DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Rayleigh Fading Channel Effects on the RF-DNA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Rayleigh Fading Channel Effects on the RF-DNA THE IMPACT OF RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL EFFECTS ON THE RF-DNA FINGERPRINTING PROCESS By Mohamed Fadul Donald R. Reising Abdul R. Ofoli Assistant Professor UC Foundation Associate Professor (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) Thomas D. Loveless UC Foundation Assistant Professor (Committee Member) THE IMPACT OF RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL EFFECTS ON THE RF-DNA FINGERPRINTING PROCESS By Mohamed Fadul A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science: Engineering The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee August 2018 ii ABSTRACT The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of many electronic and electromechanical devices connected to the Internet. It is estimated that the number of IoT-connected devices will be between 20 and 50 billion by the year 2020. The need for mechanisms to secure IoT networks will increase dramatically as 70% of the edge devices have no encryption. Previous research has proposed RF- DNA fingerprinting to provide wireless network access security through the exploitation of PHY layer features. RF-DNA fingerprinting takes advantage of unique and distinct characteristics that unintentionally occur within a given radio’s transmit chain during waveform generation. In this work, the application of RF-DNA fingerprinting is extended by developing a Nelder-Mead-based algorithm that estimates the coefficients of an indoor Rayleigh fading channel. The performance of the Nelder-Mead estimator is compared to the Least Square estimator and is assessed with degrading signal-to-noise ratio. The Rayleigh channel coefficients set estimated by the Nelder- Mead estimator is used to remove the multipath channel effects from the radio signal. The resulting channel-compensated signal is the region where the RF-DNA fingerprints are generated and classified. For a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 21 decibels, an average percent correct classification of more than 95% was achieved in a two-reflector channel. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Reising, for the continuous support of my thesis study and related research, and for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me over the whole course of the research and writing for this thesis. Besides my advisor, I would like to also thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Loveless, and Dr. Ofoli, for their insightful comments and encouragement. I would also like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering of The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga for all its support and the great professors it provided. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....………………………………………………………………..……………….... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………..………….iv LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………vii LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….....……………viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………..……..………………………..…………x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 1 Motivation ........................................................................................................................ 2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 5 Research Contributions .................................................................................................... 5 Thesis Outlines................................................................................................................. 7 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 8 Signal of Interest .............................................................................................................. 8 Channel Modeling .......................................................................................................... 11 Overview ............................................................................................................... 11 Indoor Multipath Channel Modeling .................................................................... 13 Rayleigh Channel Model ...................................................................................... 13 Time Offset Estimation .................................................................................................. 16 Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation ............................................................................. 18 Channel Estimation and Equalization ............................................................................ 21 Least Square Estimator ......................................................................................... 22 Nelder-Mead Estimator ......................................................................................... 23 RF-DNA Fingerprinting................................................................................................. 26 Device Classification ..................................................................................................... 28 v Relevant Work ............................................................................................................... 31 Joint Channel Estimation and Classification ........................................................ 31 Nonlinearity Estimation for Specific Emitter Identification ................................. 33 3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 35 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 35 Signal Detection and Collection .................................................................................... 36 Noisy Multipath Signal Generation ............................................................................... 38 Time Synchronization .................................................................................................... 40 Least Square Estimator .................................................................................................. 43 Nelder-Mead Estimator .................................................................................................. 46 Channel Equalization ..................................................................................................... 48 RF-DNA Fingerprint Generation ................................................................................... 49 Device Classification ..................................................................................................... 50 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 51 LS and N-M Estimator ................................................................................................... 52 Device Classification ..................................................................................................... 53 Two-Reflector Channel .......................................................................................... 55 Five-Reflector Channel .......................................................................................... 56 5. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 60 Future Work ................................................................................................................... 61 REFERENCES..…………………………………………………………………………………64 VITA .……………………………………………………………………………………………68 vi LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Reflector Parameters for L = 2 Rayleigh Channel………………………………….52 4.2 Reflector Parameters for L = 5 Rayleigh Channel ………………………………....57 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) network model ........................................................ 3 Figure 2.2 Preamble structure ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.3 Multipath propagation scenario with a line-of-sight component and three multipath components ................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.4 TDL representation of the Multipath channel ............................................................. 14 Figure 2.5 True time offset and beginning of the 802.11a payload .............................................. 18 Figure 2.6 Estimated time offset is earlier than the true time ....................................................... 19 Figure 2.7 Estimated time offset is later than the true time .......................................................... 20 Figure 2.8 Representation of a 2-D response generated using Gabor transform and normalized magnitude-squared GT coefficients ............................................................................ 28 Figure 2.9 MDA projection of fingerprints from NC = 3 class space to 2-D subspaces .............. 30 Figure 2.10 MDA/ML classification subspace for NC = 3; multivariate Gaussian distributions fited to projected fingerprints; ML decision boundaries............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rayleigh Fading Multi-Antenna Channels
    EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2002:3, 316–329 c 2002 Hindawi Publishing Corporation Rayleigh Fading Multi-Antenna Channels Alex Grant Institute for Telecommunications Research, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia Email: [email protected] Received 29 May 2001 Information theoretic properties of flat fading channels with multiple antennas are investigated. Perfect channel knowledge at the receiver is assumed. Expressions for maximum information rates and outage probabilities are derived. The advantages of transmitter channel knowledge are determined and a critical threshold is found beyond which such channel knowledge gains very little. Asymptotic expressions for the error exponent are found. For the case of transmit diversity closed form expressions for the error exponent and cutoff rate are given. The use of orthogonal modulating signals is shown to be asymptotically optimal in terms of information rate. Keywords and phrases: space-time channels, transmit diversity, information theory, error exponents. 1. INTRODUCTION receivers such as the decorrelator and MMSE filter [10]; (b) mitigation of fading effects by averaging over the spatial Wireless access to data networks such as the Internet is ex- properties of the fading process. This is a dual of interleav- pected to be an area of rapid growth for mobile communi- ing techniques which average over the temporal properties cations. High user densities will require very high speed low of the fading process; (c) increased link margins by simply delay links in order to support emerging Internet applica- collecting more of the transmitted energy at the receiver. tions such as voice and video.
    [Show full text]
  • Fading Channels: Capacity, BER and Diversity
    Fading Channels: Capacity, BER and Diversity Master Universitario en Ingenier´ıade Telecomunicaci´on I. Santamar´ıa Universidad de Cantabria Introduction Capacity BER Diversity Conclusions Contents Introduction Capacity BER Diversity Conclusions Fading Channels: Capacity, BER and Diversity 0/48 Introduction Capacity BER Diversity Conclusions Introduction I We have seen that the randomness of signal attenuation (fading) is the main challenge of wireless communication systems I In this lecture, we will discuss how fading affects 1. The capacity of the channel 2. The Bit Error Rate (BER) I We will also study how this channel randomness can be used or exploited to improve performance diversity ! Fading Channels: Capacity, BER and Diversity 1/48 Introduction Capacity BER Diversity Conclusions General communication system model sˆ[n] bˆ[n] b[n] s[n] Channel Channel Source Modulator Channel ⊕ Demod. Encoder Decoder Noise I The channel encoder (FEC, convolutional, turbo, LDPC ...) adds redundancy to protect the source against errors introduced by the channel I The capacity depends on the fading model of the channel (constant channel, ergodic/block fading), as well as on the channel state information (CSI) available at the Tx/Rx Let us start reviewing the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel: no fading Fading Channels: Capacity, BER and Diversity 2/48 Introduction Capacity BER Diversity Conclusions AWGN Channel I Let us consider a discrete-time AWGN channel y[n] = hs[n] + r[n] where r[n] is the additive white Gaussian noise, s[n] is the
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Wireless Channel
    CHAPTER 2 The wireless channel A good understanding of the wireless channel, its key physical parameters and the modeling issues, lays the foundation for the rest of the book. This is the goal of this chapter. A defining characteristic of the mobile wireless channel is the variations of the channel strength over time and over frequency. The variations can be roughly divided into two types (Figure 2.1): • Large-scale fading, due to path loss of signal as a function of distance and shadowing by large objects such as buildings and hills. This occurs as the mobile moves through a distance of the order of the cell size, and is typically frequency independent. • Small-scale fading, due to the constructive and destructive interference of the multiple signal paths between the transmitter and receiver. This occurs at the spatialscaleoftheorderofthecarrierwavelength,andisfrequencydependent. We will talk about both types of fading in this chapter, but with more emphasis on the latter. Large-scale fading is more relevant to issues such as cell-site planning. Small-scale multipath fading is more relevant to the design of reliable and efficient communication systems – the focus of this book. We start with the physical modeling of the wireless channel in terms of elec- tromagnetic waves. We then derive an input/output linear time-varying model for the channel, and define some important physical parameters. Finally, we introduce a few statistical models of the channel variation over time and over frequency. 2.1 Physical modeling for wireless channels Wireless channels operate through electromagnetic radiation from the trans- mitter to the receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • BER Analysis of Digital Broadcasting System Through AWGN and Rayleigh Channels
    International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2 Issue-1, October 2012 BER Analysis of Digital Broadcasting System Through AWGN and Rayleigh Channels P.Ravi Kumar, V.Venkata Rao., M.Srinivasa Rao. transmission system based on Eureka-147 standard [1]. The Abstract — Radio broadcasting technology in this era of design consists of energy dispersal scrambler, QPSK symbol compact disc is expected to deliver high quality audio mapping, convolutional encoder (FEC), D-QPSK modulator programmes in mobile environment. The Eureka-147 Digital with frequency interleaving and OFDM signal generator Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system with coded OFDM (IFFT) in the transmitter side and in the receiver technology accomplish this demand by making receivers highly corresponding inverse operations is carried out along with robust against effects of multipath fading environment. In this fine time synchronization [4] using phase reference symbol. paper, we have analysed the performance of DAB system conforming to the parameters established by the ETSI (EN 300 DAB transmission mode-II is implemented. A frame based 401) using time and frequency interleaving, concatenated processing is used in this work. Bit error rate (BER) has been Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem coding and convolutional considered as the performance index in all analysis. The coding method in different transmission channels. The results analysis has been carried out with simulation studies under show that concatenated channel coding improves the system MATLAB environment. performance compared to convolutional coding. Following this introduction the remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces the DAB Keywords- DAB, OFDM, Multipath effect, concatenated system standard.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Comparison of Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channels in QAM Modulation Scheme Using Simulink Environment
    International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 5|| Performance Comparison of Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channels In QAM Modulation Scheme Using Simulink Environment P.Sunil Kumar1, Dr.M.G.Sumithra2 and Ms.M.Sarumathi3 1P.G.Scholar, Department of ECE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, India 2Professor, Department of ECE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, India 3Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, India ABSTRACT: Fading refers to the fluctuations in signal strength when received at the receiver and it is classified into two types as fast fading and slow fading. The multipath propagation of the transmitted signal, which causes fast fading, is because of the three propagation mechanisms described as reflection, diffraction and scattering. The multiple signal paths may sometimes add constructively or sometimes destructively at the receiver, causing a variation in the power level of the received signal. The received signal envelope of a fast-fading signal is said to follow a Rayleigh distribution if there is no line-of-sight between the transmitter and the receiver and a Ricean distribution if one such path is available. The Performance comparison of the Rayleigh and Rician Fading channels in Quadrature Amplitude Modulation using Simulink tool is dealt in this paper. KEYWORDS: Fading, Rayleigh, Rician, QAM, Simulink I. INTRODUCTION TO THE LINE OF SIGHT TRANSMISSION: With any communication system, the signal that is received will differ from the signal that is transmitted, due to various transmission impairments. For analog signals, these impairments introduce random modifications that degrade the signal quality. For digital data, bit errors are introduced, a binary 1 is transformed into a binary 0, and vice versa.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Analysis of Fading and Interference Over MIMO Systems in Wireless Networks Hadimani.H.C1, Mrityunjaya.V
    International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology Website: www.ijrdet.com (ISSN 2347 - 6435 (Online) Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2014) Performance Analysis of Fading and Interference over MIMO Systems in Wireless Networks Hadimani.H.C1, Mrityunjaya.V. Latte2 1Associate Professor, Rural Engineering College, Hulkoti, Gadag District, Karnataka-582205 2Principal, JSSIT, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore, Karnataka-560060 Abstract—The interlaced challenges faced by the wireless Path loss is the attenuation of the electromagnetic wave network are fading and interference. Fading (information radiated by the transmitter as it propagates through space. loss) is a random variation of the channel strength with time, When the attenuation is very strong, the signal is blocked. geographical position and/or radio frequency due to For mobile radio applications, the channel is time-variant environmental effects. Due to this, the received signals have because wave (signal) propagation between the transmitter random amplitude, phase, and angle of arrival. Interference limits the capacity of spectral resource. Fading can be and receiver results in propagation path changes. The rate mitigated with cooperative transmission, as it helps to achieve of change of these propagation conditions accounts for the diversity among users, whereas Multiple Input Multiple fading rapidity (rate of change of the fading impairments). Output (MIMO) technique exploits interference by jointly If the multiple reflective paths are large in number and processing the user data and thus increases the data rate in there is no line-of-sight signal component, the packet of the wireless network. The most significant reasons for the use of received signal is statistically described by a Rayleigh MIMO techniques are: to increase the maximum data rate, to probability density function (pdf).
    [Show full text]
  • Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Digital Communication Systems Part II: Mitigation Bernard Sklar, Communications Engineering Services
    ABSTRACT In Part I of this tutorial, the major elements that contribute to fading and their effects in a communication channel were characterized. Here, in Part II, these phenomena are briefly summarized, and emphasis is then placed on methods to cope with these degradation effects. Two particular mitigation techniques are examined: the Viterbi equalizer implemented in the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and the Rake receiver used in CDMA systems built to meet Interim Standard 95 (IS-95). Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Digital Communication Systems Part II: Mitigation Bernard Sklar, Communications Engineering Services e repeat Fig. 1, from Part I of the article, where it characterized in terms of the root mean squared (rms) delay σ served as a table of contents for fading channel spread, τ [1]. A popular approximation of f0 corresponding W to a bandwidth interval having a correlation of at least 0.5 is manifestations. In Part I, two types of fading, large-scale and small-scale, were described. Figure 1 emphasizes the small- f0 ≈ 1/5στ (2) scale fading phenomena and its two manifestations, time ∆ spreading of the signal or signal dispersion, and time variance Figure 2c shows the function R( t), designated the spaced- of the channel or fading rapidity due to motion between the time correlation function; it is the autocorrelation function of transmitter and receiver. These are listed in blocks 4, 5, and 6. the channel’s response to a sinusoid. This function specifies to Examining these manifestations involved two views, time and what extent there is correlation between the channel’s frequency, as indicated in blocks 7, 10, 13, and 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Favorable Propagation in Massive MIMO
    ASPECTS OF FAVORABLE PROPAGATION IN MASSIVE MIMO Hien Quoc Ngo∗, Erik G. Larsson , Thomas L. Marzetta† ∗ ∗ Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link¨oping University, 581 83 Link¨oping, Sweden † Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA ABSTRACT can simultaneously beamform multiple data streams to mul- Favorable propagation, defined as mutual orthogonality tiple terminals without causing mutual interference. Favor- among the vector-valued channels to the terminals, is one able propagation of massive MIMO was discussed in the pa- of the key properties of the radio channel that is exploited pers [4,5]. There, the condition number of the channel matrix in Massive MIMO. However, there has been little work that was used as a proxy to evaluate how favorable the channel is. studies this topic in detail. In this paper, we first show that These papers only considered the case that the channels are favorable propagation offers the most desirable scenario in i.i.d. Rayleigh fading. However, in practice, owing to the fact terms of maximizing the sum-capacity. One useful proxy for that the terminals have different locations, the norms of the whether propagation is favorable or not is the channel con- channels are not identical. As we will see here, in this case, dition number. However, this proxy is not good for the case the condition number is not a good proxy for whether or not where the norms of the channel vectors may not be equal. For we have favorable propagation. this case, to evaluate how favorable the propagation offered In this paper, we investigate the favorable propagation by the channel is, we propose a “distance from favorable condition of different channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Connectivity for Robust Applications in Rayleigh-Fading Channels Tom Hößler, Lucas Scheuvens, Philipp Schulz, André Noll Barreto, Meryem Simsek, and Gerhard P
    1 Dynamic Connectivity for Robust Applications in Rayleigh-Fading Channels Tom Hößler, Lucas Scheuvens, Philipp Schulz, André Noll Barreto, Meryem Simsek, and Gerhard P. Fettweis Abstract—The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks envi- the duration of failures into account is gaining interest in the sions ultra-reliability in wireless communications. One common area of wireless communications systems: Related concepts approach to guarantee that is diversity, e.g., by sending data comprise "survivability", "minimum duration outage", and redundantly over several channels to prevent the interruption of the combined signal. However, many applications, which we "mission availability" [5]–[7]. However, existing static diver- refer to as robust, are able to tolerate short communication sity schemes are not able to dynamically react to instantaneous outages. Thus, we propose a dynamic connectivity scheme named failures and therefore waste resources that are not needed for "reaction diversity", which only switches the channel in case of a smooth operation [4]. bad conditions, instead of providing multiple channels throughout In this letter, we propose a novel dynamic connectivity the transmission. As a result, time-correlated failures, e.g., caused by fading, are shortened. Through simulations with Rayleigh concept, namely reaction diversity (RD), which reacts to fades fading channels, we show that if short outages are acceptable, by selecting a different channel. We study the outage proba- the application outage probability can be reduced by several bility of robust applications, which can compensate for short orders of magnitude over selection combining of two channels, communication outages. By means of numerical simulations while only consuming half the resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of AWGN & Fading (Raleigh & Rician) Channels on BER Performance of a Wimax Communication System
    (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 10, No. 8, August 2012 Effect of AWGN & Fading (Raleigh & Rician) channels on BER performance of a WiMAX communication System Nuzhat Tasneem Awon Md. Mizanur Rahman Dept. of Information & Communication Engineering Dept. of Information & Communication Engineering University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Md. Ashraful Islam A.Z.M. Touhidul Islam Lecturer Associate Professor Dept. of Information & Communication Engineering Dept. of Information & Communication Engineering University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Abstract— The emergence of WIMAX has attracted significant into two types; Fixed Wireless Broadband and Mobile interests from all fields of wireless communications including Broadband. The fixed wireless broadband provides services students, researchers, system engineers and operators. The that are similar to the services offered by the fixed line WIMAX can also be considered to be the main technology in the broadband. But wireless medium is used for fixed wireless implementation of other networks like wireless sensor networks. broadband and that is their only difference. The mobile Developing an understanding of the WIMAX system can be broadband offers broadband services with an addition namely achieved by looking at the model of the WIMAX
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Rayleigh Fading Wireless
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&M Repository A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RAYLEIGH FADING WIRELESS CHANNEL SIMULATORS A Thesis by VISHNU RAGHAVAN SATHINI RAMASWAMY Submitted to the O±ce of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial ful¯llment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2005 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RAYLEIGH FADING WIRELESS CHANNEL SIMULATORS A Thesis by VISHNU RAGHAVAN SATHINI RAMASWAMY Submitted to the O±ce of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial ful¯llment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Scott Miller Committee Members, Costas Georghiades Shankar Bhattacharyya Daren Cline Head of Department, Costas Georghiades December 2005 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering iii ABSTRACT A Comparative Study of Rayleigh Fading Wireless Channel Simulators. (December 2005) Vishnu Raghavan Sathini Ramaswamy, B.E, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Scott Miller Computer simulation is now increasingly being used for design and performance evaluation of communication systems. When simulating a mobile wireless channel for communication systems, it is usually assumed that the fading process is a random variate with Rayleigh distribution. The random variates of the fading process should also have other properties, like autocorrelation, spectrum, etc. At present, there are a number of methods to generate the Rayleigh fading process, some of them quite recently proposed. Due to the use of di®erent Rayleigh fading generators, di®erent simulations of the same communication system yield di®erent results.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital Terrestrial Television (DVB-T)
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T) DVB Document A012 June 2015 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................ 5 Foreword............................................................................................................................................................. 5 1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2 References ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Informative references ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]