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Critical Assesement on the Current Operation of Planned Public Open Spaces in Addis Ababa`S Urban Environment

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Critical Assesement on the Current Operation of Planned Public Open Spaces in Addis Ababa`S Urban Environment CRITICAL ASSESEMENT ON THE CURRENT OPERATION OF PLANNED PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN ADDIS ABABA`S URBAN ENVIRONMENT: (The Case of Meskel Square and Leghar Park) Kumlachew Tsegaye ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Msc. Thesis) Advisor: Dr. Fisseha Wegayew January, 2007. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and Foremost I would like to thank my family and my wife for supporting me all the way during this study. I am very grateful also for the dedication of interest of my Professors, Particularly for Dr. Fisseha Wegayew who was my advisor for the study; and also for Professor Gurdeep Singh, who was helping me all the way in the post Graduate Program. Great thanks are also to my best friends whose help and feed back at the different stages of the study was invaluable. I would like to thank also all the people who helped me during the data collection. ii CONTENTS List of Maps and Photographs iii, iv Acknowledgement v Abstract vi Organization of the Thesis vii 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.1. Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objective of the study .................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Scope and Limitations of The Study.............................................................................. 5 2. Research Methodologies..........................................................................................6 2.1. Criterias for Selecting Case Areas ................................................................................. 6 2.2. Methods Of Information Gathering ............................................................................... 8 2.3. Analytical Framework.................................................................................................. 10 3. Literature Review On Urban Public Open Spaces.............................................14 3.1. Meanning ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1. Urban Space.......................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2. Public Open Spaces .............................................................................................. 16 3.2. Urban Public open Space and Urban Life.................................................................... 20 3.2.1 The Roles of Public Open Spaces In Urban areas. ................................................ 21 3.2.2. The Forces Shaping Public Open Spaces.............................................................. 23 3.2.3. People Perspectives Of Public Open Spaces ........................................................ 26 3.3. Factors for The Failure Of Public Spaces. ................................................................... 30 4. Contextual Background.........................................................................................38 4.1. Early Development Of Addis Ababa ........................................................................... 38 4.2. Public Open Spaces From the Early Development Of Addis Ababa........................... 39 4.3. Past Planning Practices and Public Open Spaces in Addis Ababa............................... 43 5. Case Studies............................................................................................................49 5.1. Case Study I: Meskel Square ....................................................................................... 49 5.1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 49 5.1.2. Analysis and Study Findings ............................................................................... 52 5.1.3. Conclussion........................................................................................................... 84 5.2. Case Study II: Leghar Park .......................................................................................... 87 5.2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 87 5.2.2. Analysis and Study Findings ................................................................................ 89 5.2.3. Conclussion......................................................................................................... 105 6. Discussion..............................................................................................................107 7. Recommendations................................................................................................116 References..................................................................................................................117 Appendix....................................................................................................................117 iii LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS MAPS 1. Le Corbusier Sketch for Addis Ababa (1936) 44 2. Guidi & C.Valle: General Urban Perspective View of the new Italian centre (1936) 45 3. Addis Ababa city Centre, by C.K. Polonyi (1978) 47 4. Meskel square (user groups map) 56 5. Meskel square (Observations map) 57 6. Meskel Square (Activity map) 67 7. Leghar Park (Activity Map) 92 PHOTOGRAPHS 1. Aerial Photograph of Meskel Square 8 2. Aerial Photograph of Leghar park 8 3. Picture that Show Lack of Places to sit 30 4. Picture that shows lack of Places to sit 30 5. Paris` Park de la Villette 31 6. Paris` Park de la Villette 31 7. New York City’s Bryant Park 32 8. New York City’s Bryant Park 32 9. Water Front Park in Barcelona 33 10. Berlin Zoo 33 11. Arizona Park 34 12. Luxembourg gardens in Paris 34 13. George Street in Sydney 35 14. George Street in Sydney 35 15. Picture Showing Liveable Street 36 16. Picture showing dead Street 36 17. Picture showing inconveniently placed transit stop 37 18. Picture showing properly placed transit stop 37 19. Picture from Early Addis Ababa – “Gibbi area” 40 20. Picture from Early Addis Ababa – “Arada area” 40 21. Meskel Square and Its Surrounding Land Uses 49 22. New Construction at the eastern part of Meskel square 51 23. Recently Added lightings at Meskel square 52 24. Small Children Playing Football at Meskel Square 53 25. Adult People at Meskel Square 55 26. Meskel Celebrations at Meskel square 58 27. Meskel Celebrations at Meskel square 59 28. The Great Ethiopian run at Meskel Square 60 29. Audiences gathered at Meskel square for Music Concert 61 30. Music Concerts at Meskel Square 61 31. People watching Football matches on the sonic screen at Meskel Square 65 32. Running activity on the Grass Amphitheatre of Meskel Square 67 33. The physical condition of the Grass Amphitheatre 68 34. People watching Activities at Meskel Square 68 35. Sheep grazing at Meskel square 69 36. One View of Meskel Square 70 37. Homeless people sleeping at Meskel Square 70 38. Wrongly used part of Meskel Square 71 39. The Grass Amphitheatre of Meskel square 78 40. The Public Toilet at Meskel Square 79 41. Recently provided poor quality moveable toilets at Meskel square 79 iv 42. The tribune at Meskel square 80 43. Designed seats at the grass amphitheatre of Meskel Square 81 44. Natural Stone seats at Meskel Square 81 45. New lighting fittings at Meskel Square 82 46. Leghar park and its Surrounding Structures 87 47. The Lion of Judah Monument at Leghar Park. 88 48. Users in Leghar Park Sharing the Concrete seats 90 49. People using Leghar park as a bus waiting area 91 50. Shoe shinning activity at Leghar Park. 93 51. Homeless people Using Leghar Park as sleeping area 94 52. Leghar park at Night time 94 53. Trees at Leghar Park 99 54. Seats at Leghar Park 100 55. Broken Seats at Leghar Park 100 56. Part of Leghar park which is Used as toilet 101 57. Poor soft landscaping design at Leghar Park 102 58. Pedestrian walkway at Leghar park 103 59. A Plastic house Constructed at Leghar Park 103 v Abstract The City of Addis Ababa, which is the Capital city of Ethiopia and the diplomatic capital of Africa, is currently experiencing multiple problems related with its spatial and Physical development. Its existing urban environment is characterized by poor urban image and absence of adequate facilities and services of international standards. These problems of the city are well prevailed by its poor quality urban public open Spaces, which were designed in such a manner to be utilized for various needs at a city level, among others. The general objectives of this study are therefore to find out how two well known public open spaces in Addis Ababa, Meskel square and Leghar Park, are currently operating and how the society is using them in everyday life; and also to analyse the major factors that affect their current operation. The study will attempt to answer the following questions: how these spaces of the city are currently operating? I.e. how does the society use them in everyday life? Besides, who is responsible for the planning, design and management of urban open public spaces In Addis Ababa? How do urban open public spaces in Addis Ababa created, developed and used? What kinds of facilities are provided by these spaces in the city? And, who actually uses these spaces? The research focuses on the current operation of urban open public spaces in Addis Ababa (i.e. those which are accessible for everyone).It employed a case study method. The current operation
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