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Civil Rights in the 50s Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” “Equal” Alabama Classroom Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Linda Brown Thurgood Marshall Result: School Integration Monroe Elementary School The Murder of Emmett Till (1955) Murdered Money, Mississippi 14 years old Chicago, Illinois Accused: Roy Bryant and J.W. Milan Not Guilty Exposed Racism in the South • Became a National Issue Murder Case Reopened (2004) • Glass Topped Casket Donated to the Smithsonian Museum The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1, 1955 - December 20, 1956 Rosa Parks Montgomery Improvement Association Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Boycott: 381 Days Result: Bus Integration Henry Ford Museum -$492,000 (2001) The Seat That Changed History Jesse Jackson and Rosa Parks • Jackson: “Why didn't you move to the back of the bus?“ • Parks: “I thought about Emmett Till and I couldn't go back." Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. A National Figure Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Based on non-violence and passive resistance The Little Rock Nine (1957) Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus Little Rock Nine Elizabeth Eckford 101st Airborne IKE said this “was his toughest decision as President” Little Rock Central High School Memorial Bench Little Rock Nine Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Bryan Civil Rights of 1957 Civil Rights of 1960 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Sit-ins The Greensboro Four (1960) The Sit-ins Grew Greensboro, North Carolina Result: Integrated Lunch Counters International Civil Rights Center and Museum Opened February 1, 2010 The Fight for Civil Rights in the 50s .

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Commonlit | Showdown in Little Rock
Name: Class: Showdown in Little Rock By USHistory.org 2016 This informational text discusses the Little Rock Nine, a group of nine exemplary black students chosen to be the first African Americans to enroll in an all-white high school in the capital of Arkansas, Little Rock. Arkansas was a deeply segregated southern state in 1954 when the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The Little Rock Crisis in 1957 details how citizens in favor of segregation tried to prevent the integration of the Little Rock Nine into a white high school. As you read, note the varied responses of Americans to the treatment of the Little Rock Nine. [1] Three years after the Supreme Court declared race-based segregation illegal, a military showdown took place in the capital of Arkansas, Little Rock. On September 3, 1957, nine black students attempted to attend the all-white Central High School. The students were legally enrolled in the school. The National Association for the Advancement of "Robert F. Wagner with Little Rock students NYWTS" by Walter Colored People (NAACP) had attempted to Albertin is in the public domain. register students in previously all-white schools as early as 1955. The Little Rock School Board agreed to gradual integration, with the Superintendent Virgil Blossom submitting a plan in May of 1955 for black students to begin attending white schools in September of 1957. The School Board voted unanimously in favor of this plan, but when the 1957 school year began, the community still raged over integration. When the black students, known as the “Little Rock Nine,” attempted to enter Central High School, segregationists threatened to hold protests and physically block the students from entering the school.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE September 25, 1997
H7838 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð HOUSE September 25, 1997 and $200 billion deficits as far as the willing to go to any length to overturn thing sometime. When is this House eye could see. the election of Congresswoman LORET- going to be ready? When will the lead- With a determination to save the TA SANCHEZ. The committee majority ership of this House be prepared to American dream for the next genera- is in the process of sharing the Immi- clean up the campaign finance mess we tion, the Republican Congress turned gration and Naturalization Service have in this country? the tax-and-spend culture of Washing- records of hundreds of thousands of Or- This House, the people's House, ton upside down and produced a bal- ange County residents with the Califor- should be the loudest voice in the cho- anced budget with tax cuts for the nia Secretary of State. These records rus. We must put a stop to big money American people. Now that the Federal contain personal information on law- special interests flooding the halls of Government's financial house is finally abiding U.S. citizens, many of them our Government. It is time, Madam in order, the big question facing Con- targeted by committee investigators Speaker, for the Republican leadership gress, and the President, by the way, is simply because they have Hispanic sur- to join with us to tell the American what is next? With the average family names or because they reside in certain people that the buck stops here. still paying more in taxes than they do neighborhoods, and that is an outrage.
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OBJ (Application/Pdf)
NEWS FROM DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC RELATIONS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY FOR RELEASE: JUNE 5, 1958 LITTLE ROCK NINE AND <RS. BATES'" TO RECEIVE ANNUAL SPINGARN M'EDAT NEV/ YORK, June 5.--Nine Negro teenagers, the first of their race to enroll in Central High School of Little Rock, and Mrs. L.C. Bates, their mentor and president of the Arkansas State Conference of Branches, have been chosen as this year's recipients of the Spingarn Medal, Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, announced here today. The medal, awarded annually to a Negro American for distinguished achievement, will be presented at the 49th annual NAACP convention in Cleveland, Precedents Broken In selecting Mrs. Bates and these six girls and three boys, the Spingarn Award Committee broke two precedents. For the first time, the award, regarded as the most coveted in the field, is being given to a group rather than an individual. Also for the first time minors are recipients of the award. The children and Mrs. Bates are cited for "their courageous self-restraint in the face of extreme provocation and peril," and for "their exemplary conduct in upholding the American ideals of liberty and justice." Their role in the Little Rock crisis, the citation continues, "entitles them to the gratitude of every American who believes in law and order, equality of rights, and human decency." The young people entered Central High last September in compliance with a federal district court order. They were at first denied admittance by Arkansas state troopers acting on orders of Governor Orval E.
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Teaching the Civil Rights Movement in Florida: a Phenomenological Study of Central Florida Teachers
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2013 Teaching The Civil Rights Movement: A Phenomenological Study Of Central Florida Teachers Barbara Houser University of Central Florida Part of the Education Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Houser, Barbara, "Teaching The Civil Rights Movement: A Phenomenological Study Of Central Florida Teachers" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2951. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2951 TEACHING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN FLORIDA: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA TEACHERS by BARBARA HOUSER B. A. Southern Connecticut State University, 1982 M. A. University of Central Florida, 2007 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Education and Human Performance at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2013 Major Professor: William Russell © 2013 Barbara Houser ii ABSTRACT Teaching the civil rights movement can be challenging. Many history textbooks contain the national story of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, the march to Selma, Alabama, and not much more. Classrooms across the United States follow this path of nationalizing the civil rights movement. This interpretation is only a small part of the civil rights crusade that existed throughout the United States, including in the state of Florida.
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Remarks on Signing Legislation to Establish the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site November 6, 1998
Administration of William J. Clinton, 1998 / Nov. 6 Remarks on Signing Legislation To Establish the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site November 6, 1998 Thank you very much. You know, when Ernie rorist attack. No nation should live under the was up here introducing me, I remembered that threat of violence and terror that they live under he was the only senior among the Little Rock every day. Nine. He graduated in the spring in 1958, and When Prime Minister Netanyahu and Chair- when they called him up to receive his diploma, man Arafat signed the Wye River agreement, the whole auditorium was quiet, not a single they knew they would face this moment. They person clapped. But we're all clapping for you knew when they went home both of them would today, buddy. be under more danger and the terrorists would I would like to thank all the members of target innocent civilians. They knew they would the Little Rock Nine who are here, including have to muster a lot of courage in their people Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta LaNier, Jefferson to stick to the path of peace in the face of Thomas, Minnijean Trickey, Terrence Roberts. repeated acts of provocation. Melba Pattillo Beals is not here. Gloria Ray There are some people, you know, who have Karlmark is not here. Thelma Mothershed-Wair a big stake in the continuing misery and hatred is not here. I think we should give all of them in the Middle East, and indeed everywhere else another hand. [Applause] in this whole world, just like some people had I would like to thank Congressman Elijah a big stake in continuing it in Little Rock over Cummings, Congressman Gregory Meeks for 40 years ago.
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Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement
Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement Introduction Research Questions Who comes to mind when considering the Modern Civil Rights Movement (MCRM) during 1954 - 1965? Is it one of the big three personalities: Martin Luther to Consider King Jr., Malcolm X, or Rosa Parks? Or perhaps it is John Lewis, Stokely Who were some of the women Carmichael, James Baldwin, Thurgood Marshall, Ralph Abernathy, or Medgar leaders of the Modern Civil Evers. What about the names of Septima Poinsette Clark, Ella Baker, Diane Rights Movement in your local town, city or state? Nash, Daisy Bates, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ruby Bridges, or Claudette Colvin? What makes the two groups different? Why might the first group be more familiar than What were the expected gender the latter? A brief look at one of the most visible events during the MCRM, the roles in 1950s - 1960s America? March on Washington, can help shed light on this question. Did these roles vary in different racial and ethnic communities? How would these gender roles On August 28, 1963, over 250,000 men, women, and children of various classes, effect the MCRM? ethnicities, backgrounds, and religions beliefs journeyed to Washington D.C. to march for civil rights. The goals of the March included a push for a Who were the "Big Six" of the comprehensive civil rights bill, ending segregation in public schools, protecting MCRM? What were their voting rights, and protecting employment discrimination. The March produced individual views toward women one of the most iconic speeches of the MCRM, Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a in the movement? Dream" speech, and helped paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and How were the ideas of gender the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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Crisis in Little Rock: Race, Class, Violence During the Desegregation of Central High School, 1957-1958
101 102 Crisis in Little Rock: desegregation. Mob violence existed before, during, and after the Race, Class & Violence During the Desegregation of nine entered Central High. Threats on the students’ lives were Central High School, 1957-1958 common and, for the next eight months, the Little Rock Nine endured harassment from their peers as well as the Little Rock community. While most accounts of the crisis focus on the constitutional aspects of the case, they tend to avoid the key issues that help us better understand the factors that contributed to the crisis and the resulting violence. Con-siderations of race and class Richard J. Hanson are paramount to understanding the episode as it unfolded within the community of Little Rock. “When hate is unleashed and bigotry finds a voice, God help us The crisis had its roots in the landmark 1954 Supreme Court all.” ruling, Brown v. Board of Education. Ruling unanimously, the high court struck down segregation in public education. This The above quotation first appeared in the Arkansas Gazette on controversial ruling threatened to dismantle Jim Crow, and September 8th, 1957. It accompanied a picture that has since southern states were reluctant to comply. An exception, however, become internationally recognized as one of the most dramatic was Little Rock, Arkansas. Arkansas was not located in the Deep scenes of the Civil Rights Movement. It is a picture of a young South and therefore was regarded by many as moderate when it Negro girl by the name of Elizabeth Eckford and the moment came to race relations. Over time, however, Arkansas would also captured her as she walked to school on her first day of class.
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Choices in LITTLE ROCK
3434_LittleRock_cover_F 5/27/05 12:58 PM Page 1 Choices IN LITTLE ROCK A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES TEACHING GUIDE ••••••••• CHOICES IN LITTLE ROCK i Acknowledgments Facing History and Ourselves would like to offer special thanks to The Yawkey Foundation for their support of Choices in Little Rock. Facing History and Ourselves would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance it received from the Boston Public Schools in creating Choices in Little Rock. We are particularly appreciative of the team that consulted on the development of the unit under the leadership of Sidney W. Smith, Director, Curriculum and Instructional Practices, and Judith Berkowitz, Ed.D., Project Director for Teaching American History. Patricia Artis, history coach Magda Donis, language acquisitions coach Meira Levinson, Ph.D., teacher, McCormack Middle School Kris Taylor, history coach Mark Taylor, teacher, King Middle School Facing History and Ourselves would also like to offer special thanks to the Boston Public School teachers who piloted the unit and provided valuable suggestions for its improvement. Constance Breeden, teacher, Irving Middle School Saundra Coaxum, teacher, Edison Middle School Gary Fisher, teacher, Timilty Middle School Adam Gibbons, teacher, Lyndon School Meghan Hendrickson, history coach, former teacher, Dearborn Middle School Wayne Martin, Edwards Middle School Peter Wolf, Curley Middle School Facing History and Ourselves values the efforts of its staff in producing and implementing the unit. We are grateful to Margot Strom, Marc Skvirsky, Jennifer Jones Clark, Fran Colletti, Phyllis Goldstein, Jimmie Jones, Melinda Jones-Rhoades, Tracy O’Brien, Jenifer Snow, Jocelyn Stanton, Chris Stokes, and Adam Strom. Design: Carter Halliday Associates www.carterhalliday.com Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 November 2009 ISBN-13: 978-0-9798440-5-8 ISBN-10: 0-9798440-5-3 Copyright © 2008 Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc.
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Modern Civil Rights
Contents: Modern Civil Rights Limited progress, early court cases Thurgood Marshall Welcome! Briggs & Bolling cases Brown case/Earl Warren These mini-lectures are an overview of your Reactions to Brown assigned readings—they should provide Rosa Parks & Montgomery better understanding of what you are reading! Martin Luther King/SCLC Little Rock desegregation/reactions Just listen (if audio is provided, it plays Sit-ins/Freedom Rides automatically), then read the slide, and use James Meredith & universities the next arrowhead. If you are viewing this in March on Washington PDF, use the down arrow at the top of the pdf. Assassination/LBJ Great Society Conclusions. & A brief post test. Civil Rights... • Race laws based on 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson…separate but equal • Very few early challenges –W.E.B. DuBois created NAACP 1905 –Racial issues delayed in emergencies of world wars and depression ch29,Holland 2 Limited Progress, 1930s... • FDR & Eleanor Roosevelt gave limited support to Civil Rights • Margold Report (NAACP), 1933 –suggested tactics to challenge Plessy • Legal Defense Fund (LDF) started in 1939 ch29,Holland 3 First Challenges... • NAACP planned to challenge the separation of public education… • Thurgood Marshall and others collected facts for a court case... • President Truman’s Civil Rights Commission supported action ch29,Holland 4 Thurgood Marshall and NAACP lawyers gather evidence. Lead counsel, Thurgood Marshall whom LBJ would later make a Supreme Court Justice Law School Case... • 1946--Univ. Texas Law School denied admission to blacks • NAACP sued & Texas opened a small black law school; • Texas won the law suit since separate schools were legally provided ch29,Holland 7 Shall We Target Public Schools...? • By the 1950s four approaches to separating the races in schools… –Northern states required integration –Southern states required segregation –Border states like Kansas allowed county option –Western states had no law either way ch29,Holland 8 1949 Briggs v.
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Daisy Bates First Lady of Little Rock
DISCUSSION GUIDE DAISY BATES FIrsT LADY OF LITTLE ROCK As a black woman who was a feminist before the term was invented, Daisy Bates refused to accept her assigned place in society. Daisy Bates: First Lady of Little Rock tells the story of her life and public support of nine black students who registered to attend the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, which culminated in a constitutional crisis—pitting a president against a governor and a community against itself. Unconventional, revolutionary, and egotistical, Daisy Bates reaped the rewards of instant fame, but paid dearly for it. national center for MEDIA ENGAGEMENT PBS.ORG/indePendenTLens/DAisY-BATes DAISY BATES FROM THE FILMMAKER: Dear Viewer, Fifteen years ago I stumbled upon the story of a woman who had lost I hope that when audiences watch the film they will be inspired to her parents to violence, but rather than give in to a burning hatred become leaders in their own communities, educate themselves on inside of her, she became the leader of a movement to desegregate women from the civil rights movement (Daisy Bates is only one of the white schools in Arkansas in 1957. I had studied history all my life hundreds of unsung heroines from that time period), and use the film and considered myself quite knowledgeable, but nowhere in my his- as an inspirational tool to discuss education in American schools tory books did the name Daisy Bates appear. I felt compelled to find today. For young adults, I want the film to be a reminder that where out who this woman was and share her story in the hopes of resur- your life begins doesn’t have to be where it ends, and I want those recting her memory in the American consciousness.
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Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Nine Few people know their names, but the nine black students who became known as the Little Rock Nine helped to bring widespread integration to public schools in the United States. In the fall of 1957, Americans who were impressed with their courage and curious about the confrontations they caused watched as these ninestudents braved repeated threats and other indignities from segregationists as they tried to attend classes at the all-white Little Rock Central High School. The determination of the Little Rock Nine in challenging Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, who used armed troops to bar the nine students from entering the school, is legendary. Despite the obstacles they faced, the Little Rock Nine eventually entered the school and were able to attend classes, and as they did, their experiences continued to be documented and preserved as a testament to their characters. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and that school systems should begin plans to desegregate. However, during the early years of his administration, President Dwight D. Eisenhower did not focus on education and, therefore, many states were slow to implement plans for or actively to pursue desegregation. Civil rights organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) continued to pressure state and federal officials about integration while implementing their own plans to facilitate the process. The Arkansas state president of the NAACP, Daisy Bates (who was elected in 1952), organized a youth council that included the first ninestudents to desegregate Little Rock Central High.
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The Ipet-Isut Historical Preservation Foundation Presents à{ VÉÅÅxÅÉÜtà|Çz à{x HC TÇÇ|äxÜátÜç UÜÉãÇ iA UÉtÜw by Xwâvtà|ÉÇ ATTORNEY CHARLES HAMILTON HOUSTON THURGOOD MARSHALL, SUPREME COURT JUSTICE ATTORNEY WILLIAM MEREDITH HOLLAND You have a large number of people who never heard of Charlie Houston. But you're going to hear about him. That man was the engineer of all of it... if you do it legally, Charlie Houston made it possible.... -- Thurgood Marshall Historical Timeline of Black Education in Palm Beach County Florida Researched and Edited by Kimela I. Edwards Ineria E. Hudnell Margaret S. Newton Debbye G. R. Raing Copyright © 2004 The Ipet-Isut Historical Preservation Foundation All Rights Reserved “Discrimination in education is symbolic of all the more drastic discrimination in which Negroes suffer. In the American life, the equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment furnishes the key to ending separate schools.” Charles Hamilton Houston Brown itself is made up of five cases. This collection of cases was the culmination of years of legal groundwork laid by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in its work to end segregation. None of the cases would have been possible without individuals who were courageous enough to take a stand against the segregated system. Briggs v. Elliot The Briggs case was named for Harry Briggs, one of twenty parents who brought suit against R.W. Elliot, the president of the school board for Clarendon County, South Carolina. Initially, parents had only asked the county to provide school buses for the Black students as they did for Whites.
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