Pacifastacus Leniusculus Dana, 1852

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Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana, 1852 Pacifastacus leniusculus is a large, hardy The signal crayfish cool-temperate freshwater crayfish that occupies a wide range of habitats from small streams to large rivers and natural lakes, including sub-alpine lakes. It also grows well in culture ponds and is tolerant of brackish water and high temperatures. The signal crayfish is endemic to the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from where it was introduced into the more southerly states. It has also been introduced to Europe and Japan as part of the livefood trade and for aquaculture purposes. The signal crayfish is an aggressive competitor and has been responsiblePacifastacus for displacing nigrescens indigenous crayfish species wherever it has been introduced. The ‘Critically Endangered (CR)’ SootyP. leniusculuscrayfish ( ) native to the western USA has become extinct partly due to interspecific competition with ; the signal crayfishPacifastacus has also fortis been implicated in causing P.a reductionleniusculus in the range of the endemic ‘Critically Endangered (CR)’ Shasta crayfish ( ) (Taylor, 2002).Cambaroides Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons (User: White Knight) japonicus was introduced into Japan from Portland, Oregon, where it has reduced the range of the endemic Aphanomyces astaci on the island of Hokkaido (Kawai & Hiruta, 1999). In AustropotamobiusEurope, it has extirpated pallipes populations of the indigenous crayfish to which all non-North American crayfish are species, particularly the Vulnerable (VU) white-clawed crayfish susceptible, but to which it is relatively immune. Crayfish plague (Holdich, 1999). has caused large-scale mortalities amongst indigenous European Its main impact has been as a vector of the crayfish plague fungus, References:crayfish populations, particularly in England (Alderman, 1996). Alderman, D. J. 1996. Geographical spread of bacterial and fungal diseases of crustaceans. Reviews Science and Technology Office International Epizooitology 15: 603-632 Holdich, D. M. 1999. The negative effects of established crayfish populations. In Gherardi, F. and Holdich, D.M. (eds.) Crustacean Issues 11: Crayfish in Europe as Alien Species (How to make the best of a bad situation?) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 31-48. Kawai, T. & Hiruta, M. 1999. Distribution of crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus and Cambaroides japonicus) in Lake Shikaribetsu and Shihoro, Hokkaido, Japan. Crayfish NEWS 21 (3): 1.1 Taylor, C. A. 2002. Taxonomy and conservation of native crayfish stocks, in Holdich, D. M. (Ed.), Click here to view archives of previous weeks’ species Biology of freshwater crayfish. Blackwell Science, Oxford: 236-257.

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The Systematics and Distribution of Crayfishes in California'
THE SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRAYFISHES IN CALIFORNIA' J. A. RIEGEL Department of Zoology University of California, Davis INTRODUCTION Crayfishes are interesting and important members of California's freshwater fauna. They are an excellent food, have value as game fish forage, and are used by fishermen as bait for game fish. On the nega- tive side, the burrowing habits of some species at times make them a menace to irrigation structures in agricultural areas. Because no comprehensive account has heretofore been published on the crayfishes in California, with the exception of a popular report by Bonnot (1930), it is believed this paper will be of value to both the scientist and layman. Brief descriptions of species of California crayfishes occur in early expedition reports, and a few are mentioned in monographs on various crustacean groups, primarily the cambarines (Hagen, 1871; and Faxon, 1889, 1895, 1898, and 1914), and the marine decapods (Holmes, 1900). About the middle of the 19th century, crayfishes were collected and described by naturalists accompanying the Pacific explorations of the Boundary Commission and the TT. S. Exploring Expeditions. In 1852, Charles G-irard described Pacifastacus gambeli. In the same year, James Dana established P. leniusculus. In 1859, William Stimpson described P. trowbridgi, P. nigrescens, and P. klamathensis. At the time of these early explorations, only two species were found in California, Pacifastacus nigrescens and P. klamathensis. However, Faxon (1885) referred to a specimen of P. gambeli in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, which was included with a group of specimens from Santa Barbara, California ; but as no other specimen of that species had been found in California, he doubted the validity of the record.
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Burrowing Behaviour and Movements of the Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jeama Amanda Stanton Department of Biology University of Leicester 2004 UMI Number: U179387 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U179387 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract Abstract Burrowing Behaviour and Movements of the Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) Jeama Amanda Stanton. The major burrowing characteristics leading to, during and after burrow construction are described. Burrow initiation was significantly correlated to crayfish size; smaller individuals beginning construction more quickly. Field burrow morphologies, examined using an optic cable video camera, showed 92% to be simple with only a single opening (Length range 3.5 - 79.0 cm). Significant associations were found between the clay/sand content of stream bank sediments and crayfish burrow densities. Substrate selection experiments indicated a significant preference for artificial shelter over burrowing in clay for adult crayfish, and a significant preference for clay and artificial shelter over mud or gravel in juveniles.
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Pacifastacus Leniusculus
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Freshwater Biology (2012) 57, 1823–1838 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02841.x The signal crayfish is not a single species: cryptic diversity and invasions in the Pacific Northwest range of Pacifastacus leniusculus ERIC R. LARSON*, CATHRYN L. ABBOTT†,NISIKAWAUSIO‡, § ,NORIKOAZUMA– , KIMBERLY A. WOOD*, LEIF-MATTHIAS HERBORG** AND JULIAN D. OLDEN* *School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A. †Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada ‡Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, Japan §Center for Toki and Ecological Restoration, Niigata University, Niibokatagami, Sado, Japan –Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan **BC Ministry of the Environment, Victoria, BC, Canada SUMMARY 1. We used historical sources, morphology-based taxonomy and mtDNA sequence data to address questions about the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. These included evaluating unrecogn- ised cryptic diversity and investigating the extent to which P. leniusculus may have been introduced within its presumed native range in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Our study builds and expands on Pacific Northwest phylogeographic knowledge, particularly related to patterns of glacial refugia for freshwater species. 2. Extensive collections (824 specimens) from British Columbia (Canada), Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Washington (United States) were used to characterise P. leniusculus at the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Genetic groups within the species were elucidated by phylogenetics and AMOVAAMOVA; evolutionary relationships within the most common and diverse group were investigated using a statistical parsimony haplotype network, a nested AMOVA, and tests of isolation by distance.
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