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Radiowave Propagation Information for Designing Terrestrial Point-To-Point Links Iii International Telecommunication Union Edition 2008 Handbook RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION INFORMATION FOR DESIGNING TERRESTRIAL POINT-TO-POINTS LINKS Edition 2008 RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION INFORMATION FOR DESIGNING TERRESTRIAL POINT-TO-POINTS LINKS FOR DESIGNING TERRESTRIAL POINT-TO-POINTS INFORMATION PROPAGATION RADIOWAVE *33616* Printed in Switzerland International Geneva, 2009 RRadiocommunicationadiocommunication BBureauureau Telecommunication ISBN 92-61-12771-1 Union Photo credits: Shutterstock Handbook THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 730 5194 E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ¤ ITU 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union Handbook RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION INFORMATION FOR DESIGNING TERRESTRIAL POINT-TO-POINTS LINKS Edition 2008 International Telecommunication Union RRadiocommunicationadiocommunication BBureauureau Radiowave Propagation Information for Designing Terrestrial Point-to-Point Links iii FOREWORD Terrestrial radio links are forming a vital part of the telecommunications infrastructure in most countries of the world. Correct dimensioning with respect to radiowave propagation effects is of crucial importance for the performance of the network and quality of services supported, and of vital economical value by using the electromagnetic spectrum in the most efficient manner. This Handbook provides background information, scientific references and guide material on radiowave propagation effects for line-of-sight links, troposcatter and trans-horizon links as well as free-space optical links. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the Recommendations that are maintained by Radio- communication Study Group 3 to assist in the design of terrestrial point-to-point links. Bertram Arbesser-Rastburg Chairman, Radiocommunication Study Group 3 Radiowave Propagation Information for Designing Terrestrial Point-to-Point Links v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 2 PART 1 – LINE-OF-SIGHT LINKS ............................................................................................. 3 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 3 2 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS................................................................................................... 3 3 BASIC PROPAGATION EFFECTS....................................................................................... 4 3.1 Free-space loss.......................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Attenuation due to atmospheric gases ...................................................................... 4 3.3 Diffraction fading and path clearance....................................................................... 5 3.3.1 Basis of the prediction method for diffraction loss................................................... 5 3.3.2 Basis of procedures for determining path clearance................................................. 5 3.4 Scintillation fading.................................................................................................... 7 3.5 Summary of propagation mechanisms associated with multipath fading................. 7 4 ATTENUATION DUE TO PRECIPITATION AND OTHER ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES... 8 4.1 Attenuation due to precipitation ............................................................................... 8 4.1.1 Basis of the prediction method for rain attenuation.................................................. 8 4.1.2 Specific attenuation .................................................................................................. 9 4.1.3 Effective path length................................................................................................. 10 4.1.4 Application examples ............................................................................................... 10 4.1.5 Prediction of combined rain and wet snow............................................................... 11 4.1.6 Long-term frequency and polarization scaling of rain attenuation statistics ............ 14 4.1.6.1 Single-frequency scaling.......................................................................................... 14 4.1.6.2 Polarization scaling................................................................................................... 14 4.1.7 Statistics of duration and rate of rain induced fading ............................................... 14 4.1.8 Seasonal variations – worst-month........................................................................... 15 4.1.9 Discussion of model evaluation (testing).................................................................. 16 4.1.10 Example of calculation ............................................................................................. 16 4.2 Tandem and convergent links................................................................................... 17 4.2.1 Correlated fading on tandem paths ........................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Convergent paths...................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Paths with passive repeaters ..................................................................................... 19 5 MULTIPATH FADING AND ENHANCEMENT AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY ............... 19 5.1 Prediction of the fading/enhancement distribution................................................... 19 5.1.1 Basis and accuracy of Methods 1 and 2.................................................................... 19 5.1.1.1 The full distribution derived from the tail ................................................................ 19 vi Radiowave Propagation Information for Designing Terrestrial Point-to-Point Links Page 5.1.1.2 Determining the multipath fading distribution tail ................................................... 20 5.1.1.3 Accuracy of the method for deep fade distribution tail ............................................ 22 5.1.2 Basis and accuracy of the method for shallow fading .............................................. 23 5.1.3 Basis and accuracy of the method for enhancement range....................................... 23 5.1.4 Application examples ............................................................................................... 24 5.2 Statistics on fade number and duration..................................................................... 25 5.2.1 Estimation procedures.............................................................................................. 25 5.2.2 Experimental basis of the estimation procedures...................................................... 26 5.3 Rate of change of signal level................................................................................... 26 5.4 Short paths ................................................................................................................ 26 5.5 Short periods of time ................................................................................................ 27 5.6 Tandem links ............................................................................................................ 28 6 PROPAGATION-INDUCED DISTORTION......................................................................... 28 6.1 Multipath propagation models.................................................................................. 28 6.1.1 Hypothetical ray models ........................................................................................... 29 6.1.2 Polynomial models ................................................................................................... 29 6.1.3 Parametric models.................................................................................................... 29 6.2 Performance calculation ........................................................................................... 29 6.2.1 Signature curve methods..........................................................................................
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