10 .166 60 .612 10 .138 60 .703 20 .223 70 .612 20 .160 70 ,612 20 0I31 70 .698 30 .221 80 , 611* 30 .156 80 .611* 30 .128 80 .698 Uo .211* 90 . 6L 8 Uo .150 90 .618 Uo .123 90 .702 650 .200 1000 .621 65o . 11*2 1000 .620 650 .116 1000 .709 60 •191 10 .626 60 .136 10 . 621* 60 .110 10 .716 70 .180 20 .630 70 0I32 20 .628 70 .106 20 .721* 80 .179 30 .631* 80 0I3I 30 .631 80 .105 30 o 730 90 .219 Uo .638 90 .150 Uo .631* 90 .121 Uo .735 700 .31U 1050 . 61*1 700 o 219 1050 .638 700 .192 1050 .739 10 .398 60 . 61*2 10 .311 60 • 6U0 10 .288 60 . 71*1 20 .U6U 70 . 6U5 20 .1*10 70 .6U2 20 . 1*00 70 .71*2 ) 30 .516 80 06U6 30 .506 80 . 61*2 30 .530 80 .71*2 Uo . 51*1 1*0 . 561* Uo • 626 , 1 , — ^ f!l Jjnr . r! tf* h •15/ %«J ^rjpte*^HsJ[ ^ii- -*4k v«)lb W‘ jii» rV .f- t- ^ ^ - •’ •act ?'.5 *>T j«r; «s:j .K^: u a n- ,o‘ r T Jf *;> 1 HJ^ *• «» ^ a*:'. 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Ht 4 =68 “» I lo Field-Grown Specimens frcpi Stillwater 5 Oklahoma All of the 16 specimens from field-grown wheat plants grown at the T3SDA Plant Industry Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma, are considered in this part of this report® These specimens were from fields photographed from a plane a day or two preidous to the date recei'^d at the KBS® Ihe specimens were flown from Stillwater, Oklahoma, to Washington, C®, and were brought to the NBS for measurement by Dr® R® N® Colwell on May 29^ 1952® The speci- men designations given by Dr® Colwell, together with the specimen numbers used throughout this section of this report are listed in Table V® Figures I8 through 25 show the spectral-directional-reflectance curves of the specimens designated in the legends of the iUustraticns® The data used for these illustrations are taken from those shown in Appendix C and listed in Appendix D® The chromaticity coordinates, dominant wavelength, and excitation purity of the specimens of these eight illustrations are shown in segments of the C.I.E® chroma ticity dia^am, for Source C, in Figures 26 through 28® The data used for these illustrations are listed in Table YE® Table VI also lists the daylight reflectance of the I6 specimens® The Munsell renotations of these same specimens are illustrated in the schematic diagrams of the "Ideal Munsell Slystem" in Figures 29 through 31« The data used for these illustrations are listed in Table YEI together with the corresponding ISCC-NBS color designations® Determinations were made of color difference between the related ^eci- mens indicated in Table VIII ® ) ' ' Vr ' ivi'l' *.'••, v, mV V, S'Ti’x. >r.'r • -wit to JiA *' iti; t. ^ Sri %'cii.^ t*'‘- ’ Q- f -, '.7?f i; >’015, .©ijaffl* '^^'^'V..', .i , QTj . wi ; /l^ . ^1 ' ' . f, o':f r 'xO v. ^ ^ • ;iV . „(l^.j.- V. .^vxr‘rx.d^^ 'CaJ* :^iirr^f':-'^^..j-' ^ u;;^ 'i '^iVC).rt • ‘ .- I • »i -- 3p-, v>yV/ 7 . V ’. ;i -*« ’::2oiff V'/ '.t?, ‘ •‘•,j , X:' -X , T 'X' •> ’’'•‘*m' , ''ij't , .7 f <^s. ^- • W ~ ’• ^ ^ Ax, f^r{ •;-',i: ‘U‘ '?.?!7L'Pi‘.'i .A*.»'^, 2^T «•»- * •>’-«1I^ to 7’T‘^X^ •^A ^ • •• ai-.«irrr--:,,;-M4t no' -jiojii- * p-ji a;.pj-';-'- . cupni- 'v/. ' ' > i _ - ff f- W S 4,' > ‘ -i»"i , J8 />. . Y f x Ev: . . 'ino ;xrfc^ ’ duT 6a.i '-‘_ . siL . - ;\r*vxi. Ix J'O'gi’S. f c.j4* >ij trSirS J ^5 t. *. ,r) ' c:v^i.r . 10*1 - • ^rt! 1 / '. *\xi' -i.i’O' a ' lirnla «R.: . ,' •-<. •:«'''• . ‘'U. '-•/O.litXJ rr Ji;., ’ J^'i hr-^ - -Dyqr .'^i- fid^’ *;C':ff... c' 'iXt?»'i : .i'vyiy - ^ ., " t m%& , . ” ‘*Ki[6 -aOT.»ft*iU » e.n:'r' V> ; ‘•i'" .'^aW<>Tti o^-eus^A 'f?3W9'|c " ‘>’' Uji5rr* / -.' ..-’L i^xir s‘ id£;’ ro m ."dil a«xE ai;;:* - I >>fl^ fiidsi^'vio'' .•no9*rv' -^^0'^'' U <>‘t0M vjnottfiii/', -.el'i’C oXij^Vr tL 1 .'iJbnt I f Figure 18« Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants s (21) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C High rust severity (2U) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C Low rust severity ) . \ ^- ' -n^»-T»:b ^riJ: iw .. , ••• '1 •' ;v'’' 1 '^'eAj''^w-^ iMhz.iq : . •^*:v*^ "' -^' - • .'^' . -^J) |D ^J^f'i'. *. > 'ix'- ( *> '- t *0 ::i 2H . . :uc. '.• 'T-VV^! -71- Figure 19« Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the heads (fruit) of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants; (22) Heads of WESTER, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (25) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity "V OTv?. i brtE- 'v^pX' btut:‘i\'^ O0- • , uw’i"’ ..V -!lo i::-.} , -.f j:*SCAre« .4fiO;Tk rigiH ble/t ,4 - ,'tAT0air lo ab^i ; • . "'nv^a vry f 73 - Figure 20. Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the stalks of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants; (23) Stalks of ‘WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (26) Stalks of VESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity .i -m '.’V '. "'f. 'a aiTcCeirV^ S , n •f ^dd’ lo tfDrxs^DeUflr^' Xsaoiio^Tjjb • •!-»•» *41. I ’V 4e*n*tjnr'lo 3maU:otiqz ^ , . j ' V "* ' ' ’ ® ti" "< '^0 VJ ® j ^ ^ ^ t^lfe!5Iif lo 53^IBC^2 (£.s) / , . '' 7 , , \d,.H^9Q dsin dgfil » '^r.' " . - x3 iJlat'? tS noTfoeS ^JilT3aW lo ;:iIoi2 (dS) \;iliav9tt disjji woJ ||» , V ”' ’ ‘ '^ '**•> M-- . *-' ’Ai-)- '( -ijgA : 75- Figure 21* Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the heads (fruit) of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants (27) Heads of WICPIITA, Section 5, Field D, High rust severity (29) Heads of WICHTTA, Section 5, Field D, Low rust severity i ' *' <' '''V '' • " . 'f* • 'V •'\^d ^ ".it aJCctiteiV >'IS s K ‘ HU ..(i j .; ^d»ri^arft lo. ©oiifi*09ll&T JUxxoid-arLtb * .. *ri IP ; staslq ‘ ¥•. bXala mJboeis tiiTlHOW 16 absaH (YS) « ' »a ^tis'i ri^iH \ . Fi blsn ,?.co±Jo^i, Figure 22. Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the stalks of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants; (28) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, High rust severity (30) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, Low rust severity - . • ' .~^K. ^'' ^ (I Xjr^ooqe br» fkXdfcaiV *SS cr«t T:o®^ji3lfBta=^ !«e{%1o sDnsX^aXtei liifX’i^'Od'iJi) Ji " fif . >TW^ n g: .,. ^ 'V- - ^ . I •;,;i: {^wijsa lo eoB^ix^oqa, (8s) t*! .Aiiaaiw lo eiuje ;; ^ ^. ^Xi<5V9« ^iBtn lisXii. •-V, - I f- , f ajtijBite . 4 fl0i^398 tATffiOIW lo' (OO *n t ,i ^I’litrM-.'f fttn woU L ' I m i r *' ^4 V' ,' t * V.', . . ^ *.’. .'*A 1 ’ • < t' ^,^ ' ' ' is ... ) /4 t , 1^ \ ' <•- r'.' I " ) * V''‘':':.» • i*' ., ^ ^ tv ' f ' t.'-yf -t* ^ • ' ', . . .>S‘ _v> . * / • -/ ¥ < •('s', ' • •'.I ... /-<;/*... |..y .'s :.i ' • ' • •. iV. V? '! '’i'*' ' ’' * , , ^‘^’wm - ^ t -.*!* *-^ ' •- ' >V * "'^ " i (4i. ^ t' ‘ A !• 'iiJi J!f. . 79- Figure 23 • Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants: (31) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, SectiOTi 9, Field D (3U) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D %* ' ' - . •\ -.t-J' Sw ' -- .. (, 3wa±l j t .’ ipu , V. ow to arfj lo:aorja;toari9^^'lAfK>x*to^^^ sbsr: .iwoTi-bl-jn ,- » vtW'ter'jK 6 iioi^osa i'TaXOAl aJJd lo awBaJ fie) eVivC- :"wi\' %: ...... '. ‘'«!. ,XX /»jW-jae .TSHOAt. 3JJfi lo esraai (iit) * 1 ‘ ‘ eblaW - 81- Figure 2U0 Visible and near infl*ared spectral directional reflectance of the heads (fruit) of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants: (32) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (35) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D W’--.-T*r •rr-'i ' v' 'I ' !• ff ' * t •> / ' :a^imi.t[ iaoi'tr >cw'%-*faIa4aL lo aoaoloa^^a i£> mr.toae tfeiOAl. aitJS to ‘ofr^aH (St)‘ ,xr aoiraoS ,Ta3T3AJ. aCOK to EfaAsh (5t) • a Mt.1^- - 83- Figure 25. Visible and near infrared spectral directional reflectance of the stalks of two specimais of mature, field-growi, wheat plants s (33) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (36) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D I I «J‘';.:b,V’ -c..:: «ufari Cttrf lo ;: w,;»45a^;.T i;;- '.ttoricft ..'««! :-?*.'5«lq * ,fs; s v.i.eX'1 lo c.jan; ^ -¥», .•.. rr ’JOfi t.,, (’f.;,, j \ -85- Figure 26. Segment of the C.I.E^ chromaticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitatioi purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C, of the leaves, heads, and stalks, of two specimens of mature, field grown, wheat plants: (21) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (22) Heads of IaJESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (23) Stalks of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (2U) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity (25) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity (26) Stalks of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity . 1 f V *'. '• ' ...• * •.“. "i. f '4' .•. .. ,. s- • »'>.sV ii'' , •••' ; ••'•. 'VO ,»3^v^*%C to '•• ' ' ’ t j v. _ ' ' " ^ ‘ ^ - ^ V ' ' .'• ><«:•/ ‘ .• ,'; r t \ • V ii U i \ ’ -V/ .-.r’ t { . '•i «k - ( ,<• A »i 1 Vi: 1 - 87 - Figure 27 o Segment of the CoI.Eo chromaticity diagram showing dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C, of the heads and stalks of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants: (27) Heads of WICHITA, Section Field D, High rust severity (28) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, High rust severity (29) Heads of WICHITA, Section 5 , Field D, Low rust severity (30) Stalks of WICHITA, SectiOTi 5 , Field D, Low rust severity ' /a 5.'? -^^^^< ’,' :''. iv’ 5: f'w' ..' ,,. V. u»x ' ^ o .7.; \ tn- •-^y.: ' t6_ /, gi, ,-._ , ..: .. 7 ' • • ‘ ' •:>.' 'r :. . •^’>-^'V cl j,-’ ^ 5^- J r ' \ ' f . .St "<0 ^ .‘7a 'ii - i •):: ..‘hvs;,-ci •'-rr.a -89- Figure 28. Segment of the C.I.E. chroma ticity diagram showing dominant wa’velength, excitation purity, and chromaticity coordinates, for Source C, of the leaves, heads, and stalks, of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants: (31) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (32) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (33) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (3U) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D (35) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D (36) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D ^ % fi ' ; f. tryXL^'-' • i:i:J ‘<^*.toxl-^, 7cf,'tg:^lb v->' j[yne exiflltto^u.; OWst Ic vJ; 5I!B '3^d^ 1o aoUt:Z clJ ia .to ij uIM8 'io abj6e< (SI> a itox>o«?3 ^Ta.mi (c:x) ' j; rrol; oj>3 jl’yifCAL H'UI;. Ic ;3fA'-'"-v I bio ,U m.^irbe^ ^SDDAL SJJiai lo ;,^)‘ C. b:- ol'i A ,j.t l'•.-,:‘0?Ki ,i',a:s3J“v.aTi;:3 lo e:3i'w+i M). C Sit-eil *1 91- Figure 29* Schematic illustration of the vertical and horizontal projections of the "ideal” Munsell system showing the Munsell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Munsell Hue and Chroma points projected from the lower diagram of the leaves, heads, and stalks, of two specimens of mature, field- grown, wheat plants: (21) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High riast severity (22) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (23) Stalks of VESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High rust severity (2li) Leaves of TESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity (25) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity (26) Stalks of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low rust severity , I ' lo ' #92' •' • . ’I ^:9(: : ^fJi b'nz i, 3V IIfl«,.iijj' M'^ iie^t' TPi ilaejiwM “' ¥*• ' " " erut ivpis: -^ bs.tifoiiq (.neT^ii) »qqxf) ©xylBV ''1 . bat 3©(;ow .;J/no,q .<.:oiriO iiTB e>iii e^i' r,-i r{ ^8«v«a I ^»rlt 'Id mr'r^s^xb srit *tio'X^ t9'w:tt'jn io co5»ivfiaoqs oi^r lo ^cdi«\te brx : ^icu&Iq ^xwo*X5i bl^ri ,S fr.)J:t::>-:% lo eeasoj U^) jD ^.j'-rJ:'^ 3.0 Bb£a--I (2S) X'^xierc'i^a . isJti D bio/^ ^ •'4.3' 1 ztv\:T Sa'irx il^W I '" "'.^y J Jb;loi'^ e.-S' 'ixi' ’d'pVd^t’ . ‘ ' ' ,:^ 4 -:tjv'^'^ vcsjt'' ^ • '.•- ' i-) nbi%pl' > ^0 t noltniNt^ (t^) ’ ,V ' . . ; * •* " 4 i • j./'i- ijx:'!!' .** 'i*V»* - 1 t :-:* f ^0 Mai'? rrato^S 1.0 (fe) il. r -93- Figure 30 o Schematic iHustration of the vertical and horizontal projections of the "ideal” Munsell system showing the Mansell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Munsell Hue and Chroma points projected ftom the lower diagram of the heads and stalks of two specimens of mature, field-grown, wheat plants: (27) Heads of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, High rust severity (28) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, High rust severity (29) Heads of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, Low rust severity (30) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5, Field D, Low rust severity ; r f V • ,1 # )l A 'I ‘ «T K -i ^> ' * * .* ^ -j • -•* ,' -I « '* ’ • ’ ' ^ ’ . . i . ( Figure 31 o Schematic illiistration of the vertical and horizontal projections of the “ideal” Munsell system showing the Mansell Value (upper diagram) plotted against the Munsell Hue and Chroma points projected from the lower diagram of the leaves, heads, and stalks, of two specimens of mature, field- grown, wheat plants: (31) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (32) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (33) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (3h) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section H, Field D (35) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Secticxi 11, Field D (36) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D 1 '' ^ ’ii’f as^ii'± r’ . a . .i::^'t’’Tv io ! 1' 1:' ' • ‘ '•<' r “ -tfirAX . ; n.^, . ;-• ^^0 fij ( Du'" " S•^.v.^^ ,shri^i' ''•' •">’•:>.; 0':/ ?0"Ct • r , ' ' ' - • ' ' . / -.'.’0 / 1 r 't " ' OSii.lcpt *, \*>. / ; -i’ iV TOjil -. v.^)irriVt- >.;{?j. 'SO u h' ^ ' , V •-' M:y'' ill ni>x^7'^i' -^O' •^-4^0 .a ' f ' ' JJ. : ^ ,xc ^cO . '"•' ' r :..<,'{ Vi • « . . : i r -97 Table V List of the specimens raised at Stillwater, Oklahoma, and brought to the NBS by DTo Colwell on May 29s 1952. Object Number Specimen Designations (21) Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High Rust Severity (22) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High Rust Severity (23) Stalks of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, High Rust Severity (21») Leaves of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low Rust Severity (25) Heads of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low Rust Severity (26) Stalks of WESTAR, Section 2, Field C, Low Rust Seveirlty (27) Heads of WICHITA, Section 5 , Field D, High Rust Severity (28) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5 , Field D, High Rust Severity (29) Heads of WICHITA, Section 5 , Field D, Low Rust Severity (30) Stalks of WICHITA, Section 5 , Field D, Low Rust Severity (31) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (32) Heads of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (33) Stalks of BLUE JACKET, Section 9, Field D (3U) Leaves of BLUE JACKET, Section 11, Field D ( 35 ) Hea ( f * ' 'V - 98« Table VI Specimens from Stillwater^ Oklahoma Chromatic ity Coordinates, Daylight Reflectances, Dominant Wavelength and Ebccitation Purity for C*I.E. Source C of the Specimens Studied. Chromatici ty Daylight Dominant Excitation Specimen Coordinates Reflectance Wavelength Purity Number X y n%) . (iv) (^) (21) 0.36U 0.367 22.9 578.5 28.0 (22) .339 .370 20.3 569. U 22.1 (23) .329 .365 17.8 565.8 18.0 (2lt) .330 .363 18.9 566.1* 17.9 (25) • 3U2 .371 20.9 570.3 23.1 (26) .336 .378 20.9 566.1* 23.1* (27) .357 .373 26.0 575.0 27.8 (28) .376 .387 U3.5 576.6 36.8 (29) .3U3 .372 23.3 570.6 23.7 (30) .33lt .370 20.6 567.2 20.9 (31) .3li0 .369 21.0 570.0 22.2 (32) .3U2 .37U 20.1* 569.8 21*. 0 (33) .330 .367 19.0 566.0 18.9 (3li) .338 .366 18.8 569.9 20.8 (35) .3U2 .375 21,7 569.6 21*. 3 CO (36) • CM .363 17.8 565.6 17.2 « . ' 4 f" f « <«* ,* 1 . Jl i I ' "* > *?»: '.*5. J>ftb vd^: nr:;9;u.p^'c; .J ^0 - . : ^ Ai!.L?icO '!. .• "if ' * ’ [t 3‘.- fi < .1 *^.‘*v r^ V \ .• ' * i i .V:::?V; 1 .. C*. (m* t . - — ' -- •- • C'r- '-' ’ '. ,’\ • * < .‘i»y cj . i -. C. .w * '• ‘ r' • ' 1,. % - X/... u^5 V 1 * . ‘ - 4 •>1 ',,'^.d2 . v'X C-f'-C ' \ , V . i V V } C, '..O'. - » c, :^i.c '*y ' \ * -:) ' . \ ’jl^>:‘ ii , fi •}V^- 'll . ji) a.‘is L 6 ^ cVc- ; ' 1 : B.ol J » ' 1 - .' ' , 1 . . a T-.- S! o."'V. - , “k - '• ^ "* J',>. * /i • ) -• •- u.0§ \ ' \ • 'h ' .o?2 ^OCL . ^ i 1 * {^TC* ^ -*V.4 ' * / . ^ ^ -.61 C' ':ae oil. * ; C.OS 'dl. 'li. ' '• r * i .<. \ n XS l\( • -:• *' r » > • t d.TX'^ . '-U) ( 632 “99- Table VII Specimens from Stillwater 5 Oklahoma Mansell Renotations and ISCC-NBS Color Designations of the Specimens Studied Specimen Mum sell Number Renotation ISCC-NBS Color Designation (21) 2,UT 5 . 3/2. Light olivs brown (22) 2 .I4GX 5 . 1/2 . Grayish yellow green ( 23 ) 5.3GT ll. 8/2.1 Grayish yellow green (2U) U.9GI U. 9/2.0 Grayish yellow green (25) 1.5GY 5 . 1/2 .3 Light grayish olive (26) lt.9GY 5 . 1/2 . Grayish yellow green (27) 5.9T 5 . 6/2. Light grayish olive (28) U.0I 7 .O/U.2 Grayish yellow ( 29 ) 1.3GY 5.U/2 .I1 Light grayish olive ( 30 ) U.3Gr 5 .I/2.3 Grayish yellow green (31) 1.7GY 5 . 1/2. Light grayish olive ( 32 ) 2.0GY 5.1/2.1* Grayish yellow green (33) 5.2or U. 9/2.2 Grayish yellow green (3li) 1.6GX U. 9/2.0 idght grayish olive (35) 2.3GX 5 . 2/2 .U Grayish yellow green (36) 5.1*GI li. 8/2.0 Grayish yellow green ' . I ) i ' ' it:^.^1L J . i. i' \ CXS) <4 ^ --V « A' Xi'iU. ’X ,i3:>. •Vi!'' ^ ( :^cL -i , ' ' ' ^ ''*/ f v> * x r * ‘ i.^ ''- i \ , j. .7 - * tw.. , \ v; ^ / r . ,, r ' -ijf W| ' ,W ->‘'V f 'n :• (SS; ’ ii . V r-'i. . 1 l_v^> ^ • c: (TC) ' * .‘ ' AV • ' % ) . wX ,ju rifU ".; .r-, ...',\0 .v‘; 7-.|( ('3S J . > ' » ,«j '?:;) /XJ •* V •’ ,r W ^ i.' .07 ' ,- - '< --’ (OO ' * : >4’“^ •3 70V. :-ro r*n '^ "WC \i" :: , :\I ' < ^ (if * . t irT. .vii ':r>s\r • nu- Vi ._-< - - .^5 yo^. . J ‘llcj X'-v Ai: Vfuli .. ; 4l- • c Yi>lS ^ i'' .. • > wo. I ].>? •., / ^ » J V t wi .i;ii < * ’ I '4 t. -lOO Table VIII Specimens from Stillwater^ Oklahoma Color Differences Confuted from the Godlo^re Color-Difference Forraala between the Specimens Indicated. Col or “ Difference Between’ Specimens ’ Number ' Color Difference Reference Comparison AE (2li) (21) 11*6 (25) (22) 0.8 (26) (23) 6.5 (21) (22) 8.0 (21) (23) 13.3 (2U) (25) U.8 (21t) (26) 5.0 (27) (29) 5.9 (28) (30) Uo.U (31) (31*) ii.i (32) (35) 2.0 (33) (36) 2.2 (31) (32) 1.0 (31) (33) U.6 (3U) (35) 6.3 (3U) (36) 3.1 .) 1 k ' -^ - *- . ._' ’’'^' i i-/i(#*V4.«|i»4‘^*&- ... -alN. . *F-ifc- ^ • f ' * ftL 1^* j. -mSt?d . '•.; >T^P^ s^is.jr'- i ,* ' •'• . •- •.i*- ^ ••> w -. ^ * 4 . f TteC- V;i in^-ii;5’5:^.'':'i:/:(l'- T^-..r>Q , . 1 : * i '' .0 :>i) ’ , cv .' ^ -' ' J. t.M (a'> ' ’ \ ‘j A C . (5'^; ‘ * / ^ ' J ' >;.': • ' * ' iS) > 1^.0J ~ > (01 .' {so \. ‘ ^ '1 \ ',' • • - . K'.. / ' ^ * * .* Y , - * - .'or \ c>.*. V ^ *« ^ '* *• \ - ' U'U » * XA at) ',;Y • (^) / l »101- Appendix C Ozalid copies of the original spectrophotometric recordings of the l6 field-grown specimens of wheat from Stillwater^ Oklahoma, made on a General He ctrie recording spectrophotometer. ^'4 '- •^10 L .0 ’ :• :• . ..&:* - , e.;!;,;.t^ '0%fjx- . 0’'r^-:'b A J,' . . y C- .^ • Kt: * -'.‘T - - ) 102 Index to Appendix C GE Graph Sheet Serial Niiinber Specimen Visible Near Infrared Curve Date Number Spectrum Spectrum Number Measured (21) GE II- 975 GE II- 976 1 5-29-52 (22) - 980 - 977 1 5-29-52 (23) - 979 - 978 1 5-29-52 (21.) - 975 - 976 2 5-29-52 (25) - 980 - 977 2 5-29-52 (26) - 979 - 978 2 5-29-52 (27) - 981 - 982 1 5-29-52 (28) - 981 - 982 2 5-29-52 (29) - 981 - 982 3 5-29-52 (30) - 981 - 982 h 5-29-52 (31) - 981. - 983 1 5-29-52 (32) - 98U - 983 2 5-29-52 (33) - 981. - 983 3 5-29-52 (3W - 981. - 983 1. 5-29-52 (35) - 98U - 983 5 5-29-52 (36) - 98U - 983 6 5-29-52 “113- Appendix D Tables of spectral directional reflectance read from the spectrophotome trie curves of Appendix Co Field Infected Wheat (From Stillwater^ Oklahoma) Spectral Directional Reflectance of Ihe Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mature Wheat Crops for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 =* Millimicrons. (See Appendix C$ GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II 975 * 976, 977, 978, 9X 9 , and 980.) (21) Leaves of Wes tar (22) Ifeads of Wes tar (23) Stalks of Wes tar Section 2, Field C Section 2, Field C Section 2, Field C High Rnst Severity High Rust Severity High Rust Severity Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Rx Length % Length R^ Length R^ Length Rx Length Rx irvL miJL np. up. ItOO 0.110 750 0.1*98 1*00 0*100 750 0.573 1*00 0.100 750 0.635 10 .117 60 .509 10 .106 60 ,600 10 .101* 60 .663 20 . 121* 70 .519 20 .Hi* 70 .611* 20 • 112 70 .678 30 .129 80 .528 30 • 121 . 80 .622 30 • 119 80 .685 Uo . 131* 90 .536 Uo .128 90 .626 ho .121* 90 .688 1*50 . 11*0 800 . 5U5 1*50 .135 800 .630 1*50 ,126 800 .690 60 . 11*6 10 .551* 60 . 11*0 10 .632 60 .128 10 .690 70 .150 20 .562 70 . 11*2 20 . 63U 70 .130 20 .691 80 .156 30 .570 80 . 11*5 30 •63U 80 • 130 30 .692 90 .160 ho .578 90 , 11*8 ho . 631* 90 .131 ho .692 500 .166 85o .585 500 .155 85o • 63U 500 .131* 850 ,692 10 .176 60 .591 10 .169 60 06314 10 .IUI4 60 .692 20 .190 70 .598 20 .189 70 .633 20 .161* 70 .692 30 .208 80 .603 30 .210 80 .633 30 ,189 80 .692 ko . 221* 90 .608 ho .223 90 .632 I4O .201* 90 .692 550 .236 900 .611* 550 o 229 900 .631 550 .209 900 ,692 6o . 21*1* 10 .619 60 • 230 10 .629 60 • 207 10 .692 70 .250 20 .623 70 *223 20 ,626 70 .196 20 .692 80 .251 30 .626 80 o 212 30 .622 80 .180 30 .691 90 .256 1*0 .630 90 .206 1*0 .615 90 • 171 Uo • 688 600 .260 950 .631* 600 ,202 950 .602 600 •I66 950 .681* 10 . 261* 60 .636 10 0I99 60 .586 10 ,162 60 .677 20 .265 70 .639 20 •191 70 .572 20 .156 70 .670 30 .270 80 .6U2 30 ,189 80 .565 30 .151 80 •668 ho .270 90 . 61*5 ho . 181* 90 .563 I4O .11*8 90 •668 650 .265 1000 06U8 650 .175 1000 .566 650 .11*0 1000 .670 60 .262 10 .652 60 • I66 10 .570 60 .135 10 .671* 70 .260 20 o 6^h 70 .151* 20 .578 70 .128 20 .678 80 • 266 30 .658 80 .150 30 .586 80 .126 30 .681 90 . 291* ho .659 90 • 170 Uo .591 90 .136 ho .686 700 .350 1050 0661 700 -230 1050 .598 700 •190 1050 .690 10 .399 60 o 661i 10 o 300 60 .601 10 «279 60 .692 20 . 1*38 70 • 666 20 .380 70 .606 20 .385 70 .695 ' 30 • U65 80 • 669 30 . 1*58 80 0608 30 .1*92 80 .697 ho •U8li 1*0 ,528 l40 .579 , . 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O', ck: ' ;;' '• -‘-y^ 0 '^!d4. 0> . 1 1 f ' • * . -i>6 0 ) -115- Field Infected Wheat (From Stillwater, Oklahoma) \ Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mature Wheat Crops for the ^sible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 - Millimicrons. (See Appendix C 5 GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II 975 , 976, 977, 978, 979, and 980. (2i|) Leaves of Westar (25) Heads of Westar (26) Stalks of Westar Section 2, Field C Section 2, Field C Section 2, Field C Low Rust Severity Low Rust Severity Low Rust Severity Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Rx Length Length «x Length Rx Length Rx Length Rx iqi IT nu iru 4 .. m _ hoo O.llli 750 0.598 hoo OolOO 750 0.575 1;00 O.lOl; 750 0.670 10 .116 60 • 62U 10 .106 60 .600 10 .108 60 .695 20 .122 70 .639 20 .nU 70 . 6lU 20 .116 70 .708 30 .129 80 c 6U6 30 .122 80 .622 30 . 121; 80 . 711; ho • 13lt 90 .650 Uo .130 90 0626 Uo .130 90 .716 li5o .136 800 .653 U5o .136 800 .630 1;50 . 131; 800 .718 60 .138 10 .656 60 .lll2 10 .632 60 .136 10 .719 70 .138 20 .658 70 .lli6 20 • 63U 70 .138 20 .720 80 .139 30 .660 80 . 11^8 30 • 63U 80 .139 30 .720 90 • lliO Uo .661 90 .151 Uo .63U 90 .llA Uo .720 500 .il»5 850 . 66U 500 .158 850 063U 500 .ll;6 850 .720 10 .156 60 .665 10 .172 60 . 631; 10 .162 60 c 720 20 .176 70 .666 20 0I92 70 .633 20 .191 70 .720 30 .200 80 .668 30 . 211; 80 .633 30 .225 80 .720 ho .21k 90 .669 Uo .226 90 .632 Uo . 210; 90 .720 550 .220 900 .670 550 . 231; 900 .631 550 .250 900 .720 60 .218 10 .670 60 .236 10 .629 60 .250 10 .720 70 .206 20 ,671 70 .230 20 0626 70 . 231; 20 o 719 80 .i92 30 .672 80 .220 30 .620 80 . 211; 30 .717 90 .l 81i Uo .671 90 . 211; Uo .612 90 .201 Uo . 711; CD 600 .180 950 .670 600 .210 950 .600 600 .195 950 • 0 10 .176 60 .666 10 .206 60 .582 10 .189 60 .700 20 .169 70 . 66U 20 .200 70 .566 20 0I79 70 .691 30 .166 80 o 66U 30 .198 80 .558 30 . 171; 80 .688 Uo .161 90 .665 Uo . 191; 90 .558 UO .168 90 .688 650 .153 1000 .666 650 . 181; 1000 .560 65o .156 1000 .690 60 .lU6 10 .670 60 .176 10 .566 60 .ll;8 10 .69U 70 .lltO 20 .673 70 .I6U 20 . 571; 70 .136 20 .700 80 .138 30 .675 80 .160 30 .582 80 .132 30 . 701; 90 •l5it Uo .678 90 .180 Uo .591 90 .150 Uo .710 700 .216 1050 .681 700 . 2l;0 1050 .598 700 . 221; 1050 . 711; 10 *.295 60 .682 10 .316 60 .601 10 .330 60 .716 20 . 381* 70 .682 20 .396 70 .606 20 .IO4I 70 .719 30 . 1>80 80 o 68U 30 . 1;70 80 .608 30 • 51;0 80 .720 i;0 .552 Uo .532 Uo .622 . ; 1 ... 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': V?j'V.- C">. • 'V ft 1 1 , '' ^ » * V*T * • 1 ';.i '7 4 «. . v’ » <- •"/t.-'d#’ 05 o>b. > . . !?C^* - * -116- Field Infected Wheat (Firom Stillwater^ Oklahoma) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mhture Wheat Crops for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum^ UOO to 1080 Millimicrons, (See Appendix C| GE Graph Sheets Serial No<» GE II - 981 and 982.) (27) Ifeads of Wichila (28) Stalks of Wichita Section Field D Section 5 5 Field D High Rust Se^verity High Rust Se•verity Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Length Length Length \ nu HU _J3L_ nU ItOO o.iolt 750 0.512 1*00 0.108 750 0.719 10 .112 60 .5iU 10 0122 60 .726 20 .126 70 .519 20 .151* 70 .728 30 .138 80 .521* 30 .188 80 .730 ho .iii? 90 ,528 Uo o212 90 .732 1*50 .157 800 .531* 1*50 .228 800 .732 60 .16U 10 .536 60 .238 10 .731* 70 .171 20 .51*0 70 .21*8 20 .731* 80 .175 30 .51*2 80 .252 30 .731* 90 .180 Uo .5UU 90 .257 Uo .735 500 .189 850 .5U6 500 .270 850 .736 10 .205 60 .51*8 10 .298 60 .736 20 o227 70 .550 20 •3UU 70 .736 30 .250 80 .552 30 o399 80 .736 Uo .265 90 .553 Uo .1*1*1 90 .736 550 .276 900 .553 550 .1*69 900 .736 60 .28U 10 .552 60 .1*88 10 .736 70 .286 20 .552 70 .1*96 20 .736 80 .281j 30 .550 80 .1*96 30 .735 90 .283 Uo .51*8 90 .1*96 Uo .731* 600 .28U 950 .51*1 600 .500 950 o732 10 .283 60 .531 10 .1*99 60 • 729 20 .280 70 .520 20 "U9U 70 .726 30 .278 80 .511* 30 .1*92 80 .721* Uo .276 90 .512 1*0 0U88 90 .721* 650 .261i 1000 .511* 65o .1*69 1000 .721* 60 .255 10 .518 60 .1*50 10 .726 70 o239 20 .521* 70 .1*20 20 .728 80 .2311 30 .530 80 .1*10 30 .732 90 .26h I40 .536 90 .1*61 1*0 .735 700 .338 1050 .51*2 700 .562 1050 .736 10 •UoU 60 .51*6 10 .63U 60 .736 20 .li53 70 .550 20 .671* 70 .739 30 .1j79 80 .551* 30 .700 80 .71*0 ho .500 Uo ,712 . . 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Q^9 4B:. ,6oft Od» , 99il. 01 X Xt5- C8£. ox OT « V <>S5. OT m. os 0$ 39J OC • 4X5- fjS 6T2. 0^: " ^ 09 sail. SX5. W dV ? . 04 ."X OOQI .9Ad. 1 >4i5.. OOOX ‘445U o^ft OX j,P5 '144.: da : . 04 4d£. 09 s45. 0^1 net. QOT '645. OftJE 4o4. OX 055. or £54. OS 455. 08 r SS‘ * ’ h m wc,.? rt* -117- Field Infected Wheat . (From Stillwater, Oklahoma) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mature Wheat Crops for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix C| GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II - 981 and 982.) (29) Heads of Wichita (30) Stalks of Wichita Section Field D Section 5, Field D Wa've Wave Wave Wave Length Length Length Length R\ i»V. nu up. Uoo o.m* 750 0.571* 1*00 o.iol* 750 0.66U 10 .120 60 .593 10 .112 60 .691 20 .130 70 .60U 20 0121 70 .706 30 .138 80 .610 30 .130 80 .712 Uo 90 .616 Uo .136 90 .715 k$o .150 800 .619 1*50 .11*0 800 .716 60 .155 10 .622 60 .11*3 10 .718 70 .158 20 .621* 70 olUU 20 .719 80 .160 30 .626 80 •lUU 30 .720 90 .163 Uo .625 90 .1U6 Uo .720 5cx) .172 85o .625 500 .150 850 .720 10 .188 60 .626 10 .163 60 .720 20 .213 70 .627 20 .186 70 .720 30 .238 80 .628 30 .218 80 .720 Uo .251* 90 .626 Uo .236 90 .720 550 .262 900 .625 550 .21*1* 900 .719 60 .261* 10 .623 60 .21*1* 10 .718 70 .258 20 .620 70 .231 20 .718 80 .21*8 30 .616 80 .ai* 30 .716 90 .239 Uo .608 90 .201 Uo .711 600 .236 950 .596 600 .196 950 .705 10 .231 60 .578 10 .190 60 .696 20 .221* 70 .562 20 .182 70 .686 30 .220 80 .551* 30 .178 80 .680 Uo .211* 90 .551 Uo .172 90 .675 650 .202 1000 .551* 650 .161 1000 .676 60 .192 10 .560 60 .151* 10 .687 70 .178 20 .566 70 .11*5 20 .692 80 .172 30 .576 80 .11*1 30 .699 90 .191* Uo .583 90 .151* UO .703 00 700 • 26U 1050 .588 700 .220 1050 • 0 10 .339 60 .595 10 .318 60 .711 20 .lai* 70 .600 20 .1*25 70 .712 30 • U8U 80 .602 30 .530 80 .711* Uo .539 1*0 .613 " ‘ • '3^ a5«^l (g$)/ , tO€)' .S. .*»» « w Sf7SiS? ^ [d^oaii -S' • Jji ^ .'r*. p- a?»:. . -2^ , , 02T itojc.© ojji ir?iO OW. \ oo't! od Six. ox. r<2. 06 osr. 01 ' ' ^ * W, ' I , 01 o:: i^e. ov . OCX, OS 4‘^' r- l. &' ^ ' ^:, o&x. 'if c«5. 0§ 6ti. oc V;': (iC-X. OJ (^Xc'‘ . Jill* Oil 008' o4U. 0^ CIS. ' OOC’ 02X. o2ii 0/ eiii. S!50. 01 .221. Oo “S OS OT U3S. OS .82X. ot. OjIX. 08 3SS. 06 i.. of. i ot oc , V ^ ’ 0^ . £2i. Qii m: . oa L.- 0S6' 002 .028 STX.. c|p2 03, idl. OX i ^0, bd aax. 01 OT d8X. OS TSSV or £xs. OS 08 aisr oc 8X^'. 06 8CS. oc 0<^' "0^ 6€S, 3Sd# U2S . Oil • OO^-: 4i!2. 022 2 s-b,. OOC, S62. 052 0-1 •M~' r Oj^’’ tSdv ox ^ • . Oo os xgs* (>T 0$ a?s^ ' OT ’ '*•' 38.-- • t; . oc (jJ£. . oc .08 iDS. • £k:-d> 021 Oil ^ CCS, cc , d^.% (Xfd 622. 02^ 6C2. Od 0^. 01 6y?,„ OS OX'. . A\> ^ f ' OT 0^ sS2. ov . tiss. OS - 06 8TX. 01 ., 08 OSS. oc 0? STX. 0** - 09 ilK, oa # a t > . oocft OGOX • SOS. 0$d ai ai. ' 062v or ^x,. Od 862. <» .,, or. <3>. C06.; 03-.. C*^*; -•.iPiSO'), -118- Field Infected Wheat (From Stillwater, Oklahoma) Spectral Directional Reflectance of the Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mature Wheat Crops for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, UOO to 1080 Millimicrons. (See Appendix C| GE Graph Sheets Serial No. GE II - 983 and 98ii«) ( 31 ) Lea'ves of Blue Jacket (32) Heads of Blue Jacket (33) Stalks of Blue Jacket Section 9y Field D Section 9s Field D Secticai 9^ Field D Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Length R^ Length R^ Length Rx Length R^ Length R^ nU HU ... Uoo 0.106 750 0.593 1*00 0.098 750 0.51*1 1*00 0.098 750 0.653 10 .21h 60 .630 10 .103 60 .563 10 .101* 60 .676 20 .122 70 .61*1* 20 olio 70 .575 20 .111* 70 .691 30 .130 80 .653 30 .118 80 .582 30 .122 80 .698 Uo .136 90 • 660 Uo .125 90 .587 Uo .129 90 .701 h$0 .litO 800 .666 1*50 .130 800 .591 1*50 .131* 800 .702 60 .Ilut 10 .670 60 .136 10 .596 60 .136 10 .701* 70 .llj6 20 .676 70 .138 20 .598 70 .138 20 .706 80 .1U8 30 .680 80 .11*0 30 .600 80 0 I39 30 .706 90 .150 1*0 .68U 90 .lUU Uo .602 90 .11*1 Uo .706 500 .155 850 .688 500 .150 850 .6OU 500 .11*6 850 .708 10 .169 60 ,692 10 .168 60 «6o6 10 .158 60 .708 20 .192 70 .695 20 .189 70 .606 20 .180 70 .709 30 ,216 80 .698 30 .211 80 .609 30 .201* 80 .710 Uo .232 90 .700 Uo .221* 90 .609 Uo .216 90 .710 550 .21*0 900 .702 550 .230 900 .608 550 .221 900 .710 60 .21*0 10 .705 60 .230 10 . 606 60 .219 10 oTlO 70 .232 20 .706 70 .221* 20 .605 70 .206 20 .710 80 .220 30 .708 80 .211* 30 .602 80 0 I92 30 .710 90 • 213 Uo .710 90 .208 Uo .596 90 .I8U 1*0 .709 600 .210 950 .710 600 .206 950 .581* 600 .180 950 .706 10 .205 60 .707 10 .200 60 .569 10 .175 60 o701 20 .199 70 .705 20 .191* 70 .555 20 .168 70 .696 30 .196 80 .701* 30 .190 80 .51*8 30 .I6U 80 .691* ho .192 90 .706 Uo .186 90 .51*6 Uo .160 90 .691* 65o .180 1000 .708 650 .176 1000 .550 650 .152 1000 .695 60 .172 10 .711 60 .166 10 .556 60 .11*6 10 .698 70 .162 20 .711* 70 .152 20 .561* 70 .138 20 .700 80 .161 30 ,718 80 .150 30 .572 80 .135 30 .701* 90 .183 Uo .720 90 .171* Uo .580 90 .150 Uo .708 700 .251* 1050 .723 700 .238 1050 .586 700 .210 1050 .708 10 .33lt 60 .721* 10 .309 60 .592 10 .300 60 .710 20 .1)11 70 .723 20 .381* 70 .591* 20 .ia3 70 .711* 30 .1*97 80 .725 30 .U5U 80 .596 30 .511 80 .715 Uo .556 Uo .507 1*0 .598 . , . . S»^siM^^^ . .j'Bai^'odtiSi sa^asn^ B (_,i^%pm%i^- r,;Efc''|0' J£0'-«i> Ss?) .aftU«ktath££at .* i-'fi * .•- -, ;® x^' '-#1 ‘ »i •/ . ^MMMaWM'wiKi i I Ji W i » I mu HI* i ; • . ^ i- . OT SSI. OS '.W. ar 'll Jtr . ,o^ ov os 448. " ' evs'* ^scfr. di« Q3i.? fj05 . '6u. 0^ 008 Q4X. 054 of ' 08 OX {ifij V 08 liD^'. ..Of Od .V ^ 0T8. c -.?f k 'S'? 8tJ. OY dv8. 05 84l. OT Sot. OC •<<€:. 00 •Oos). Of o4i. 08.. D&d« ^i 0£ ff4x^, 08 or*- „Oil Itlf. -6'c 04 44X> .b9>;: 488. .,.04 o5x. 0^ •*i '<^^3' 30Y. .' oJu QOl. ilOcl. o OX" 0£i. Od 5oy. ox c^s. " 0^ m- aos. OT .$o8v .GS .•4Ss. ov^ 80T, OS .Sts. k , o6 or,. ^Or.-w' ^ic. 08 S08. ^ M' 4xs. Bot^ oc OS'i. %>Y.: m 09 «9(?. :04 Mo'.. 09 OXY-. Ot! US. 09 " ‘ ' P‘ 3ii ' -** V-?’ rz - OT .fex. .. ds'"® OT 49X. os 50,T?. OT 99X. ps * Site 03'.-^ 0.9X. •0f 08 89X. oc 4^&i 08 48i. P^, ', 40T. h^'*4 ® 09', !oax. 845. 09 88X. 80T. 0^ 51, • ' ''1. 1^^? -i, , ';'l , * - 5t*d. ,. OqOf -jS^f. 02 J>. '.T^x (SY-I- 80V. 0001 08X, o58 ' 89^J'. Of d4f.' •« :.oa." ^oi€5r-88i., c^s XXT, ox S'fl. &• r^i,. .-SOT * OS S I. OS OT OOY.i t»& , ; 5 r»Y 4XT. 4oy!* m Of j! O^X. 08 817. ot m. 08 0)! o^r/ 09. f OS?.' v,04 .."^V tiYX. 09 * OSts ifii. 09 • Qi '. - • '. - jr . /rf. ':*. .- ... « ,%’'V-..-'.l .t' ' 1 .d^OX 'aiSv* oofr £ST. d Field Infectad Wheat (From Stillwater, Oklahoma) ^jeclral Directional Reflectance of the Indicated Parts of Field Infected Mature Wheat Crops for the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrum, 1^00 to 1080 Millimicrons* (See Appendix C| GE Graph Sheets Serial No* (21 II - 983 and 98I4.. (3U) Leaves of Blue Jacket (35) Heads of Blue Jacket ( 36 ) Stalks of Blue Jacket Section 11, Field D Section H, Field D Section 11, Field D Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Length Length R^ Length R^ Length R^ Length R^ Length mp. nu ItOO 0.106 750 0.572 1*00 0.106 750 0.582 1*00 0.098 750 0.622 10 .111 60 .607 10 .111 60 .600 10 .103 60 .650 20 .116 70 .625 20 .116 70 0616 20 .110 70 066U 30 . 12U 80 .635 30 . 12li 80 . 621* 30 .118 80 .671 Uo .125 90 • 6U3 Uo 0130 90 .630 Uo .125 90 . 671* U?o .128 800 .650 1*50 .138 800 .63U 1*50 .128 800 0676 60 .131 10 .658 60 •lUU 10 .638 60 .131 10 .678 70 .132 20 • 66U 70 .11*6 20 06UO 70 .132 20 .679 80 .132 30 .670 80 .11*8 30 . 61*2 80 .132 30 .680 90 . 131* Uo .675 90 .151 Uo . 61*2 90 .131* Uo .680 500 0 I39 850 .680 500 .161 850 .6U3 500 .139 850 .681 10 .150 60 .685 10 .178 60 06UU 10 .150 60 .682 20 .170 70 .690 20 .202 70 o 6U6 20 .169 70 .682 30 .191* 80 .69U 30 .226 80 06U6 30 .190 80 .683 Uo .208 90 .698 Uo , 2U0 90 06U6 Uo .202 90 . 68U 550 .216 900 o 700 550 . 21*6 900 . 6U5 5?0 .206 900 . 681* 60 .216 10 .701* 60 . 21*6 10 06UU 60 .201* 10 . 681* 70 .208 20 .706 70 .239 20 .6U2 70 •193 20 . 681* 80 .198 30 o 709 80 .227 30 .638 80 .180 30 .683 90 .190 UO .708 90 .220 Uo .629 90 .171 UO .681 600 .186 950 .706 600 .216 950 .615 600 .168 950 .678 10 .182 60 o 701 10 .211 60 .596 10 . 161* 60 .672 20 .176 70 .698 20 .201* 70 .578 20 .156 70 .666 30 . 171* 80 .696 30 .200 80 .570 30 .151* 80 . 66U Uo .169 90 .698 Uo .196 90 .570 1*0 .150 90 . 661* 65o .158 1000 .700 650 . 181* 1000 .572 650 . 11*3 1000 .666 60 .151 10 .706 60 . 171* 10 .580 60 .138 10 .670 70 .11*3 20 .710 70 .160 20 .589 70 .130 20 . 671* 80 . 11*2 30 .715 80 .15? 30 .596 80 .128 30 .678 90 .162 Uo .720 90 .182 1*0 .608 90 . 11(1 Uo .680 700 .229 1050 .722 700 .251* 1050 .611* 700 .191* 1050 .682 10 .310 60 .726 10 .331* 60 .620 10 .278 60 . 681* 20 .391* 70 .726 10 . 1*12 70 .627 20 .382 70 .685 30 . 1*73 80 .728 30 • U8U 80 .629 30 •U8U 80 .686 llO .533 1*0 .51*2 1*0 .570 ' . . ' , ^’U lo'f' ^fd'sK 9'^. •^;fK. 'A' (t^^i. jjfH H 8 JS r' .vtv .*» ^<*U »i‘ifcii»i ' i iKjp. . of >pi.%.,. 4p? '-T ** .dit3” o^a i£6. oot v6ti. 0$d. 006 6''.r. .'j'f)( • : , at.b. ':m> 06 : Oi 4a.> S^dA 0£ -'U. 0$ Oa ' Oild. SfX. . ->T •6*L£. OV 05 5i.£. OT 'Qf. toa Sdd. Itx* „ fiiix. OVd.', , 0£- SU- 06 ‘UCM. atx. :• •3i»»-... J?l. (>? >Td. '"^Od df.I. 06 M : . »'.3 ‘‘‘ 6c8 Sfct.- • £,8^. '5^ P6X. ot dild. oc •:':A?s. ' Ofr > 4^6. 06 4'' Jf- Of 06 , SOS. 04 dddi OV: r^’-» • dd' 0^. 06 6<;S. Oti •-* ’ r • . j}S^. OOT oOSi d?5 oO^ ^S. dV- OOT. ode m. or< iiaa. QX aos. o5 W: OX 6dS, oi 4o» axs. do cr t«x. iOT OS vtX* or 60T* 0$ iOS. ov ' 'A oax. oi . Oi vsr.' ca ^v. ot a?i. ca £W. oa 1T4. 0^ . 6S^v Ot ecTf O^i. ij'.\ j* ‘‘ fc* 4 >4. rE;^G% 06 , 66/, oa 0^ fdjt; OJ * ' [ ? ««sl. oooi ®ii. c^a S-V5* •COOS' *l6x. 0^ S: oocx 85x. oi© d;&,, 3ti..;>‘"'(?^' ryj. , 0>X|«aTX. oi iif or Oc tSf&» c^ oc^* Of OXT. os tax. w 6Vd., oe 6U' 08 Of sax. oe OiftJ. oiiif^’itSW- crf; GST.. oa sdi. C50/'’ iJftC^ 00^^ildi- SST. 0501 6SS. P4»^ Oi 0W». -. i 06 0/3ft. or 5«fe OS fsdf &2T,. or 4ft. Wi, 'Ot OST. on tfa. OXi^r!, 04 ‘ :.ypf s., „ . -120- XI# Discussion % The spectrophotometry of diseased and healthy cereal crops shows that the spectral directional reflectance of the diseased wheat and rye plants differ from that of healthy wheat and rye plants in two regions of the hOO to 1080 millimicron spectrum studied| namely^ 6OO to 700 millimicrons in the visible spectrum, and ?50 to 900 millimiercns in the near infl'ared spectrum. The average spectral directional reflectances of the diseased wheat specimens behind a cover glass were found to be 0.228 at 6$0 milli- microns and 0.565 at 8OO millimiercns. Those for the healthy specimens were found to be 0.11;5 and 0.655> respectively. After subtracting 0.080 from each of these values to correct for light reflected from Ihe cover glass, we find the reflectance ratio, diseased to healthy, to be 2.2^ at 650 millimicrons and 0.8j at 800 millimicrons These differences are more prominent for Ihe leaves of the young wheat plants, the leaves of the young rye plants, the leaves of Westar, and the heads of Wichita (Figures 1, 2, 3, l5^ I8, and 21) than for the stalks of Westar and Wichita, and the leaves, heads and stalks of Blue Jacket. These latter do not show the crossing over of the curves of high and low severity of infestation at wavelength 730 mUliraicrons (Figures 20, 22, 23, 2U, and 25 ). Both of the young wheat plants of the susceptible variety kept at low and at excessive water content showed signs of disease (Figure 2), with the plant kept at low water content showing the more advanced degree. No evidence I of disease was indicated in either of the young idieat plants of the resist- ing variety (Figure 3), one kept at low, the other at excessive water. These plants behaved as any other plant would when allowed to dry . Similarly, the unpotted rye plant with soil around its roots and wrapped in wet paper showed the same characteristics as the wheat plant kept at excessive water content and with no signs of disease (Figure l5). The detection of diseased wheat heads in the early stages of maturity is quite similar to detection of diseased leaves as may be seen by coirparing Figure 21 for the heads of Wichita for high and for low rust severity with Fig\ires 1, 2, 3^ l5> and 18. Note that the chlorophyll absorption band at 670 millimicrons is weaker for the plants having high rust severity, regard- less of whether the leaves or the heads are considered. Similarly, both leaves and heads of the plants having high rust severity show a decreased reflectance in the infi*ared (750 to 900 millimicrons) region of the spectrum which like the weakening of the chlorophyll band corresponds to highly in- creased nunhers of spores on the plant (see Figure 9 for the spectral direc- tional reflectance of spores alone). On the other hand, this pattern of reflectance changes faiis to appear in the measurements (Figure U) of the cultured plants from BeltsviHe, Maryland. From the absence of the chloro- phyll bands in Figure U and from the much lessened absorption bands for water at 980 millimicrons, it is apparent that the heads of these cultured plants are over-ripe and dried out coitpared to the specimens of heads of Wichita ^ose reflectances are shown in Figure 21. Nevertheless, the inoculated heads of the over-ripe susceptible plants show decreased reflect- a - TST:v>ia •«??' iSiirwS’^iiSH' "ti Ip,- Isji't noit 'jolxtfc 1r eofifi^s'S'tov^ Ki c^a.atq’ j^h QOii edf . 6 oo-jatttJ-r.ia vWi of At (. 1 ' . m., * J bsiS wS»S e«r«'aX ®rt^ '«>1 •Ji^'f-liso-iq.sw^ sts As^iar^xt' r *.9 ari^ rfraal ja^naXg 5»t= lo.tUpS- wi ta fifty Tjfcj. aSi' *tS,xijyii»s^ ^ to •sSfikSv iSatib’ ^pir-x-^ S'J'/.Btswflce ?a brv£ o(U A^iii ,(S P7 i^^q0jMsitb ?t ««&!’' T®*®* O^SSdXt^ fiCk’ ^£iK# ' ^"' i^atisv get ftatoiT .’WfiJ-if, »ftjca 0wo&^i£ ’ia«l''d aift x®/' -* 0 .<£ awnlXy ^iiyww -rmlq, JJB ET Ji* 0r/id§i ^ai^i . 0^1 ^ hQir6.>l& heidu exT 5>t?^i‘aqitsr «di gri'1 benfoxip- ' ^eiJxjDO . •• or Jboa :? . • (^ it^H) ^ ^ td i*>4sr3aT^b tiffJ ^ iijsguta rj-^f ixJt hRec^*.vIb »^iw i|p;^ Wi ^ tot » . j% j 5 0‘XC 4;;^b ^ bi2i|c5‘rwj^T ?:-^ JP:Xi^ ^ 'xol ilex 0^ e^/fsCq; ex^^ lb' tiptwd b€» ^1 ' !aoJV•^.^‘i^Xi i;i^*# po/n btsi i\ afi ebasd LBcif^ ;tR: 0 ativ;^ >0 eoetid iX: ^^nD*3foiiiibXIi'in 069 :^?aiXq 0fiae* The spectral directional reflectance curve of rust spore (Figure 9) shows the exlreme position of change that a leaf, stem or head may reach if fully covered with spore. While possibly not significant, the spectral- transndttance cirve of the leaf rust spore (Figure 10) shows greater struc- ture than the stem rust spore or of the pure spore specimens. Leaf rust spore absorbs strongly in the UOO to 520 millimicron region of the spectrum and transmits somewhat between 530 and IO8O millimicrons while the other two spore specimens absorb more strongly throughout the visible spectrum and transmit only slightly in the near infi»ared spectrum. This could be explained by the fact that the leaf rust spores have finer grains than the stem rust spores and a uniform thin sample of leaf rust could be obtained. Stem rust spores did not spread well enough to obtain a sufficiently uniform thin specimen. All of the C.I.E. chroma ticity diagrams show the leaves of the diseased plants to be redder than the leaves of the healthy plants (Figures 5, 6, I6, and 26). The chroma ticity points for the leaves of the healthy plants plotted between dominant wavelengths 557 and 56? millimicrons | the diseased plants, between 571 and 58U millimicrons | and the spore specimens, between 587 and 591 millimicrons. Ihe excitation purities and daylight reflectances of the leaves of the diseased and healthy plants were essentially the same. The charts showing these data in terms of the Itosell renotations (Figures 7, 8, 17, and 29) likewise indicate this clear-cut division of the leaf colors. The leaves of the healthy speciiiens are shown to have Ifeinsell hues between 9GY and the diseased plants, between IGT and 9"2R| and the spore specimens, between 7YR and 22R. The ISCC-^BS color designations center about grayish yellow green for the leaves of the healthy plantsj grayish olive, for the leaves of the diseased plantsj and moderate brown, for the spore specimens. The designation of Ihis disease as rust is thus seen to be quite apt. The color differences computed between the various pairs of diseased and healthy specimens show that the leaves of healthy wheat or 2*ye plants vary among individual species by less than one NBS unit of color difference while differences between the leaves and stalks of diseased and healthy plants vary between 8 and UO or more NBS units of color difference depending upon the degree of severity of rust infestation. Large color differences such as these should be readily detectable by ordinary color photography. . . jiwmoo^ ^ 9oim ' ' ' :5c%l -tu v^ aX elttU3 rf» 'l>iS!;i? ^’5: cdc^ ii tuM • ' aft/ t0* *t»-^qS'Wtt)5> .!^qe ^:sB '’1^^ Irv-ri io m^K, '^^StBjtl£:fil(U.%t ^ ,i’-ftXi3'.%i^" fy'ttiq ii&V^o^-!^'''«w X^ira, |«3^w ^d oeHt .(iC*il-, ni; Qd^oe-::fc 3T(0(}2 oao^j&^ 4^&JvmiM ^dl^ftnaA'id am '4 - ^'* V 'v -x'. ’«8;fv^ -^: o'' ' i > :iaift^#i-j:kf# )^inad^&qB ‘Jia, ii.!S-;srfc W \iJsi^C9 XJM ti3Tj&i»»a£y* r.'/D > *vw^ yij^ ±h% ", It f-V « ' A I- , Ji»^- '*• ^ . ^.>' ’ » li^ to oj^ jii'iolins’ ft e-trsone^ ^'' b*^ L-'^, i«i^ '^ttxiex^xlifis '< ^ >^i»w doo blh axr:»'qm J fLV,>'I:' HI. .. •<• •nj)£$it9q^ jL • > -\/''\'j^yl ' ' ’ ' **- *- '^ . ; i. iilv t9|^j' Jt, .«evttdX }iiif^iXytiQ «r?in;a®%f:b Ho »s0 lo XXA ti pxi^ "^dL^iiei ixarb 'tyh^.d'X M CiJ^ .^dcisic ^ &ifyiynL ^sbl ' tdiiloq ’^xoIdr^cTjtci- -eifT bne ', *3iJ:in.tX. Jf?»q bni. acJd^^I*:reK &as^aJnpb cverwdijib 046 ercK3>. ti ?5ik»tl oi^qa .IXo mm' Cft5Cfta'^Wcf ' xix 'laoX^o %x_ tc^Xj W;- jKrii 'Utoui? r/tvnX^kOmj “Y^Xft^Kf i- f iiffe. ^pa. r"?vvrr^>c seai^iaTR»iii^. ism 6 •ESXd jcdi^iovee lo dbr^i 'Od XsXa>^K^ ‘ ,,W -122 - Differences between the heads and the stalks of diseased and healthy vai*y The heads of tar ^ plants erratically. Wes ^ Blue Jacket, and Wichita show differences between specimens of high and of low rust severity of 0.8, 2.0, and 6.5 NBS units of color difference respectively, while the heads of the susceptible and resisting controlled plants showed color differences of 12.1 NBS units of color difference. Similarly, the stalks of Blue Jacket, Wes tar, and Wichita for high and low rust severity showed differences of 2*2, 6.5, and h0*h NBS units of color difference. In contrast to these differences, those obtained for the leaves of the diseased and of the healthy plants varied much more consistently^ that is. Blue Jacket, I4.I, We star, 11.6, Rye 11.3, and Suwan, 7*9 NBS units of color difference. In order to photogp:‘aph with maximum bri^tness contrast these differ- ences between diseased and healthy plants within the visible spectrum on black-and--white film, it is necessary to eliminate all of the spectrum except that portion exhibiting the greatest difference (6OO to 700 miliimicrons). This may be accon^jlished by using panchromatic film combined with an orange- red filter. The panchromatic film serves a dual role^first, as receiver for the desired spectral range (6OO to 700 millimicrons), and second, as eliminator of undesired energy in the far-red and infra-red parts of Ihe spectrum (wave- lengths greater than 700 millimicrons) in which the film is insensitive. The orange-^ed glass or gelatin filter serves to absorb the undesired radiant energy of wavelengths less Ihan 600 millimicrons. Suggested glass filters, available for this purpose from Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. T., are Color Spec. Nos. 2-6l and 2-62 (Glass Code 2l|12 and 2iil8, respectively) in ^ standard thicknesses of about 3»0 mm. Alternatively, Wratten filter 29, or ^ possibly 2I4, 25a, or 26, available fl*om Eastman Kodak Coirpary, Rochester, N. Y. , may be used. In order to photograph with maximiim brightness contrast these differences between diseased and healthy plants within the infrared spectrum, it is nec- essary to eliminate all of the spectrum except that portion exhibiting the second greatest difference (750 to 900 mill Imicrons ) . This may be accom- plished by using so-called infrared photographic film combined with a deep red filter. The infrared film serves a dual role, first, as receiver for the desired spectral range (750 to 900 millimicrons), and, second, as eliminator of the radiant energy of wavelength ^eater than 900 millimicrons to which the film is relatively insensitive. The deep red filter of glass or gelatin serves to absorb the undesired radiant energy of wavelength less than 7?0 mill imicroils. Suggested filters are Vfratten filter 87 or Corning glass code 25UO, Color Spec. No. 7=’56, in standard thickness of approximately 3*0 mi. The healthy plants will appear dark on the photographic print from the film taken in the 6OO to 700 millimicron region of the spectrum and the diseased plants will appear lighter. The lightness contrast will depend vpan. the degree of infestation. On the photographic film taken in the 750 to 900 millimicron region of the spectrum, the healthy plants will appear light and the diseased plants darker. In this case, the greater Ihe degree of infestation, the darker win be the rendition. Pi / - V - -• A fiii r.J" I(iiil b\a^:jn 3l^ \ ^fifA' »3 it^^; J e&DOB «wnefe- AvJ:i^j«3|c>^ ; .dX .i^lii fe- - -Hfn^lii ^n rfi 3fSr a^ bw>ii'>'54f^-'^ -^- * • ’-^J ' '- - . - tA. aMi . ' •, ^ f fT . 'P* f «av- • rj 'iji4^ *»*qg ^*^3Ur» }P !>"<.> se^Xs-) _„. I- !:.:? >a5o‘\u;/.' r^^£^y^ .. '^£ 'io ^ M tr-l' . 4^^4lSt' 3«^i-/Tton efj* t'W*jr*<5^«(^»!5SB»4^ afi' W‘‘ ,^' ^ilk • :;*»'j:j. '. - -rW/ai^'i« —— V'-.m' »- WI- r ^ if sess>»^j!»l’tfib. t«*©d-i^Pfcj'|w*fl^ nins,tX'’.; n* h. -i'js'jjo??; t<: nl'*’ #i£*,.Uil »•.,/. il v_.i-' riK^-em V> *I'®H .eti '-i^^-.'-.ft.o ^OiUS ' '%»««[* .ir#j^ ^ V., tii>^f0-. m >i-Ln,ISM 0^'« 'if " ;*t'^'tft;> ''-? . . 'totiarfcdtet* to » r, S^ *» t. , '‘*V.’-' prf * Hi *1 Information on the spec trophotometrie behavior of the controlled plants from Beltsville, Maryland^ was orally given to Lt. Comdr. R. N* Colwell prior to the U. S. Navy flight (May 1952) over the wheat fields of Stillwater, Oklahoma, together with proposed methods for the isolation of the two regions of the spectrum discussed above* After the Stillwater flight, spectrophoto- metric data on the leaves of Westar wheat from Stillwater were obtained (May 29, 1952) and were given to Comdr* Colwell on the same day* These methods and data were presented by him at various meetings in 1952 (see Chronology, Appendix E), and by Keegan [l2j before the 19th Meeting of the American Society of Photogramme try in January 1953* The results of examining the photographs taken on these Stillwater flights are summarized in a report [13^ ot the U. S* Naval Photointerpretation Center, signed by L* W* Keith, officer-in-charge, as follows (page 3)% ”The tonal conparison on the panchromatic film with both the 12 and 25A filters shows some promise* However, in this test area the infrared film was not of much value.” This result, though disappointing for the infrared fi3jm, was not entirely unanticipated 5 note that the average contrast at 8OO millimicrons is only 1$% compared to 12^% at 6^0 millimicrons (Suwon, Figure 1| Wes tar. Figure I8). A second test of the recommended film-filter combinations was made on August lU, 1952o Aerial photographs were made of 7 plots (5 rows of plants per plot) of wheat growing at the Plant Industry Station, USDA, Langdon, North Dakota. The infestatian of each plot with the pathogen, Puccinia graminis tritici, which causes black stem rust of wheat, was recorded, and the record indicates infestations varying from 5^ to 80^* The results of examining the photo^aphs taken on these Langdon flights was summarized in the Keith report \_13\ as follows (page U)s ”The plots of high rust incidence showed up very clearly on infrared and color photography* The prints from panchromatic film with min\2s blue filter showed various tones of gray but the differences were not confined to either diseased or healthy wheat* The same applied to the coverage using panchromatic film with 2$A filter.” Two comments may be made on this suitmary* In the fdrst place the photo- graphs accompanying the report Ql3~i seem to show that both of -the reconmended fiJjii-filter coniinations are successful, and indeed the distinctions on the photograph taken by means of panchromatic film with filter 2?A are clearer than those taken on infrared film with filter 89A. In other words we see the results of this test as confirming our choices of film-filter combinations based on wheat plants (Wes tar) of a probably different variety infested with a different paihogen, Puccinia triticina , which causes leaf rust of wheat rather than black stem rust, and this apparent confirmation suggests -that the spectral characteristics of the wheat plants growing in Langdon are closely those of the Stillwater plants* On the other hand, if the summaiy (which may be based on better prints) is really correct, then failure of our first- choice filter-film combination my simply be an indication that the Langdon plants differ in spectral character importantly from the Stillwater plants* j . >' >01,1 ti'ni ijt^'itA>i ,li^;%. •^^1 . -l^nr ,;^i»i^;iJ5»*l ^larr/rr^J^ SjOli M'p >-it-, 1^ Mi 0# *' * * - 1-^- »• • <«-'... ',., ^ ^ ' « ® 'j..^ -^ \ ' »» 1.J1 A.tV i ". «tCsc v#!^/Ij;'.iK0'^<^ xa**) \ toirf® , Hi.'iXsKidO »6 (^>^S‘xi? i^i^70f.j)/e{^&«l^ £lllj iK-** t£ •2'4- »ra54^ iCllV '^Surt>-r arfT a.^|jv.-Ei e»wde fw'':,? le toi? 0if **w«f at ^-ww>|i 4 nsoa ^fi 4 tort.stfiW ,aUU;j;' •lol, SaJtf’JiiotpiifcJtA .+54<'& -^tsi^ "itete/ ri.a«K St , fl6»l(>(i‘S 4^pS}J xu^ -.r' njtiii tdl^till^^ 'Zo i ae* A ^^4ts>iq '1& 'i'<> • •i,-. )(!. f?4b ;,Aio6 t xvH ^$j^iSnfTn7!^iti srJ /«? -*<;ixwi.} 4 c. lit rp 'sfcac #-* OilT ..e^fif^'‘.|i> pf:- ic f^ioc? /^*jfj .mqirx o*"--’ s!r^.r^:ifl e»A»if ^ ^lij bi>^ l-o iyiirx'tlai: nih'TMfs^ tx^ t 3hj^ ijCrfsi'*. iJb (^r^+ ^:>t^ 4bfifn) lexiJbg Si4^ tft^Xqr ^ --da^*T ;(etei^ Xnisly^/'TSi ^ ^riAlq I -12U- It may be noted in passing that the graph of the spectral data included in the Pfeith report, subsequently copied in a paper by Truesdell [lUl 9 although intended to be identical with Figure 18 of the present report, actually contained serious errors of transcription as noted in Truaesdell*s second paper []lUl . These two atteii5)ts to utilize film-filter combinations indicated by spec trophotome trie studies of wheat plants, though obviously not conclusive, nevertheless indicate that the method of detecting rust-infected wheat fields by aerial photography has considerable promise. Extensive additional field tests should be made by color photography and by black-and-white photography with 1.film-filter combinations precisely in accord with those indicated by spectrophotometry for the particular plants and pathogens involved. Colwell I6J has undertaken some of these needed field tests and presented a number of his new photographs at the National Bureau of Standai*ds on August 19, 195U. XII* Conclusicns All specimens studied, both wheat and rye, indicate that plants infected with wheat rust are redder than non-infec ted plants of Ihe same kind. 2. The diseased and non-diseased rye specimens showed the same kinds of differences as diseased and non-diseased wheat specimens. 3. Ilie spectral regions within which the ratio of spectral reflectance of the diseased specimens to that for the healthy specimens was greatest is 600 to 700 millimicrons, and that within which it is next greatest is 750 to 900 nnllimicrcns. U. For the most certain detection of wheat rust liy black-and-white aerial photography, a combination of filters and photographic film maximally sensitive within the spectral range (6OO to 700 millimicrons) is indicated. XIII> Bibliography £1] H. J. Keegan, J. C. Schleter, and W. A. Hall, Jr., Spec trophotometrie and colorimetric change in the leaf of a white oak tree under conditions of natural drying and excessive moisture, NBS Report No® 1^322 to WADC, Septenber, 1955* £2"] H. J. Keegan, J. C. Schleter, W. A. Hall, Jr., and G. M. Haas, Spectrophotometric and colorimetric study of foliage stored in covered metal containers, IBS Report i;370 to WADC, November, 1955* [3J H. J. Keegan, J. C. Schleter, W. A. Hall, Jr», and G. M. Haas, Spectrophotometric and colorimetric study of the fading of dyed papers and cardboards under natural daylight, IBS Report UIt38 to WADC, December, 1955* ‘ > . I 3cv^.^ r m'-^ t acf &i b^bu r i>^qfa , ^ ^ aJt-wtan IhB a* LC^iMBri¥ at b*a^ %»-M'ji^ '*d'^u» «UJDlx9a ^g?a^a^^ ictfwii •:'^i^.^^--;. iuxj lorps^bo^!ib<^o»e • ^': «!':,. -' * '.V, J'r . A»'A»* iMTft ^ ,:\ *!*». bEwtBDitei 05JtXi^ Qj'qaai'crz owd o^^l ^ -> '"W ^ ihRa *io roa,T5^ s^fxvf^ "1 ' V r. .•' ., • > ^ - M-0. ... .'i * ^ . .* 'i' 'B*^'' _ i .t- * K_ ._ _A ^ ^'l. _.. ^ ft.fa . ^ liairloD,. £i cJ'sjMgiifA O0 to rfSib^uiJ, adqaigudorfq wifa'i aM lo irs^dwir ir> i^ife/.di>f»D .TXX* t^cimXf^^-Shd^' ,aifl rf.tb<5 f\<&cbiM crad-iroeqti IIA •! P a/^ to eiffiaig be^DolitiiMiafl ft^ii itetLbBa i**iA ^yx/T*^oa£f» xltiy betodli^; « . HR* MH ‘:""4e->' jv . <• , , ',' Sr s ebnia£**ortas h»V|OXia aftam^oga oijg‘f)aaa©aifc*iXt»jj b/ss ^IIT *S ^ %eq3^50'|B isarA^ bofTfiaelb-ipn twie pocodRbb ea ao *' ait .M\^Tfe-*aXaftJicJ itax/Tij tuijiftr to 'noitoi>t^b niMa'sno fsbtt^. ‘5c^ «4 VCXmytm ai^Xiil tO'/iOutlaa^cvb a rV.cq9?xsotr^g .betaoJtJbff^ &x T !Uf^^layHIbH‘^ 0 OG^) dqe ei^;^.ilt^^tJrtr. awitXctwa a mtllX J !>^”ijom^*'orlc;>^ooc^A..yl4a<.X^ *0 .1 •!> *H [ij v‘ eott etJtilK s to loel /xi e^xxrHo oi'sfaairoXoo f5C6 «DQ4k ot^sScH 4?w SQM ^eTi5ta*to{ix 8vi«a£>o:^a fan« ^atvTb Jjsiirtjta lo t h.% ,7BmedqtZ .At^V ^TOiteljcib3*.D^*l *^u ,*H IsJ b^rmo^ nl oX’jtx^J^crii^o brtxi ^^' . ' *• ’^v V .f ., 4, CTe^*^vo?f ^vKJAW .ot .OfW ;iapr Xi^*^ [ ^'t3cfjx;eo^ ““ I^MMpnWy -125- [lil H. J« Keegan, J. C. Schleter, W, A. Hall, Jr., and G. M. Haas, Spectrophotometric and colorimetric record of some lea*ves of trees, vegetation, and soil, NBS Report U528, April, 1956. A. C. Hardy, A new recording spectrophotometer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. [5] ^ 305 (1935); also A. C. Harder, History of the design of the recording I spectrophotometer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 360 (1938) • [6] J. L. Michaelson, Construction of the General jElectric recording spectrophotometer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 2^ 365 (1938). w Proceedings, Eighth Session, Commission Intematicnale de I'Eclairage, Cambridge, Ehgland, pp 19 to 29, September, 1931. [8l A. C. Hardy, Handbook of colorimetry. Cantor idge. Mass., Techiology Press, 1936. S. M. Newhall, D. Nickerson, and D. B. Judd, Final report of the OSA subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors, J. Opt. Soc. Am. ^ 385 (19U3). [lo] K. L. Kelly and D. B. Judd, The ISCC-NBS method of designating colors and a dictionary of color names, 1®S Circular C553^ Noventoer 1955. [Hi I. H. GodLove, Inproved color-difference formla with applications to the perceptibility and acceptability of fading, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 760 (1951). [12] H. J. Keegan and J. C. Schleter, Use of reflection spectra for photo- in terpreta ti on purposes, Photogramnetric Ehgineering UX, 107 (1953). L. W. Keith, Aerial photographic interpretation of diseased and healthy cereal crops. Report No. 102-53, U. S. Na^val Photo. Interpretation Center, Washington 25, D. C., January 30, 1953* P. £• Truesdell, Report of unclassified military terrain studies section. Photogramme trie ihgineering XIX, U68 (1953). Also, Photograrametric Ehgineering XIX, 85l (1953). R. N. Colwell, A systematic analysis of some factors affecting photo- graphic interpretation, Photograrametric Engineering U33 (195U). R. N. Colwell, Determining the prevalence of certain cereal crop diseases by means of aerial photography (in press) 1956. m . , \ « ,(' .• ( />. 1 <.•'*1- i'-.: , . ? >l» ^~''' .ess'A A:? 10 X ''OX' 'to *t if, I'- X? ^'I^o;•'^2r. vr yLloh b/te sj »> ww.y/* » c^*Si .1 .', * A A ’ :^j A lA. ’' ' " .^.b' eXt 1:> il7;i/,^.... b't»- 'lo ". 3»+ -,or (5;-; -' •* , x)>50dc t5S' ifbd ->4*'v-' c /> . Iv 'i»^««oAr^xAL?C'c;^ f»'^ t \ - Cj..r7i':r 5n>:St j.‘..‘>'''‘i*^o/'' '07,t :^0 o:v)D.^-A,fiviJovr 1 c .•Ar/^rvr.> V,X< . ' ^ ‘ , ».v- - -.V^ ‘4 to GrA, -vrObS C oqc '1 ' / 'i , • *- ^ ^ j. ^ t .' * .4 • - r -A t”' •% "' •' .- ' ^ ’*' " ’•• ' ’ ^or» V»t.i \ It J.«J.. % "•'•^'4 ': If,. - •'I'i' . ^ r.:'-y ^ocfbiruifl ^ v:0 r T '-0 •'' A?!'' :>(uf if: '•-' ‘ 1: • ..* :liV . 0^“* T ,fi L^uz \..i^. ..^ '•, r ' [ , ' *T*^ .' .* .' ar soJ IqqB * ui'JC': , v-TDOlor.- ''.'-iv-. .* .K .1 " i' : A ,boi s’tqP • 'f xc xc , 'i ‘V-* ('• .'Ir-A'} . ;n ; '‘t -i..‘ I ’ , ..U', y^U/V^eOi iV j^on*i ^ »BDoqioiq fjo ijJ’ M ^ i 0 ' r. C' r/o\y $4 yi'McLL .W . I'iiftvOTiq'xoJ'ix;.. a''<>nG, 'J . i; ^,y- , iO .Q ,^5> nc k . S'.Ap A.>.'-X xo i‘ PA v.'j <( cv A f ';. 'boi .^IX f^A!: A ^ 1 -r*. ' '^ixi:'A'yx ixs .'H' C 8 b« 4 C' Xu -• GAti t gn.ri r7 ^ . j jSfadWKTOitiT/. o.rr! 1 .<^•^0 X^’r^'OD "i< ^>r(ir f./' ^ ' . . - T 1. r. V A :. ; oaq i s V . w . .1 Appendix £ Chronology of pertinent events in these investigations from. the first meeting in which NBS personnel participated in April 19^2 to the preparation of the present report in July 1956. April 2, 1952. Meeting to initiate this study called by Dr. Everett F. Davis, Executive Secretary, Coimiittee on Plant and Crop Ecology, National Research Council. Meeting held in the laboratory of Dr. Robert B. Withrow, Director, Division of Radiation of Organisms, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Those present were: Dr. E. F. Davis, Dr. R. B. Withrow, Mrs. R. B. Withrow, Miss B. B. Britton, Dr. H. T. 0*Neill, Lt. Cmdr. R. N. Colwell, Mr. R. C. Ifeller, Mr. R. H. Moyer, Dr. W. S. Benninghoff, and Mr. H. J. Keegan. May 1, 1952. The second planning meeting was held in Dr. Davis* offices in the Dupont Circle Building, Washington, D. C. Those present were: Dr. E. F. Davis, Miss B. B. Britton, Lt. Cia^. R. N. Colwell, Lt. J. W. Hall stead (USN), Mr. R. H. Moyer, Dr. L. 0. Quam, Dr. R. B. Withrow, Dr. H. A. Rodenhiser, and Mr. H. J. Keegan. At this meeting, a National Research Council memo, dated May 1, 1952, entitled, "Guide to photography and field work** was prepared by Lt. Cmdr. Colwell, Mr. Keegan, and Dr. Rodenhiser on flight instructions, spectrophotometry, and plant culture, respectively. May 7 9 1952. Initial spectral directional reflectance curves were made on some of Dr. Rodenhiser *s young wheat plants, that were grown in pots under controlled conditions at Beltsvdlle, Maryland, which he brought to the NBS for measurement. May 15, 16, and 26, 1952. Additional specimens of cut wheat leaves and pure spore were bro\jght from Beltsville for measurement at the NBS. May 29, 1952. Lt. Cmdr. Colwell brought to the NBS for measiarement, speci- mens of diseased and rust-resisting field-grown wheat plants flown to Washington, D. C. fi’om Stillwater, Oklahoma. Spectrophotometric curves of the leaves of specimens of Westar wheat having high and low rust severity were gi'ven to Lt. Cmdr. Colwell after the completion of the measurements that day. June 1952. Additional specimens of cut wheat leaves from inoculated plants ai^d specimens of pure stem and leaf rust were brought to the IBS for measurement by Dr. Rodenhiser and Dr. C. V. Lowther. September 3, 1952. Spectrophotometric curves of the heads and stalks of high and low rust severity Westar wheat plants were given to Lt. Cmdr. Colwell for his talk before the Optics Division, Armed Services Research and Development Board. Septenber 5,. 1952. Lt. Cmdr. Colwell informally presented the data obtained on May 29, 1952, together with photographs of fields of growing wheat, to the members of the Seventh Congress of the International Society of Photogrammetry, sponsored by the American Society of Photogrammetry, at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. C. September 7, 1952. Lt. Cmdr. Colwell presented the same material to the NEC Ccmaraittee on Plant and Crop Ecology, Dr. R. E. Cleland, Chairman, at Cornell Uhiversity, Ilhaca, N. Y. December 1, 1952. Mr. Keegan was thanked by the Executive Secretary, Dr. E. F. Davis, by letter, for the ** spectral analysis of the plant materials from Beltsville, and those involved in photographic work done this summer in Oklahoma** . The whole matter was dropped tenporarily with the following statement **while the resulting in*^rprstation by the Subcommittee on Crop CJeography and Vegetation Analysis was not altogether conclusive, it has given a good indication of the present limitations in this field, and the value of continuing research*’. I January l6, 1953* H. J. Keegan presented a paper at Ihe Nineteenth annual meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry on the **Use of reflec- tion spectra for photointerpretation purposes** by H. J. Keegan and J. C. Schlet^. The abstract of this paper was published in Photogramme trie Bigineering XIX, 107 (1953). January 30, 1953* Cmdr. L. W. Keith, Officer in charge, U. S. Ifeval Photo- graphic Interpretation Center (U. S. Naval Receiving Station, Washington 25, D. C. ), issued Report No. 102-53 *’ Aerial photogrs^hic interpretation of diseased and healthy cereal crops”. (This report contains a graph of the spectral directional reflectance of the leaves of Westar based on NBS measurements but with wrong labeling of the wavelength scale). June, 1953* In the issue of Photogrammetric B:igineering (vol. XIX, U68 to U72) there appeared a **Report of unclassified military terrain studies section” by Page E. Truesdell, U. S. Navy Photographic Interpretation Center, Washington, D. C. This report was a part of the report of the Photo Interpretation Committee of the American Society of Photogrammetry. This paper contained the spectral directional reflectance curves of the leaves of Westar wheat plants, having high and low rust severity, that had been given to Lt. Cmdr. ColweH on May 29, 1952* The wrongly labeled graph from the Keith report was used for this illiistration. The error was drawn to the attention of Mr. Truesdell by telephone on August 17, 1953, who arranged to have the corrected graph published (Photogrammetric aigineering, XIX , 85l| Deceiiber, 1953). Noveitfoer 20, 1953* At a closed meeting in the Pentagon, Er. Colwell again presented the series of photographs which were taken over Stillwater, Oklahoma, on May 27 or 28, 1952, Langdon, North Dakota, on August lU, 1952, and over Davis, California, in the fall of 1953* January 19, 195U» Brs. Colwell and Davis brought specimens of diseased and nen-diseased rye plants to the NBS for spec trophotometrie ir^surements -128- to see if rye plants infected -with mst behaved in the same way as wheat plants infected with rnst, March 12, 19^h* Messrs® ¥. Paul Brandenburg and H. J. Keegan met with Dr* Davis in his offices in the Bixpaat Circle Building, Washington, D® C. to discuss the continuation of the work of the subcommittee on Crop Geography and Vegetation Analysis, by Dr* Colwell, Associate Professor of Forestry, Uhiversity of California, B^keley, California. March 31> 195U* The Committee on Plant and Crop Ecology of the National Research Council was terminated® May 26, 195U* Dr. Colwell agreed to continue his studies of this method of photointerpretation with support by WADC. August 19, 19$h^ Dr. Colwell presented his aerial photographs taken with color, black and white, infrared, and camouflage detecting fUms at a meeting at the NBS. Those presents Msssrs. Branderburg, Jacocks, and Warren of WADC; Dr. Judd, Messrs. Keegan, Schleter, and Denne of NBS. December 31, 195U» A looseleaf notebook containing the pre-publication draft of a paper entitled ”The identificaticii of cereal crop diseases on aerial photographs**, by Dr. R® N. Colwell was received. May U, 1955* The notebook and pre-publication paper by Dr® Colwell, received at the NBS December 31, 195U, was returned to him at his request® March 27, 1956® Dr® Colwell gave Mr. Keegan a *’ ditto** copy of his paper **Determining the prevalence of certain cereal crop diseases by means of aerial photography*' for review. 7 ' 1 / ' ' s: '‘^' C^J v^yj -u^dci. tario fny^C. .:.j,-J ' '' rv<, /• .v't^.'?v-l|ji(«x'.;'’ii^>H^' X£w^.fc:^^*"->' ™ .;»• ’ HR"’-' * ' ^ V'" VI * >.•»'.' ,**{-. «cS dv isX/' -'^mr fri'j’f)'’ i;? •;r: Ifevld:) .‘iJ/ :. t :S ' '^-'^ru ‘•'-’^ K- '>; '> .^.r :>q lo , <^« *^7,^ .'i: *’ r ' V i ’ Lti . , 'Vi'i ,il?.:?^ J&K t:,-. .vCKl'; •ianir ^bcnrji'Ud *3^' 'A- i. .'^4; 1»«I&. 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