Linda T. DARLING 13 REFORMULATING THE GAZI NARRATIVE: WHEN WAS THE OTTOMAN STATE A GAZI STATE? “ O nion or garlic?” was how Cemal Kafadar posed the problem of the nature of the early Ottoman state.1 Was it the product of a single impulse whose nature can be discovered if we peel away enough layers, or was it formed from competing impulses, all of which left traces in the sources? Lacking definitive contemporary information, scholars have debated the true nature of early Ottoman identity, and particularly the definition and role of gaza in it, for some time without closure. It is not enough to protest that we can no longer regard the early Ottomans as zealous warriors for the faith whose purpose was to offer to the infidel Islam or the sword. To banish the stereotypes, we also need a new nar- rative of early Ottoman history, one that although tentative can be used not just as a springboard by specialists but also as a framework for teach- ing and textbooks. Linda T. DARLING, Associate Professor, The University of Arizona, Department of History, Social Sciences 215, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America.
[email protected]. 1 C. KAFADAR, Between Two Worlds: the Construction of the Ottoman State, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995, p. 90. An earlier version of the present paper was presented at the New England Medieval Conference, “Crusade, Jihad and Identity in the Medieval Mediterranean World,” Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, Oct. 3-4, 2008. The paper pays tribute to the work of Keith Hopwood, historian of pre- and early Ottoman Anatolia, who died suddenly in early 2008.