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THE SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF
CRAYFISHES IN CALIFORNIA'

J. A. RIEGEL
Department of Zoology
University of California, Davis

INTRODUCTION

C rayfishes are interesting and im portant m em bers of C alifornia's freshwater fauna. They are an excellent food, have value as gam e fish forage, and are used by fisherm en as bait for gam e fish. On the negative side, the burrow ing habits of som e species at tim es m ake them a m enace to irrigation structures in agricultural areas.
Because no comprehensive account has heretofore been published on the crayfishes in California, with the exception of a popular report by B onnot (1930), it is believed this paper w ill be of value to both the scientist and layman.
Brief descriptions of species of California crayfishes occur in early expedition reports, and a few are mentioned in monographs on various
(Hagen, 1871; and Faxon,
(Holmes, 1900). crustacean groups, primarily the 1889, 1895, 1898, and 1914), and the marine A bout the m iddle of the 19th century, crayfishes w ere collected and described by naturalists accom panying the Pacific explorations of the

  • S. Exploring Expeditions. In 1852,
  • Boundary Commission and the

In th e sa m e y e a r,

Pacifastacus gambeli.

Charles G-irard described Jam es D ana established
In 1859, W illiam Stim pson

P.

  • and P .
  • P. trowbridgi, P. nigrescens,

described
At the time of these early explorations, only two species were found
However, in the M useum of

  • and P.
  • Pacifastacus nigrescens

in California,

P. gambeli

Faxon (1885) referred to a specim en of Com parative Zoology, H arvard, w hich w as included w ith a group of specim ens from Santa Barbara, California ; but as no other specim en of that species had been found in C alifornia, he doubted the validity of the record.
G irard) of the of the Continental introduced into the S tate and are thriving. has been introduced into California from Ore-
(

Procambarus clarki

H agen) and

Orconectes virilis  (

subfamily Cambarinae, native to North America Divide, have since

Pacifastacus

is now widely distributed throughout

clarki
Procambarus clarki

gon and with is the only crayfish Mountains. and proposed the generic the central part of the State. know n to inhabit the w aters south of the

Astacus

In 1950, B ott revised the genus native to N orth A m erica w est of

Pacifastacus for the

name

1

Submitted for publication September, 1958.

  • Zoology, State College of W ashington, Pullm an,
  • Present address: Department

( 29 )

30

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the Continental Divide. His proposal is accepted in this paper. A further revision of
Pacifastacus is herein presented, in which trowbridgi is shown to be synonymous with

P. leniusculus. Descriptions

and figures of all species of crayfishes known or reported from California are included.
M aterials and distribution records upon which this paper is based were obtained by collections throughout California, by circularizing appropriate institutions in the State, and from the available literature.

SYSTEMATICS

Five species of crayfishes representing two subfamilies and three genera are now known to occur in California. These are

Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), Pacifastacus

(Stimpson), and

nigrescens

(Stimpson) of the subfamily Astacinae ;

Procam-

  • barus clarki  (Girard) and
  • Orconectes virilis  (

Hagen) of the subfamily though generally assumed to be

a variation of P. lenius- and P. nigres-

be considered as native to California ; the others were pre-

Cambarinae. Pacifastacus trowbridgi,

a distinct species, is here considered to be culus. Of the above-named species, only P.

cens may

sumably introduced.

  • Bott (1950) proposed the generic name
  • for the

of western North America. This proposal seems valid considering certain morphological differences between the European and North American species. In discussing the new name, he remarked that

Paci-

confined to the coastal region of North America between

fastacus is

the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. Similar characteristics in the gonopods of the male and other morphological characteristics indicate a direct relationship of Pacifastacus with Bott's two European

  • Austropotamobius.
  • genera, Astacus and

Hobbs (1941), in a generic revision of the subfamily Cambarinae,

  • Cam barus  into five genera and added a new monotypic genus to
  • split

Cambarus,

make six, namely,

Procambarus, Orconectes,
Troglocambarus (the new monotypic genus), and Paracambarus.

Of

Procambarus and Orconectes

  • these, only
  • are represented in California.

Systematic Revision of

Since species of cambarines are now differentiated chiefly on the morphology of the male first pleopod, and since the sexual apparatus is generally a conservative system atic character, the writer has attempted to distinguish members of
Pacifastacus on that basis. Comparison of the sexual appendages of the previously determined species shows four of the five original species are valid. These are Pacifastacus

  • leniusculus, P.
  • and P. nigrescens

(see remarks

P. gambeli,

after the species description). The fifth, P. trowbridgi, is only a variant of P. leniusculus, as will be shown. It is difficult, however, to differentiate species of Pacifastacus by the sexual appendages alone, as those structures look so nearly alike. Unless an investigator is quite familiar with the peculiarities exhibited in each, there is considerable possibility of error. Further, individuals of the same species, but of different age (size) groups, vary slightly in the conformation of the sexual appendages. No dimorphism can be recognized in the gonopods, as is seen so strikingly in the subfamily Cambarinae.

31

CRAYFISH ES IN CALIFO RN IA

Procambarus clarki

X
FIG U R E 1. A .

B. Orconectes

X

Pacifastacus trowbridgi  male cotype X 2.

C. Rostral area of cotype (left) and P.

trowbridgi

D. D orsal view of left gonopod of

leniusculus (right) X 3.

cotype (left) and P.

trowbridgi

E. V entral view of left gonopod of

leniusculus (right) X 3.

Illustration of variation in spines in three m ale acum en length and posterior pastorbital leniusculus (from a single collection).

  • C. Clinton.
  • by G   eorge

32

AND GAM E

Differences in the sexual appendages of

P. trowbridgi  ( leniusculus

and
Figure 1 D , E ) are indistinguishable, indicating the probability that they are not separate species. C om parison of other characters that have been used in differentiating these tw o species clearly confirms the suspicion that

P. trowbridgi

is but a junior synonym of

P. leniusculus. P. leniusculus

has been characterized as having well-developed posterior postorbital spines and an acum en exceeding in length the distance between the lateral spines of the rostrum , while

typical P .

acumen not exceeding in length the distance between the lateral spines of the rostrum (Figure 1 F-H ). In a large series of has obsolete posterior postorbital spines and an

P. leniusculus, pos-

terior postorbital spines vary from the low tubercles characteristic of

P.

of

  • (
  • Figure 1 F) to the well-developed spines characteristic

P. leniusculus  (Figure 1 II).

The rostral acumen varies from a relatively short one characteristic of P . trowbridgi
(Figure 1 F ) to a relatively long one characteristic of

P. leniusculus  (F igure 1 II). T he

apparent lack of correlation betw een the presence or absence of the posterior postorbital spines and the length of the rostral acum en is illustrated in Figure 1 G . T herefore, "typical" P.

and P.

trowbridgi merely represent extremes in variation with respect to these tw o characters ; and this, together w ith the sim ilarity of their sexual

  • be considered a syno-
  • appendages, clearly dictates that P .

nym of

P.

  • W ith the elimination of P .
  • as a valid species, determina-

species can readily be m ade on a com bination of

tion of Pacifastacus

structural characters m ore distinct than the sexual appendage.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CRAYFISH SYSTEMATICS

  • A N N U LU S V EN TR A LIS: B lind pouch betw een the
  • of the fifth pair of w alk-

  • ing legs in fem ale
  • fo r th e sto rag e o f sp erm s u n til th e tim e o f

extrusion of the eggs. BA SIS: Second segm ent of a w alking leg. C A R PU S: Fifth segm ent of a w alking leg. COXA:
First or basal segm ent of a
D A CTY LU S: EPISTO M E: GONOPOD:
Seventh segm ent of a w alking leg. R egion of the ventral w all of the head just anterior to First and second abdom inal appendages of m ale for sperm transfer.
ISC H IU M : M ER U S:
Third segm ent of a w alking leg. Fourth segm ent of a w alking leg.
P E R E IO P O D : PL E O PO D :
A ppendage (leg) of the thorax.
(leg) of the abdom en.

  • PL E U R O B R A N C H :
  • G ills arising from the m edial w all of the gill

  • PR O PO PO D :
  • Sixth segm ent of a w alking leg.

Key to the California Crayfishes

u se d

in

sy ste m a tic s a re sh o w n in
2defined in the glossary.

  • 1
  • L ast thoracic segm ent lacking
  • g re e n g la n d o rific e a t o r n e a r

  • apex of
  • ischium of one or m ore pairs of thoracic legs of m ale hooked

(subfam ily

: O roonectes or

Procambarus, g en era nativ e to N o rth
A m erica east of continental divide)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

33

CRAYFISHES IN CALIFORNIA segm ent bearing a pleurobranch ; green gland orifice at or near
1 ' Last

base of
(subfam ily none of thoracic legs of m ale

  • 3
  • - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

only native genus of w estern N orth A m erica)

hooked ; epistome of third and fourth pairs of thoracic legs of
2

truncate, carapace markedly tuberculate (Figure 1 A and Figure 4)
(G irard).

Procambarus clarki

of third pair of thoracic legs of male hooked ; epistome truncate with
2' Ischium

on anterior border, carapace slightly granulate laterally
H agen). medium low
(

Orconectes virilis

  • Figure 1B and Figure 5) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
  • (

45

  • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
  • 3' M argins of rostrum smooth

  • 3
  • M argins of rostrum denticulate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ridge w ith or w ithout posterior spine or tubercle; w hite or blue-
4 Postorbital

of cheliped (Figure 3 A

(D a n a )

green patch across junction of dactylus and and Figure 6) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Pacifastacus

4' Postorbital ridge never w ith posterior spine or tubercle ; no w hite or bluegreen patch as above (Figure 3 B and Figure 7)

5 C helae w ith one or tw o patches of soft setae on outer face (Figure 3 C and

  • Girard)
  • (
  • Figure
  • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pacifastacus gambeli

5' Chelae naked on outer face (Figure 3D and Figure 9)

Pacifastacus nigrescens (Stimpson).

Genus PROCAMBARUS Ortman

Procambarus

Carnegie Mus. Ann., vol. 3, no. 3, p. 437.
1905.

"First pleopod of first form m ale term inating in from tw o to five distinct parts which may be truncate, platelike, or spiniform. Shoulders present on cephalic surface of distal third. If the pleopod terminates in present on the of the third or of the third and fourth pereiopods in the m ale. only tw o parts this shoulder is alw ays present. inner

  • teeth along
  • Third maxillipedes of normal size bearing a

margins of the ischiopod." Hobbs, 1942.

Procambarus clarki (Girard) clarki Girard, 1852. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc., vol. 6, p. 91.

carapace and chelae m arkedly tuberculate or granu-

"M ale   form

late; hooks on third and fourth legs of m ale ; areola very narrow or obliterated; rostrum edges ridgelike and greatly excavated, sides converging to point of lateral spines; very prom inent spine on inner edge o r spines on ventral surface of m erus of chelae ; first abdom inal legs of teeth" Faxon, 1885. A nnulus ventralis of fem ale oval with a sigm oid groove across the center, with two at the anterior border. differs from male form I in having the three points on

  • of chelae ; double row of
  • and ventral surface of

m ale truncate w ith three short

M a le   form II:

the end of the first pleopod less distinct.
"Som ew here betw een San A ntonio and El Paso

Type locality:

del Norte, Texas" Faxon, (1898).

  • C ontra C osta C ounty, D iablo C reek
  • m ile

m iles w est C avell; Fresno miles southeast Mendota; Imperial County, southwest Concord, Diablo Creek County, cattail pond

  • Unless otherwise stated, all localities
  • in

34

A N D

ANTENNA CHEL A ANTENNULE

  • SCALE
  • ANTENNAL

ACUMEN ROSTRUM ANTERIOR SPINE POSTORBITAL RIDGE POSTERIOR SPINE CERVICAL SPINE

- CERVICAL GROOVE
AREOLA

UROPOD TELSON LATERAL SPINE

  • FIGURE 2.
  • Dorsal view of a crayfish w:th characters labeled that are important systematically.

Colorado canal 10 m iles south B akersfield; Los A ngeles

  • opposite
  • K ern C ounty, B akersfield,

B alboa

  • n e a r
  • P u d d in g sto n e
  • five m iles w est P om ona,

Puente C reek near W hittier; M adera C ounty, irrigation ditch near
Roadside Slough 12 m iles south

  • o n U . S .
  • 9 9 ;
  • C o u n ty , T rem b lad ero S lo u g h

  • north of
  • R iver m outh; O range C ounty, C osta M esa; R iver-

side C ounty,
C a n a l; S a c ra m e n to C o u n ty , D ry
C reek below R oseville, slough parallel A m erican R iver three m iles northw est Sacram ento; San B ernardino C ounty, L ake A rrow head n ear E m erald B ay , S an ta A n a R iv er n ear A rlin g to n ; S an D ieg o

35

CRAYFISHES IN CALIFORNIA
(Dana) X Y2.

leniusculus

  • A . Pacifastacus
  • FIGURE 3.

X

Pacifastacus klamathensis
B.

C.

D. gambeli (Girard) X
Pacifastacus nigrescens (Stimpson)
Clinton

X
George C.

Photographs by

  • A
  • I A N D

FIGURE 4.

P rocam barus clarki (Girard). a. b. right chela. c. gonopod of 1st

form male, dorsal view. male, ventral view. d. gonopod of 1st form male, ventral view.

e. gonopod of 2nd form

f. gonopod of 2nd form male, dorsal view. g.

epistome.

annulus ventralis of female. h. anterior process of

37
County, Spook Canyon near Escondido, small creek near Carlsbad,

C RA Y FISH E S IN C A LIFO RN IA

  • Lake
  • San Dieguito River three miles below Lake

  • 395 bridge, Doane Lake tributary to San Luis
  • near U. S.

Rey River ; San Joaquin County, Mokelumne River near irrigation ditch one mile north Stockton ; Santa Barbara County,
Ranch near Santa
Santa Ynez River at Los Prietos, ditch

Barbara ; Sonoma County, Russian River at Mirabel Park ; Stanislaus County, Tuolumne River three miles above junction with San Joaquin River.

seems well adapted to its new environ-

Remarks: Procambarus clarki

ment in central and southern California. It prefers sloughs where the water is relatively warm and vegetation plentiful, but it is often found in large streams. It commonly is found in rice fields and irrigation ditches in the Central Valley, where it is regarded as a pest because its burrowing causes considerable damage to those structures. In southern California, where streams commonly run dry during the summer, it is able to survive by burrowing to the water level.

Procambarus

Preliminary observations indicate that in California

clarki

breeds in late summer and early fall; the offspring hatch early in

  • undergoes a moult shortly before the breed-
  • the fall. The male

P. clarki

ing season by which it changes from second to first form, the latter being the sexually mature form. Whether first form males can return again to second form is not known. Second form males predominate in collections made before or after the breeding season. These observations concur with the natural history of (Penn, 1943). in its native Louisiana

P. clarki

Genus

ORCONECTES Cope

Orconectes

Cope, 1872. Amer. Nat., vol. 6, p. 419.

"First pleopod of first form male terminating in two distinct parts, both parts ending in straight, gently curved, short, or long spines (occasionally the central projection, 'outer part,' terminates in a bladelike process). Never is a strongly developed shoulder present on the cephalic margin near the tip of the appendage. The central projection is cornious, while the mesial process is usually much softer. In the male, hooks are generally present on the ischiopod of the third and fourth pereiopods. Third maxillipeds of normal size with a row of teeth along the inner margin of the ischiopod." Hobbs, 1942.

Orconectes virilis

(Hagen)

Cambarus virilis

Hagen, 1871. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. Illus. Cat., no. 3, p. 63.

M ale   form I:

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  • The Signal Crayfish Is Not a Single Species: Cryptic Diversity and Invasions in the Pacific Northwest Range of Pacifastacus Leni

    The Signal Crayfish Is Not a Single Species: Cryptic Diversity and Invasions in the Pacific Northwest Range of Pacifastacus Leni

    Freshwater Biology (2012) 57, 1823–1838 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02841.x The signal crayfish is not a single species: cryptic diversity and invasions in the Pacific Northwest range of Pacifastacus leniusculus ERIC R. LARSON*, CATHRYN L. ABBOTT†,NISIKAWAUSIO‡, § ,NORIKOAZUMA– , KIMBERLY A. WOOD*, LEIF-MATTHIAS HERBORG** AND JULIAN D. OLDEN* *School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A. †Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada ‡Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, Japan §Center for Toki and Ecological Restoration, Niigata University, Niibokatagami, Sado, Japan –Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan **BC Ministry of the Environment, Victoria, BC, Canada SUMMARY 1. We used historical sources, morphology-based taxonomy and mtDNA sequence data to address questions about the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. These included evaluating unrecogn- ised cryptic diversity and investigating the extent to which P. leniusculus may have been introduced within its presumed native range in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Our study builds and expands on Pacific Northwest phylogeographic knowledge, particularly related to patterns of glacial refugia for freshwater species. 2. Extensive collections (824 specimens) from British Columbia (Canada), Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Washington (United States) were used to characterise P. leniusculus at the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Genetic groups within the species were elucidated by phylogenetics and AMOVAAMOVA; evolutionary relationships within the most common and diverse group were investigated using a statistical parsimony haplotype network, a nested AMOVA, and tests of isolation by distance.
  • Pacifastacus Leniusculus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    Pacifastacus Leniusculus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, February 2011 Revised, June 2015 Photo: National Park Service 1 Native Range, and Status in the United States Native Range From GISD (2005): “Endemic to western North America between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. Occurs from British Columbia in the north, central California in the south, and Utah in the east.” Status in the United States From Schuster et al. (2010): “California - Introduced, Idaho, Nevada - Introduced, Oregon, Utah - Introduced, Washington” Means of Introductions in the United States From Fofonoff et al. (2003): “Pacifastacus leniusculus was introduced to various California watersheds, possibly as early as 1898, in San Francisco. An official transplant was made in 1912 to hatcheries in Santa Cruz County, and in later years, they were introduced to the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed. They were present in the Delta by 1959, and are now abundant (Riegel 1959). Other California locations include the Monterey Bay watershed, and upper reaches of the Sacramento watershed in the Sierras (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2010). Two records near the coast were from the Carmel River and the Little Sur Rivers, south of Monterey Bay, two and one miles from the ocean, respectively (Riegel 1959).” “In 2002, one specimen was caught in the Buskin River on Kodiak Island, Alaska (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2011). This could have been a bait release.” 2 Biology
  • European Crayfish (Astacus Astacus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    European Crayfish (Astacus Astacus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service European Crayfish (Astacus astacus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary US Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2014 Revised, June 2015 Photo: © Michal Maňas from EOL (2014). 1 Native Range, and Status in the United States Native Range From CABI (2014): “is widely distributed in Europe, extending from France in the southeast to Russia in the east, and from Italy, Albania and Greece in the south to Scandinavia in the north (Cukerzis et al., 1988; Holdich et al., 1999).” Status in the United States This species has not been reported in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported in the United States. Remarks From Edsman et al. (2010): “Common Name(s): English – Noble Crayfish, Red-footed Crayfish, European Crayfish, Broad-clawed Crayfish, Red-clawed Crayfish, Broad-fingered Crayfish, River Crayfish” 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2014): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca Subclass Eumalacostraca Superorder Eucarida Order Decapoda Suborder Pleocyemata Infraorder Astacidea Superfamily Astacoidea Family Astacidae Genus Astacus Species Astacus astacus Taxonomic Status: Valid” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Edsman et al. (2010): “Anecdotal measures of longevity indicate this species may live for up to 20 years.” “It is known that noble crayfish females reach sexual maturity at a size which ranges from 6.2 cm total length in localities with early maturity or slow growth to 8.5 cm total length in localities 2 with late maturity or fast growth. Males become mature at a size of 6.0-7.0 cm total length (Skurdal & Taugbøl 2002).” Environment From Edsman et al.
  • Red Swamp Crayfish Fact Sheet

    Red Swamp Crayfish Fact Sheet

    OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE INVASIVE SPECIES FACT SHEET Common Name: Red swamp crayfish/crawfish/ crawdad, Louisiana red swamp, red crayfish, mudbug Species: Procambarus clarkii Family: Cambaridae Order: Decapoda Class: Malacostraca Origin: Southern United States and northeastern Mexico. Wikipedia photo Size: Adults up to five inches. Description: A medium to large crayfish that can be red, black or brown in color with bright red bumps (tubercles) covering the body and long, narrow claws. Ecology: Found in lakes, ponds, drainage ditches, streams and rivers with slow currents. Prefers mud or sand substrates, but can use most aquatic environments. During times of drought or cold, crayfish create burrows in earthen banks ranging from 24 to 40 inches long. Status: Prohibited in Oregon Interesting facts: The red swamp crayfish is the most invasive crayfish in the world. It is unaffected by newt toxins, while Oregon’s native signal crayfish is susceptible. A genetic mutation may turn the body or claws blue, however the red tubercles remain. Impact: Aggressively competes with Oregon’s native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) for food and resources. Red swamp crayfish feed on plants, tadpoles, snails, and insect and newt larvaes. Burrowing activities cause bank destabilization and increased water turbidity. If overcrowding or excessive drought occurs, they are capable of overland travel to other water sources. the OREGON CONSERVATION STRATEGY OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Introduction: Path is unknown but by 1999, they were being found in Willamette Valley wetlands. Lifespan: Two to three years on average, some have been known to exceed six years in age. Reproduction: Breeding occurs in fall; eggs are laid in spring to early summer.
  • Environmental DNA (Edna) Detects the Invasive Crayfishes Orconectes Rusticus and Pacifastacus Leniusculus in Large Lakes of North America

    Environmental DNA (Edna) Detects the Invasive Crayfishes Orconectes Rusticus and Pacifastacus Leniusculus in Large Lakes of North America

    Portland State University PDXScholar Environmental Science and Management Faculty Publications and Presentations Environmental Science and Management 5-2017 Environmental DNA (eDNA) Detects the Invasive Crayfishes Orconectes rusticus and Pacifastacus leniusculus in Large Lakes of North America Eric R. Larson University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Mark A. Renshaw Hawaii Pacific University Crysta A. Gantz Portland State University John Umek University of Nevada, Reno Sudeep Chandra University of Nevada, Reno SeeFollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/esm_fac Part of the Environmental Monitoring Commons, and the Environmental Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Larson, E. R., Renshaw, M. A., Gantz, C. A., Umek, J., Chandra, S., Lodge, D. M., & Egan, S. P. (2017). Environmental DNA (eDNA) detects the invasive crayfishes Orconectes rusticus and Pacifastacus leniusculus in large lakes of North America. Hydrobiologia, 800(1), 173-185. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Science and Management Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Authors Eric R. Larson, Mark A. Renshaw, Crysta A. Gantz, John Umek, Sudeep Chandra, David M. Lodge, and Scott P. Egan This article is available at PDXScholar: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/esm_fac/209 Hydrobiologia (2017) 800:173–185 DOI 10.1007/s10750-017-3210-7 TRENDS IN AQUATIC ECOLOGY II Environmental DNA (eDNA) detects the invasive crayfishes Orconectes rusticus and Pacifastacus leniusculus in large lakes of North America Eric R.
  • Burrowing Behaviour of Signal Crayfish 1 55

    Burrowing Behaviour of Signal Crayfish 1 55

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aquatic Commons BURROWING BEHAVIOUR OF SIGNAL CRAYFISH 1 55 BURROWING BEHAVIOUR OF SIGNAL CRAYFISH, PACIFASTACUS LEMJUICUUJS (DANA), IN THE RIVER GREAT OUSE, ENGLAND RUI-ZHANG GUAN* (Mr R.-Z. Guan, The Clore Laboratory for Life Sciences, The University of Buckingham, Buckinghamshire MKT8 1 EG, England.) *Permanent address: Xiamen Fisheries College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China. (This article is based on a talk given at the FBA's Annual Scientific Meeting held at Charlotte Mason College, Ambleside, in July 1994.) Introduction The burrowing behaviour of numerous species of crayfish has been widely reported for Cambarus (Audubon 1839; Girard 1852; Bundy 1882; Tarr 1884; Shufeldt 1896; Engle 1926; Hobbs & Hart 1959; Hobbs 1969; Williams et al. 1974; Grow & Merchant 1980; Grow 1981, 1982; Rogers & Huner 1985), Orconectes (Payne & Price 1981; Hasiotis 1993a,b), Procambarus (Lyle 1936, 1937; Payne 1972; Huner & Barr 1981) and Astacoides (Frost 1974). However, burrowing has not been observed for Pacifastacus, and the wide-ranging and apparently less ecologically restricted North American signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is believed to be a non-burrowing species (Shimizu & Goldman 1983; Hogger 1988). Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) is native to north-western North America (see picture on front cover). It grows rapidly to a relatively large adult size and this had led to increased interest in its stocking and culture in Britain. Soon after its introduction from Sweden in 1976, thousands of imported juvenile crayfish were distributed to several hundred sites, where some established breeding populations (Hogger 1986a,b; Lowery & Holdich 1988; Holdich & Reeve 1991).
  • Invasion of the Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus Leniusculus, in England: Implications for the Conservation of the White-Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes

    Invasion of the Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus Leniusculus, in England: Implications for the Conservation of the White-Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes

    Invasion of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in England: implications for the conservation of the white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes Daniel David Adrian Chadwick University College London PhD – Environmental Science Page 1 of 249 I, Daniel David Adrian Chadwick, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Page 2 of 249 Abstract The spread of invasive species is a key driver of UK native biodiversity loss. The UK’s native white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, is in severe decline. The primary contemporary cause of this decline is the invasive non-native signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and associated ‘crayfish plague’ Aphanomyces astaci. In this thesis, I provide an updated distribution map of crayfish in England. This work shows that A. pallipes continues to significantly decline within England, whilst P. leniusculus continues to spread. Special Areas of Conservation were also analysed in the context of localised threats. At a regional scale, I explored the impacts of P. leniusculus on native ecological communities in headwaters, using both A. pallipes and crayfish-free rivers as controls. At the highest observed Catch-Per-Unit-Effort, populations of P. leniusculus severely depleted both invertebrate abundance and richness. I considered P. leniusculus population density and structure to be paramount in understanding its invasion ecology, but the literature was often based on biased sampling methods or semi-quantitative data. A novel technique, referred to as a ‘triple drawdown’, was developed and tested along a high density invaded river, with the intention of defining an exhaustive method of surveying P.