934 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS KENTUCKY'S lOOTH ARMY RESERVE now stationed at Bowman Field-traces its MRS. NIXON TRAINING DIVISION CELEBRATES lineage back to the closing days of World 50TH ANNIVERSARY War I. The lOOth Division was formed on paper July 23, 1918. In October 1918, at Camp HON. CLIFFORD P. CASE Bowie, Texas, the first Centurymen were OF NEW JERSEY HON. WILLIAM 0. COWGER chosen and organization of the Headquarters IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES OF KENTUCKY & Headquarters Company began. But before Wednesday, January 15, 1969 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the unit was fully formed, the Armistice came, and on November 30th the lOOth was Mr. CASE. Mrs. Vera Glaser, of the Wednesday, January 15, 1969 demobilized, its hour to come in another North American Newspaper Alliance, has Mr. COWGER. Mr. Speaker, during war. In 1921, the Division was reconstituted as written a most interesting series of arti­ the congressional recess the largest a unit in the Organized Reserves, with head­ cles on Mrs. Richard Nixon, which I ask Army Reserve unit in the Bluegrass quarters in Wheeling. Its units included the to be printed in the RECORD. These arti­ State, the lOOth Division-Training­ 400th Infantry Regiment in Louisville, or­ cles were carried by many of the major celebrated the 50th anniversary of its ganized in 1922. dailies throughout the country, among Louisville headquarters which was On August 1, 1942, at Fort Jackson, S.C., others, by the Newark Star-Ledger in formed in the closing days of World the lOOth was reborn for combat and began my own State, the Baltimore Sun, Detroit War!. to ready itself for its place in history. News, Atlanta Constitution, San An­ Kentuckians are proud of the more Under command of Major General Withers tonio News, Oklahoma City Journal, A. Burress, the Century Division arrived in than 3,000 men who serve both their France in October, 1944. Less than a week Scranton Times, and the Hartford Cou­ country and their community as citizen­ after the lOOth's final elements arrived at rant. I know the readers of the RECORD soldiers. Many of them served during the front, the Division became the first Amer­ will enjoy this candid portrait of our the Berlin crisis in 1961 and 1962 when ican unit to crack the German winter defen­ new First Lady. President Kennedy called the "Century sive line near Raon l'Etape. Two weeks latet, There being no objection, the articles Division" to active duty for a year at the Century Division helped breach the Ger­ were ordered to be printed in the REC­ Fort Chaffee, Ark. man defenses in the Vosges Mountains. ORD, as follows: On New Year's Day, 1945, a smashing Ger­ Commanded by Maj. Gen. Ben J. But­ [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, Dec. ler of Louisville, the division has 91 units man counterattack was aimed directly at the lOOth Division sector. For several days the 8, 1968] spread throughout the Commonwealth. thin lines of the lOOth Division were under THE REAL PAT NIXON: FROM HEARTBREAK TO 0 Veterans' Day, November 11, was heavy attack from three sides. GLITTERING TRIUMPH chosen as the 50th anniversary celebra­ But the lOOth Division, directly in the (By Vera Glaser) tion date so that the Centurymen could path of the German counteroffensive, was WASHINGTON.-The real life story of Pat pay tribute to World War I veterans in the only division on the entire Seventh Army Nixon, America's new First Lady, has every­ Louisville's American Legion parade. The front to hold its original ground. When the thing-suspense and intrigue, heartbreak lOOth Division transported the 50-year Nazi drive ended, the Century Division sec­ and triumph, the glitter of big names and veterans over the parade route in 20 jeeps tor protruded beyond the rest of the Amer­ historic events, a rags-to-riches angle, even with a special banner saluting the World ican front. a brush with death. War I warriors. Broadway, Louisville's In March, 1945, the lOOth shattered mili­ It is soap opera on the grand scale. But it tary tradition by capturing the heavily forti­ is also the American dream come true. main street and the parade route, was fied city of Bitche--the first time in 200 years redesignated as "Century Division Way" that the French city had fallen in combat. Millions of words have been written about the girl from a little Nevada mining town for Veterans' Day in a special proclama­ For their actions during 146 consecutive days in combat with enemy forces, Century­ who married the California grocer's son. But tion by Mayor Kenneth A. Schmied. Richard Nixon's slim blonde wife of 28 years The 11-man color guard, carrying an men received 6,125 individual heroism medals including three Medals of Honor. remains a bit mysterious and she likes it anniversary flag flown over our U.S. that way. Capitol together with the division colors After the war, in October 1946, the Division once again became part of the Organized She and her husband, the next President and the colors of each major subordinate Reserves-as the lOOth Airborne Division, of the United States, are intensely private unit, won the parade color guard trophy. with headquarters in Louisville. In 1959 it people, a trait they have passed on to their As former mayor at the time of their was redesignated the lOOth Training Division. daughters, Tricia and Julie. return from Fort Chaffee, and as the The lOOth served its second tour of active If Julie is shunning a chance to make his­ pre.sent U.S. Representative for many duty from September, 1961, to August, 1962, tory, not to mention television nem, by when it was the only Army Reserve Division marrying David Eisenhower in church in­ Louisville Centurymen, I am proud to stead of the White House less than a month salute these dedicated citizen-soldiers. called up by President John F. Kennedy in the Berlin Crisis. On that tour, the Century before the family moves in, she is behaving I submit the following article written Division activated Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, as her mother would wish. for the November 1968 issue of Louisville where it trained more than 30,000 soldiers. For Pat Nixon her daughter's wedding will magazine: The Commanding General then was Maj. be one of her last private experiencet before Last year Kentucky's famed lOOth Division, Gen. Dillman A. Rash, a former president of Jan. 20, when she becomes public property U.S. Army Reserve, celebrated its 25th anni­ the Louisville Area Chamber of Commerce. and the 50,000-watt floodlights roost per­ versary. Now it's already celebrating its 50th! President Kennedy expressed his apprecia­ manently on her doorstep. Has somebody flipped his military wig? tion to the lOOth in these words: Even before she moves into the nation's Nobody's flipped, and the Army hasn't " ... From the time when it was first most distinguished residence, Thelma "Pat" adopted a new-new math, but the Century alerted ... the Century Division has Ryan Nixon will have lived an extraordinary Division-made up of more than 3,000 citi­ achieved an exemplary record-one in which life. With her husband she has ridden a po­ zens-soldiers in 91 hometown units in every you may take great pride ... litical toboggan, speeding from crushing de­ feat to one of the greatest political come­ section of the Commonwealth-really is cele­ "The response and accomplishments of the brating its golden anniversary one year after Century Division have more than lived up to backs in the nation's history. its silver one. the reputation of the Division, and have been If her future is half as interesting as her The source of this apparent discrepancy is worthy of the fine tradition of the Army past, Pat-watchers should have plenty to to be found in a footnote to an important Reserve as a "citizen-soldier" emergency look forward to. page in American history-the World War I force ... No matter how she feels inside, the face Armistice, which came 50 years ago, on No­ "To you and to your families, and to the Pat Nixon turns to the world is calm and vember 11, 1918. communities from which you came, may I smiling. Her voice is low and cultivated. Last year's commemoration marked the say, as Commander-in-Chief, 'Well done!'" She is always ladylike. She once held a news formation of the lOOth Infantry Division for Today the Century Division, under com­ conference as a nurse bound up a sprained service in World War II. Few persons realize mand of Maj. Gen. Ben J. Butler, stand.S ankle. Her short, fluffy hairdo, lively brown that one unit of the lOOth-the Division ready to earn another "Well done" should it eyes and schoolgirl figure belie ha 55 yearS. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, once again be oalled to active duty. '8he looks fragile and protected. January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 935 To family and friends she is something was criticized by Democrats as bad taste, it reer and looks back on it as "very boring. else--warm as toast but disciplined as a slide forced them eventually to arrange appear­ Those retakes can drive you mad." rule. The young 13choolmarm who made her ances for Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy, whose After graduating college with honors (the own clothes and pressed her husband's pants reluctance to campaign that year was well same year Nixon was finishing Duke Uni­ in a garage apartment back in Whittier, known. versity Law School), Pat was offered a job California, is never far from the surface. Through it all Pat Nixon, despite the dim teaching commercial subjects at Whittier view she takes of politics, has been her High School for $190 a month which seemed SPECIAL SCORN husband's No. 1 volunteer, meanwhile fight­ like fabulous income at the time. Since it Pat Nixon, in short, is a woman who m ade ing valiantly to keep the disruptions of was far more than she could earn in mer­ it the hard way and has a special scorn for political life from affecting the normal home chandising, she decided to accept. those who cash in on life's goodies without atmosphere she insisted on providing for her At Whittier Pat coached the cheer leaders earning them. children. and directed school plays. She struck up a To Dick Nixon she is the loyal spouse who OPPOSED RACE friendship with another faculty member, shared the sleepless nights as he agonized She was cool at first to the idea of Nixon, Helen Drown, and their closeness has lasted over the Alger Hiss case, over his races for a freshman Senator from California, becom­ over the years. House, Senate and Vice Presidency, his tele­ ing Eisenhower's running mate. Young, pretty and gay, Pat dated the vision debates with John Kennedy, and his She opposed his 1962 race for the California town's eligible bachelors and met Nixon smashing victory in 1968. governorship and after that bitter defeat, shortly after he graduated from law school. "Beginning with my 1946 campaign for settled happily into private life as the spouse After meeting Pat at tryouts for a Little Congress," he wrote in "Six Crises," "she was of a successful New York lawyer. Theater play, he proposed to her that first at my side in all the years of campaigning. As of a year ago, neither she nor her night. Her physical stamina was even greater than daughters wanted Nixon to go after the STILL MYSTIFIED mine. In the long hand-shaking sessions it presidency in 1968. But only the girls gave "I thought he was nuts or something," she was I, rather than she, who would first have any public hint of how· they felt. said. "I guess I just looked at him. I couldn't to ask for a break in the line." The moment he made his decision Pat was imagine anyone ever saying anything like LOW POINT with him, loyally hitting the hustings until that so suddenly." Pat Nixon's public statements tend to be the very end in an unexpectedly close finish. She is still mystified by his impetuousity pale as water but in private she can be biting This time the Nixons made it, and it was a after the passage of 30 years. "He is very much as brandy. campaign to which the romance of Julie and the opposite, more reserved," she said. In 1960 when Nixon lost the presidency by David Eisenhower lent a special glow. Although she liked and admired Dick from the beginning, Pat had visions of travel and a hair to Kennedy, he never publicly brought was having too much fun to settle down. charges when evidence of fraudulent voting [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, During their two-year courtship they came to light. Pat, however, put it bluntly Dec. 9, 1968] joined other young couples for spaghetti sup­ to a high GOP official: "They stole us blind," THE REAL PAT: A COUNTRY GIRL WHO pers and story-telling sessions, and they took she said. CAME UP THE HARD WAY up lee skating. "Dick almost broke his head During the low point of his 1952 campaign, two or three times, but he still kept going," when her husband was under sharp attack WASHINGTON.-Pat Ryan grew up on a 10- acre California truck farm and her earliest Pat recalls. because of an $18,000 expense fund and some In those days, according to biographer Earl GOP leaders were trying to dump him from memories are of toddling behind her brothers as they picked vegetables, then piling into Mazo, Nixon was the life of the party. Pat the national ticket, Pat's nerve helped him reminisced that, "He would keep everybody through the sensational televised speech clar­ her father's wagon with the tomatoes and ifying his financial status which salvaged his cauliflower for a joyous ride to market. in stitches. Sometimes we would act our career. She had been an infant when her father parts. I will never forget the night we did A FEW NEEDLES pulled up stakes and left her birthplace in 'Beauty and the Beast.' Dick was the Beast Ely, Navada. After a series of frightening and one of the other men dressed up like Three minutes before Nixon was to appear accidents in the mines where he worked, Beauty. We had loads of laughs." before the cameras to lay his political life Ryan had a·n urge to get back to the land There was no talk of politics then. Nixon's on the line in which was to become known and moved west. sights were set on a successful big-city law as the "Checkers" speech, he turned to his "My dad was so Irish," Mrs. Nixon recalls, practice and he was keeping an ear to the wife and said: "that he called me St. Paitrick's babe in the ground for possibilities. "I just don't think I can go through with morn, although I was born March 16. He In the spring of 1940, when Pat said yes, this." nicknamed me Pat and we've always cele­ Nixon brought her a basket of flowers with "Of course you can," Pat said firmly. After­ brated the birthday on the 17th." Even her her engagement ring tucked inside. They ward she applauded him for including a few official biography lists it as the 17th. were married at the Mission Inn in Riverside needles for the Democratic nominee, Adlai Two months earlier, on January 9, Richard June 21, 1940, then drove off in the direction Stevenson, who also had had fund trouble. Milhous Nixon had been born on a lemon, of Mexico City. They were both 27. No matter how tough the going gets, Pat as they sometimes called it, farm in Yorba "That's what we still like to do, get in Nixon grits her teeth and keeps her feelings Linda, but it was to be 25 years before their the car and ride off, just to be going with no to herself. When a wild, out-of-control Vene­ paths crossed. particular destination. Because of television zuelan mob attacked the Nixons on a state The Ryan farm, or "ranch" was at Artesia, we can't go anywhere now without being visit to Caracas in 1958, a witness said she 18 miles from Los Angeles. Besides vegeta­ recognized," Mrs. Nixon said. was "as brave as any man I ever saw." bles, they raised peanuts for the family and The newlyweds rented an apartment over As the crowd, out for blood, screamed the Ryans' peanut roasts were highlights a garage and Pait continued to teach. Dick's "Muera Nixon! Muera Nixon!" (death to for neighborhood children. law practice was coming along fairly well Nixon), and rained rocks and spit on her car, Little Pat walked a mile to and from and he was active in civic affairs. With som.e trying to beat in the doors, she remained school and learned how to bake by helping friends he also took a flyer in business, rais­ composed. "I tried to calm the foreign min­ mother with bread and cinnamon rolls. After ing $10,000 to start a frozen orange juice ister's wife," Pat said later. "She felt horrible their strenuous outdoor games, the hungry concern, of which Nixon was to be president that this was happening in her country." youngsters swarmed into the kitchen, some­ and attorney. They were never able to develop Although she describes politics as "not the times demolishing an entire batch of baking. a proper container and the venture folded in life I would have chosen," she has uncom­ In later years Pat was permitted to drive 18 months. plainingly traveled hundreds of thousands her father's team of horses. The family After serving four years in the Navy during of miles with her husband, eating raw fish World War II Nixon was approached by a couldn't afford a tractor. group of civic leaders about running for with Khrushchev in Moscow and driving Her mother died when she was 12 and through the streets of Warsaw in a hail of Congress. At the time Pat didn't feel strongly her father five years later, as Pat was grad­ one way or the other and he decided to flowers. uating from high school. While running the ACID TEST accept. household, she took a job in the local bank In his 1946 campaign, Nixon trounced As the Vice President's wife, she weathered for a year. an acid test during President Eisenhower's long-entrenched Democratic Congressm.an Her ambition was to be a buyer and she Jerry Voorhis in a campaign high-lighted by heart attack, when every word and gesture was determined to save enough to study was narrowly watched by news media and a series of debates, and the political tobog­ merchandising in college. She drove east with gan ride had begun. the public for awkwardness or poor taste. relatives, worked in a hospital near New York In 1960 she became the only woman in the for a year, then returned to Los Angeles with history of either party around whom a sep­ [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, enough saved to enter the University of Dec. 10, 1968] arate campaign was built. It is not generally Southern California. known that the idea originated with her THE REAL PAT: SHE'S ALWAYS READY To To put herself through, Pat spent holidays RALLY 'ROUND HER MAN h,usband who first suggested it to Clare and vacations selling at Bullock's-Wilshire Williams, then Assistant GOP Chairman, at and picked up extra money by taking movie (By Vera Glaser) a party leaders' breakfast. bit parts, "mostly mob scenes," she recalls. WASHINGTON .-For a worn.an who can take Although the "Pat for First Lady" effort She apparently never wanted a movie ca- politics or leave it, Pat Nixon's performance 9.36 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 in 10 campaigns over a 20-year period is a which may have saved Ike's life and which UNSPOILED GmLS tribute to the power of positive thinking. did not come to light until much later. When the score is added up, Pat Nixon's A friend visiting the Nixons in the sum­ Late one evening in the closing weeks o! greatest triumph may lie in her two un­ mer of 1967 insists it was crystal clear that Nixon's 1960 presidential race, as the GOP spoiled, outgoing daughters and the close­ Pat and her daughters, Tricia and Julie, nervously awaited Ike's participation to bol­ knit home life she has created despite the wished the head of the house would stick ster the lagging campaign, Pat Nixon's tele­ demands of politics. to his thriving New York law practice and phone rang. The freedom the girls enjoy now-with stay out of the 1968 presidential race. It was Mamie Eisenhower who confided dates, clothes, friends and curfew-contrasts Nixon had taken more than his share of that she was concerned about Ike's physical with their sheltered childhood when they abuse and m isrepresentation, they felt, and condition and hoped the vice president would were kept away from splashy state functions, Mrs. Nixon was convinced the 1960 election restrain her husband's eagerness for a vigor­ and even the Secret Service men assigned to had been stolen. ous campaign swing. The next morning Gen. protect them were passed off as family friends. But Nixon's womenfolk never tried to sway Howard Mee. Snyder, the President's physi­ The Nixons enjoy nothing more than an him. "When someone has such firm convic­ cian, telephoned Nixon with the same mes­ evening of music together, either a round tions that he can do something big and so sage. of show tunes on the piano by the President­ outside of himself, it's a rare thing. You AIDES MYSTIFIED elect, or a rack of records on the stereo set have to have faith in it," Tricia said at the Shortly afterward, at a meeting of party installed by Nixon's brother Ed. time. "Whatever he wants to do, we're going leaders in the White House at which Ike On Sundays the family attends Dr. Norman to support him." offered to do whatever Nixon asked, the vice Vincent Peale's sermons, afterward walking Nixon decided to make a second try for president mystified and angered those pres­ their dogs, or settling down for a televised the presidency on, his 55th birthday, last ent by discouraging Ike from adding any ball game. Jan. 9. His women promptly rallied behind new appearances beyond two already sched­ Nixon is attentive to his girls, remember­ him and took to the hustings. uled. The decision may h ave saved Ike's life ing their birthdays and complimenting them During the primaries, Pat Nixon dropped but some are certain it contributed to Nix­ on new dresses. While in Hawaii on his 27th from a size 10 to a size eight. Once she went on's hairline defeat. wedding anniversary, he made sure a spray for 13 strenuous hours on two cups of cof­ The worst private agony for the Nixons of white orchids was delivered to Pat in New fee, claiming she was "too excited to be was the 1952 ruckus over the $18,000 expense hungry." York and the girls took her to La Cote fund. "How long do we have to take this?" Basque for a fancy dinner. With only slight variations, her campaign Pat seethed as pressure built up to dump Nixon tries to space his travels to be at pattern has remained constant since her Nixon from the ticket and no word came home on special days. On Thanksgiving 1966, husband's first Congressional race in 1946. from Eisenhower during a week of tough when Julie was a freshman at Smith College Stumping the country at women's lunch­ campaigning. in Northampton, Mass., she invited her room­ eons and teas, she shuns issues and avoids Nixon's phenomenal six-year rise in poli­ mate, Alexandra (Plip) Kimberly, daughter controversial comments, frustrating report­ tics appeared shattered, h is career plunging of a Portland, Ore., physician, for the week­ ers who seek scoops. to rock bottom. F atigue, uncertainty and end. When the Nixons learned that Plip's "I don't think one person can speak for pressure began to wear down his resistance two sisters also were far away from home at another," smiles Pat. "The candidate should and he mused over whether he should resign. eastern colleges, they asked them for dinner, speak for himself. Also, I'm just not sure Pat's eyes blazed. "You can't think of that. too. Plip reported the Nixons are "fun, in­ I'd know all the answers." If you do Eisenhower will lose. If you do not terested in other people, not closed-minded." Her rare "news" conferences produce lit­ fight back, but simply crawl away, you will Within the family relations appear easy­ tle news. destroy yourself, our life will be marred for­ going. The girls show none of the hostility It all adds up, however, to }}Olitical pay ever, and the same will be true of your family toward parents so common among young dirt for Nixon. Women seem to identify with and particularly your daughters." people and Mrs. Nixon was asked how she Pat's sincere, understated behavior. Even "CHECKERS" SPEECH accounted for that. while losing to handsome John Kennedy in "Tricia and Julia skipped at least three 1960, Nixon still carried the women's vote. Somewhat encouraged, Nixon delivered the stages in the growing-up process," she re­ famous "Checkers" speech. As they left the Between-times Pat's commercial know­ ported. "They never went in for wild clothes. studio, with no idea of how the American They never had the urge to use heavy make­ how has stood Nixon in good stead and he public had received it, a big Irish setter says she is still a cracker-jack secretary. She up. And most of the time they take our worked long hours without pay in his Con­ bounded up wagging his tail. Turning to Pat, advice." gressional office and more recently, when Nixon said; She is justifiably proud of her closeness to mail urging him to run again flooded his "Well, at least we got the dog vote tonight," her daughters and the fact that they ex­ law office, she pitched in there, as did the and they had their first good laugh in a change confidences. Nixon daughters. week. , On special evenings the girls invite friends The speech, heard or seen by 60 million At one point, Nixon promised his wife to for supper before going out to a play or Americans, a record until that time, drew movie, planning the menu with Manola and retire from politics, a vow he never kept. an avalanche of favorable messages, insuring As his political troubles piled up in 1954, Fina Sanchez, a Cuban refugee couple who Nixon's place on the ticket. have been with the Nixons six years. The he told her he would bow out once and for all But for Pat Nixon it was a turning point. when his term as Vice President ended in girls have been helping the couple study for "Ever since the fund thing she hasn't been U.S. citizenship which Manolo obtained on 1956. She asked him to jot the date and keen on this business," her husband said. decision on a scrap of paper and tuck it into Nov. 6, one day too late to cast his vote for his wallet. his boss for president. Because Manolo is He attributed his subsequent change of [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger unfailingly good-humored the girls have heart to "circumstances." That Nixon con­ Dec. 11, 1968) nicknamed him "Grouch." siders his wife a valuable campaign asset THE REAL PAT: MOM'S KEPT THE FAMILY The family loves to cook up surprises for is obvious. "To Pat-She also ran," is the TIGHT KNIT each other and on weekends, when Manolo dedication in his book, "Six Crises," which (By Vera Glaser) and Fina take time off, every one pitches in was published in 1962. She was with him in with the housework. A favorite Sunday WASHINGTON.-"Who wants to read about breakfast is small pancakes with syrup which victory and defeat, but for Pat the defeats us?" Julie Nixon chided a reporter, "Young rankled. After he lost the presidency in 1960 Nixon, the only one in the family not trying people couldn't care less. They get so irked to gain weight, tries to avoid. and the California governorship in 1962, her with corny interviews!" reaction led him to comment that women are After Nixon's 1962 defeat for the California Her remark was tossed off six months be­ governorship, the family drew even more more emotionally committed in campaigns fore her father entered the 1968 presidential and therefore make stauncher partisans. closely together during three years of pri­ race and is a measure of how unassuming vate life in New York. They have come to love The great dramas of the Nixon political the Nixon girls have remained despite their the city and Pat Nixon particularly savors saga, however, occurred not on the campaign parents' prominence. its art museums, glittering shops, and fine trail but in the privacy of hotel rooms and Mrs. Nixon had argued against the inter­ restaurants. offices where excruciating decisions were view, but when Tricia and Julie decided to But for the next four years, at least, her thrashed out. Nixon, whom his wife says do it, she left them on their own, knowing life will be elsewhere, at 1600 Pennsylvania "gets very tense when he's on a heavy sched­ their spirited off-the-cuff chatter would be Avenue in Washington, D.C., and for the ule," admits that he sometimes blew his taped by the writer. Few mothers have as Nixons the private chapter will have ended. stack. much confidence in their young. IKE'S BLUNDER As they were to do repeatedly in the cam­ [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, It would be fascinating to know what the paign that followed, Tricia and Julie dis­ Dec. 12, 1968] Nixons really said privately when President played humor, intelligence and candor, plus a THE REAL PAT: SHE WILL MAKE THE WHITE Eisenhower blurted, in reply to a newsman's regard for their father verging on idolatry. HOUSE A GRACIOUS LADY question, that 1! given a week he might think The feeling clearly is mutual. of something Nixon had done. As a hard­ "I have to beat those girls now and then," (By Vera Glaser) working and creative vice president, Nixon Nixon smiled. WASHINGTON.~What kind Of First Lady will must have resented the inadvertent slur. "Don't believe it," his wife retorted. "He Pat Nixon be? How will she handle herself in He repaid it, however, with a sacrifice never says no to them." the toughest unpaid job in the country? January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 937

Mrs. Nixon, as usual, isn't tipping her hand, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S RE­ Mr. HowE. It seems to me that the priority but some educated guesses can be made: MAINING JOB IN EDUCATION that most clearly reflects the educational Pat Nixon will be an active First Lady. She thrust of the Johnson Administration has hopes to assist her husband on special proj­ been the focus on disadvantaged people and ects and will want to continue her own inter­ HON. OGDEN R. REID on using education as the instrument to ests in education, health, and young people. OF NEW YORK solve the problems of disadvantaged people. If President Nixon visits Soviet Russia, she And I think the programs that you have been hopes to travel with him. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES describing can be seen, in very large pro­ SWINGERS OUT Wednesday, January 15, 1969 portion, in that context. The funds that have been appropriated She will continue to be her husband's eyes Mr. REID of New York. Mr. Speaker, for support of these programs are by no and ears among women, reporting their views some weeks ago, Harold Howe II, Com­ means adequate to do the job, nor has there to him. She expects to be consulted by Nixon missioner of Education, and Dr. Samuel been adequate time to complete that job. who respects her judgment. But a very effective start has been made, and It is doubtful Pat Nixon's pace will match Halperin, Deputy Assistant Secretary for it seems to me that there is need now for the myriad endeavors and travels of Lady Legislation in HEW, tape recorded an two major new directions in Federal educa­ Bird Johnson, or that any First Lady will for unrehearsed conversation about the Fed­ tion programs. years to come. eral Government's remaining job in edu­ One of t hese directions can be suggested The "y'all come" hospitality of the Lyndon cation. by the word "consolidation"-some kind of Johnsons is likely to simmer down. Swingers The resulting transcript is a compre­ pulling together of existing programs so that will be out. hensive and far-sighted statement of the they relate better to each other; so that they Entertaining will be elegant, somewhere have more flexibility; so that they are more between the glamor of Jacqueline Kennedy needs of the educational community in convenient for the people who use them; so and the no-nonsenst! approach of Mamie the coming decade and the Federal Gov­ that administrative problems that arise from Eisenhower. ernment's role in meeting them. Present­ multiple application forms, filing deadlines, Young people's parties, centering around ing as it does the views of two of the top­ and that kind of thing are simplified. Both pretty 22-year-old Tricia Nixon, will brighten ranking educational administrators in administrative and legislative action are the calendar. The petite honey blonde is likely the country, I believe that this document needed so that efforts in teacher training, for to be the darling of the handsome young is of particular importance to us in the instance, are related to the efforts of local White House aides. school districts in educating disadvantaged After eight years in the Vice Presidency, Congress. children and so that curricular reform and the White House holds few mysteries for the While we look to the new administra­ other measures by school districts to serve Nixons. They should adjust easily to living tion for a continuing emphasis on qual­ those children are reflected in the teacher above a workshop and public shrine. ity education for all Americans, it is our training programs of the colleges and uni­ No matter how recently a foreign head of ultimate responsibility to enact those versities. state has visited the White House, he will measures which will carry on the tradi­ I think there is the possibility of bringing want to pay his respects to the new President, tion of expansion, determination, and about more efficient combinations of these so the amount of official entertaining is likely devotion to principle that has charac­ Federal programs. In saying this I do not to be heavy for a while. terized Dr. Howe's tenure as Commis­ mean to suggest that the relative degree of It is doubtful the Nixons will open every disorder which exists is anybody's fault. It nook and cranny of the mansion to guests, sioner. The Nation has been fortunate has developed historically, growing out of bringing large parties up to the private quar­ to have had the leadership of Dr. Howe­ the mechanisms by which the Congress en­ ters as the Johnsons have done. a truly outstanding Commissioner of acts programs and the manner by which an Nixon guests will be drawn from the busi­ Education-and Sam Halperin has served administration formulates and proposes ness, legal and international communities, both Commissioner Howe and his pred­ them. Apparently there are those who imag­ sprinkled with such old friends as Jack and ecessor, Frank Keppel, with creative ine that this disorderly picture justifies crit­ Helene Drown, Bebe Rebozo, the Robert ability and distinction. icism of the Congress or the Administration. Finches, Elmer Bobsts, Walter Annenbergs, I don't feel that way about it at all. Rather, I think we will better understand the it is the natural result of historical develop­ and Hobart Lewises. Officials from the Eisen­ scope of our task if we study the tran­ hower days like Fred Seaton and Tom Gates ment. may reappear. script of Commissioner Howe's and Dr. The second point I would make in regard Ed Oox, Tricia's frequent escort in New Halperin's conversation, and for that to the Federal activities of the future has to York, probably will be invited often and reason I am including it in the RECORD do with the organization of the Federal es­ newlyweds Julie and David Eisenhower will at this point: tablishment in education itself. The Johnson Administration, in introducing all these new add to the fun when they fly down for week­ THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S REMAINING JOB ends. Childhood friendships with old pals programs, has introduced them across the IN EDUCATION* board in the Federal Government. You find like Washingtonian Dabney Hibbert will be Mr. HALPERIN. Looking at the legislative renewed. them in the Office of Economic Opportunity, authorities of the U.S. Office of Education in the Labor Department, in aspects of the "My first concern," Mrs. Nixon has said, as of August 1968 we see that thts Federal Model Cities Program related to education, "will be to make the White House a home, agency is empowered to spend, if appropri­ in the Arts and Humanities Endowments, not a house. I would want it to be a gracious ated, some $8 bUlion annually under pro-· in the National Science Foundations, in place where we can enjoy our family life as grams covering virtually every area of edu­ the Appalachia programs, in a whole vari­ well as carry out our public responsibillties." cation. These authorizations affect, in a ety of agencies. Whereas the Federal Govern­ The Nixons are partial to swimming and major way, higher education, educational re­ ment has looked at the complexities of trans­ love good shows, so can be expected to take search, elementary and secondary education, portation and organized a new Department full advantage of the White House pool and teacher training, vocational education, edu­ to deal with them or the problems of the theater. Mrs. Nixon, a frustrated gardener, cation of the handicapped, adult education, cities and organized the new Department of should have a field day as the seasons change, student financial aid, community services, Housing and Urban Development, education watching the staff rotate colorful tulips and library programs, and many other areas. has simply mushroomed all over the Govern­ chrysanthemums in the well-tended beds. Thus, it is no exaggeration to say that, with ment. It seems to me that one of the major If Nixon is pressed for time, as is likely, only slight modifications, the programs now tasks for the future is an organizational he may take his exercise close to home and on the statute books could address virtually house cleaning and re-ordering of the Federal revive use of the Eisenhower putting green any education problem in our society. role in education. on the south lawn. An avid and knowledge­ Except possibly in the education of the There are many proposals around, and one able baseball fan, he can be counted on to handicapped, these Federal undertakings are of them is that there be a Cabinet-level De­ toss out the opening ball each year unless not what might be called general support partment of Education. Another is that the something world-shattering interferes. programs. Instead they tend to be, in vary­ education function in HEW be escalated by Mrs. Nixon currently is studying the blue­ ing degrees, of a categorical nature. That is the establishment in the Department of an prints of the mansion given her by Mrs. to say, the Congress has agreed upon par­ Under Secretary for Education. Personally, Johnson and wondering whether to move in ticular national educational priorities which I would lean toward the former. the piano and family stereo. She likes the call for Federal resources and has enacted Mr. HALPERIN. It seems to me that one can't house as is, and plans no major changes or programs accordingly. do a very adequate job on the first problem­ refurbishing. in the area of consolidation and coordina­ In general she will run her domain in a • Transcript of a tape-recorded conversa­ tion-without paying attention to the sec­ lower key than Mrs. Johnson with less em­ tion, on July 31, 1968, between Dr. Samuel ond. You can cut down the number of cate­ phasis on publicity. The Barnum-like press Halperin, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Leg­ gorical grant programs, perhaps, and you operation built up by Lady Bird's staff will, islation, Department of Health, Education, can simplify forms. But you cannot ordinarily to some extent, be dismantled and the mime­ and Welfare; and U.S. Commissioner of Edu­ get any consistent, Government-wide policies ograph machines go into low gear. cation Harold Howe II. for, let's say, fellowships or stipends, or for EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 the Federal matching share for the construc­ policy and with the humanities and the arts. Mr. HowE. Close to triple. Those figures, of tion of facilities, or for the problems of cam­ We must consider education in a very cath­ course, include existing Federal expenditures pus planning, without some rather funda­ olic sense. in both places. Without Federal funds the mental changes. University administrators I would also add to your two top priority disparity would be even greater. today are beside themselves trying to put to­ issues for future attention a third. In my Such a difference by itself creates a lack gether campuses with funds from NIH, the mind, it is the third in time as well as in of equal educational opportunity in places Office of Education, National Science Foun­ importance, but it needs to be looked at­ where expenditures are lower. And yet the dation, NASA, HUD, and so on. Therefore, I and planned for. youngsters in the low-expenditure States are put a v&y high priority on a major reorgani­ As I said at the outset, our programs today citizens of the United States just as the zation across-the-board-not merely an ele­ are of a categorical nature. And while we children from the more afiluent States are. vation of the Office of Education, but a. want some pulling together and some greater One of the general principles that the broad restructuring of Federal education en­ simplification and a greater flexibility for Johnson Administration has pushed into the terprises in order to get at the problems of these programs, we also have to ask ourselves Nation's thinking has been the idea that individual program improvements and con­ about the extent to which the Federal role there should be equality of educational op­ solidations. should ultimately be supplemented to in­ portunity for citizens of the United States It is important to note that the Federal clude some sort of institutional aid in both regardless of where they happen to be born budget for education has tripled under Pres­ higher education and in elementary and sec­ and where they happen to live. And this dis­ ident Johnson to a current level of over $12 ondary education-institutional aid with parity in expenditure denies that equality. billion. Only about $3.7 billion of that sum relatively few Federal priorities, recognizing So it seems to me that any general aid is administered by the U.S. Office of Educa­ that educational costs are spiraling, recog­ program which may . emerge has to run the tion. Therefore, I do not think you can get nizing that there is a limit to the fiscal ca­ political hazard of not providing much sup­ a really effective Federal policy in the field pacity of the States and local communities port in some places in order to provide a of education--one which maximizes the that perhaps has not yet been reached but great deal of support in others. That is what benefits of Federal investments for the recip­ that is an increasing burden in both a politi­ equalization is all about. Obviously some ients and for the Nation as a whole-unless cal and an economic sense? Should the Fed­ kind of compromise will be necessary in a you can coordinate both the planning and eral Government do something in these areas general aid program-a compromise that operations of the thirty or so major Federal to provide across-the-board aid? brings some support to all places but that agencies that now operate literally hundreds Mr. HowE. It seems to me we ought to redresses, at .least in part, the imbalance we of education programs with little or no col­ address this broad topic you have introduced have been discussing. laboration or communication among them. separately for elementary and secondary edu­ I think also that a Federal program of gen­ Mr. HowE. I think this is an important cation on the one hand and higher education eral aid with an equalization feature in it point, and I would add as a footnote that on the other. cannot achieve its objectives if, within the I don't believe you are advocating (nor would Let's talk for a minute about elementary States, Federal money is distributed through I) that all of the programs of all these vari­ and secondary education. traditional channels in such a way as to deny ous agencies be pulled together into a single Historically, there has been a sort of un­ pupils who happen to live in the central city Department of Education. I would foresee successful reach for some form of general aid the kind of special and additional compen­ instead the development of an across-the­ to elementary and secondary education. A satory support necessary to make their edu­ board planning capability that brings about number of Presidents have brought this up. cation successful. The Federal Government some inter-relationship of these programs; A number of Senators and Congressmen must concern itself not just with the dis­ so that when decisions affecting educational from time to time have proposed bills, some tribution of Federal funds among the States institutions are made unilaterally in NASA of which have even passed one House of the but also with the way in which these funds or the Atomic Energy Commission there is Congress. But general aid has always foun­ are, in turn, distributed by the States. a knowledge about what other agencies are dered either on grounds of fear of Federal doing about the same matters. control or on anxieties about church-state Mr. HALPERIN. I certainly agree that we A good example of this point is found in relations, or both. need not only inter-State equalization but graduate fellowships. Last year several agen­ Mr. HALPERIN. Plus some related issues such also intra-State equalization. The Carnegie­ cies had independent budgets for fellowships as integration and the question of interstate funded Syracuse studies and others indicate and dealt independently with the Bureau of equalization. The timing of any particular that existing State equalization programs are the Budget on the matter. When their deci­ program may make a difference, too. Witness woefully inadequate. To use Federal resources sions were added to the decisions of other the fact that once upon a time you could get in the future merely to compound the in­ agencies acting independently in the same a great deal of support for classroom con­ jury would be an ironic climax to the ex­ fashion, the result was severe impact on the struction per se. Today, with the new mili­ cellent progress that has been made in edu­ colleges that none of the individual agencies tancy in the teaching profession, enthusiasm cation in recent years. intended. for general aid differs greatly among different Besides inter-State equalization and intra­ Mr. HALPERIN. We should add, of course, educational groups. A school construction state equalization there is a third considera­ that Congress legislates in the same relatively program, once viewed as "general aid" in tion I should like to add. It ls the notion of isolated and piecemeal fashion. For example, most people's eyes, is clearly less acceptable somehow designing a Federal program in such the cuts made by the Space Cammittee in today than it was just ten or fifteen years a way that it would act as an incentive to fellowship and building programs in the edu­ ago. greater State and local effort. This, of course, cational area were not known to most of the Mr. HowE. The reason, of course, is simply is an idea which has been around a long time. Members of the Congress who preside over that the militant teaching profession would And yet it seems to me that we have to do the Department of Defense's programs in the want to be sure that any major new funding more about it. The Intergovernmental Ad­ field of education, or to the Members of the included the possibility of raising salaries visory Committee on Government Relations Education and Labor Committee or the Labor with Federal funds-something which is not indicates that there is untapped fiscal capac­ and Public Welfare Committee who legislate supported by existing programs. ity in the States and localities. I would hope in related areas. But you introduced an idea that needs to we could design a general aid program to act Thus, there is a cumulative effect on the be discussed in the context of general aid to as an incentive to tap these resources in re­ Nation's campuses, brought about not with elementary and secondary education, and turn for larger amounts of relatively unfet­ malice and certainly not with forethought­ that is the idea of equalization. tered Federal funds. a cumulative and unforeseen effect produced There is quite a bit of equalization in This whole general aid approach is, of by a lack of knowledge of what other people existing programs, particularly Title I of the course, fraught not only with the political are doing and lack of overall policy and legis­ Elementary and Secondary Education Act. difficulties you mentioned but, it seems to lative cohesion. It is not a major effect in terms of redressing me, with the possibility that we may have a I certainly do not favor gathering every balances; it just reaches in that direction. new outbreak of bitter church-state conflict. education-related program together under a Mr. HALPERIN. Nor was it a major intention The Johnson Administration, legislating on common agency. I do advocate a very care­ in that legislation. what some people have called the "child ful study, followed by relatively swift Exec­ Mr. HOWE. That is of course true, but I benefit" or the "public trustee" theory-in utive and Congressional action, of ways to think we still confront the fact that per­ which all funds have flowed directly only to pull together the major programs whose pupil support in our more fortunate States­ public schools-has avoided church-state essential function is the strengthening and our more industrialized States, our States confrontations by the corollary principle that support of educational institutions, as dis­ with higher levels of production and higher non-public school students were entitled to tinct from the mission-oriented tasks that levels of employment and higher levels of certain types of benefits. This system of get­ every Federal agency must necessarily income--that per-pupil expenditures there ting Federal funds to all pupils, both public carry out. are more than double those in the poorer and private, opened a new era of interfaith In this reorganization that we are both States. and inter-school cooperation. But this prin­ talking about one should look at education Mr. HALPERIN. To be specific, the latest ciple applies most easily to categorical pro­ broadly. We are looking at manpower and figures we have indicate a per pupil expendi­ grams directed by the Congress to particular we are looking at training of various types. ture of $413 in Mississippi and $1,125 in purposes over and above the normal pro• We are also involved with overall science New York. grams which schools provide. Ja,nuary 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 939 When one talks a.bout "general aid"-and This kind of program would be tough to tough competition. I think that education if one wants to avoid religious and inter­ handle politically, but i! it had a broad gen­ wm meet that competition to the _degree that community strife--it is politically necessary eral component of a percentage of payment it is able to make a strong case for success to find a way to assure that some benefits­ toward construction costs and then addi­ in what it is doing. even if they are not always proportional .or tional percentages of payments where these This in turn argues strongly for the invest­ equitable-continue to flow to all the chil­ important public purposes are met, it would ment of funds in research, for effective dis­ dren in the community, regardless of whether at the same time help all school districts semination of existing knowledge, and for the school they attend is public or private. and give special help where special needs effective evaluation of the programs that we It is particularly difficult to accomplish exist and where there is a willingness to have. And, therefore, as perhaps a first pri­ thi-3 in a general aid bill because .under such attack the problems the Kerner Commission ority in the investment of any new funds, a program it is not feasible to maintain con­ has identified. I would seek funds for those activities and for trol over how the funds shall be spent--for Mr. HALPERIN. I'd like to return to an beginning to get a feedback from them. I books, for instance, or for equipment or for earlier thought. We introduced this general believe that over time that feedback will other programs in which non-public school aid discussion as a kind of third priority, build the confidence which will bring addi­ children can participate. If, for example, the or something to be done at a later stage. tional funds into major areas of .service bulk of general aid funds flow, as intended, In my view, the most important thing such as those under Title I of the Elementary into teachers' salaries, it is difficult to see this Nation should do in the next several and Seoondary Education. Act. how private school students' interests can be years is to put realistic and substantially And I believe that right now, by any rea­ served or protected. greater funding into existing programs at sonable measurement, the funding for re­ Mr. HOWE. I quite agree, and I think that the same time that we make them broader search and demonstration and evaluation in another qualification that needs to be made and more flexible and seek to consolidate education by the Federal Government is is that some people see general aid as the them. minimal. only form or the ideal form which Federal It seems to me that in the absence of Mr. HALPERIN. Educational research and support of the schools should talce. And it sizable amounts of new money we can ex­ development, dissemination, and evaluation seems to me that this view is wrong-that pect some erosion of these programs. Many would be among my major priorities, too. I while general aid should round out the pic­ school districts do not benefit substantially would like to follow up on your first priority ture of Federal aid, the rest of the picture from the programs now, and for what they in educational research by saying that I think should also remain. The broad categorical do get they have to go through a great deal in the years ahead a Federal goal should be programs which address themselves to a of what they call "red tape and bureaucracy." stated as a percentage of our education whole variety of particular objectives which Such ·grievances are intolerable when the budget. may not be met or even approached by the payoff is relatively small. When these griev­ We have all been talking in recent years­ schools unless these categorical programs re­ ances are cumulated, I think there is a very with justification, I think-about insufficient main in place are in my view a first priority real chance that regardless of the Administra­ educational research. At the present time of for Federal support. tion in power, there will be a tendency on the $12 billion spent by the Federal Govern­ So I think that in the future those who are the part of the Congress and the political ment in education, substantially less than designing general aid need to be very careful electorate to wipe out such programs and one percent is for educational research and not to damage the categorical programs but to replace them With some sort of undirected, related efforts. Of the Office of Education to continue them at adequate levels and to block-grant or non-criteria-laden program. budget, only about 2.5 percent goes into edu­ move to general aid only in a budget which Thus, I was particularly glad to hear your cational research. I would like to suggest to wm allow the continuation of the categorical point about the necessity for general aid as an incoming Administration that, for the programs as general aid gets started. a supplement to, rather than a replacement reasons you have stated so well, we ought to Mr. HALPERIN. There are other reservations of, existing programs. In the short run, this set a national goal of ten percent of our that need to be borne in mind in the design requires a commitment to appropriate much education budget for research, development, of a general aid program. Certainly we are more money, since an essentially status quo and evaluation; a goal to be reached in painfully aware that many people look upon operation is not politically viable. stages over, let's say, five years. genera1 aid not only as a convenient way to Moreover, it isn't viable in an educational My second suggestion for a priority for in­ avoid the dictates of the Civil Rights Act of sense either. We cannot really expect to vestment of new funds is the whole area of 1964 but also as a means to avoid having to reach and teach the disadvantaged, for ex­ teacher training, and inservice training come to grips with the problem of racial ample, under Title I of ESEA with only a broadly conceived to include the subprofes­ imbalance, particularly in our northern cities. little more than $100 per-pupil per year, sional aides, the administrators, the school I don't really believe that we can design which is about what we are spending today. board members, the superviSors, the direc­ a general aid program that in and of itself We cannot really hope to make much of a tors-all of the policy-makers in the field of does away with racial imbalance. To try to do dent in the high school dropout problem­ education. Obviously, people are the core of so would involve a contradiction in terms. thirty percent of our youth, a million young any system, and this is true in education as Unless one assumes that the money flowing people a year-with the less than $10 million well as elsewhere. to the recipients will generally be used for for an anti-dropout program which was The largest single professional group in the good purposes and good effects one shouldn't apppropriated by the Congress. We cannot United States today is that encompassed by go in the direction of a general aid bill at all. really reach many of the young people who the field of education-almost 3 million per­ To get at the problems of racial imbalance, neeC. to go on to post-secondary education sons. Yet we are training or retraining only a desegregati.on and genuine integration will with as few as seventy thousand Educational small fraction of these people each year. probably require new types of categorical Opportunity Grants a year. There is a tremendous turnover because of programs--or at lea·st new provisions· in ex­ Everything we have been talking about retirement and new job opportunities out­ isting categorical programs-which offer an has to be done on a substantially larger side education. It seems to me that we ought incentive, a bonus or "carrot" if you will, for scale, both in order to have integrity in the to put a large investment into the teacher those school systems and those communities programs and also to find out if they will training area in the years ahead. And to that wish voluntarily to move in the direc­ truly work. At present we just don't really hazard a goal or a target, I would suggest tion of true racial and economic integration. know. It is going to take time, but it is also that we ought to aim at retaining ten per­ Mr. HowE. In line with this, it seems to going to take a E1Ubstantially larger invest­ cent of our teaching force annually. I think me that a program for school construction, ment simultaneously. the current training level is about one to two which we don't have at the present time Mr. HowE. I thoroughly agree with the percent through the various Federal pro­ except in a very small way through the need for a substantially larger investment. grams. States and localities are unable to School Assistance for Federally Affected Areas And, being a realist, I am aware that a expand their commitments to the retraining Program, could have an element of general substantially larger investment in education of teachera because of the tremendous pres­ aid in it and yet also contain some of the on the domestic scene is going to be in com­ sures for salary increases. But unless there is characteristics you have just outlined. petition, direct competition, with a whole adequate retraining, the across-the-board A program for school construction could galaxy of other important domestic causes. salary increases may not be justified. So I apply to all school districts in the country, People today are expecting a great deal think it's a reasonable goal to state specifi­ but include provision for payments to school more from their government than they once cally on the part of the Federal Government districts with very special problems, such as did. They want greater effort toward con­ that we aim-through sabbaticals, fellow­ those in the big cities or those that are trol of the environment: conservation, air ships, institutes, and other training pro­ rurally isolated. Similarly, such a new pro­ pollution, water resource management, and grams-to provide ten percent of our teach­ gram could also place a premium on coop­ ing force with some kind of educational ex­ eration between, or among, several school the like. They want government help in perience each year. districts, thereby introducing the possibility transportation and in housing and in the re­ Mr. HowE. That makes very good sense. of a city cooperating with the suburbs around planning and rebuilding of the cities. And And. of course one of the great achievements it to develop certain kinds of specialized they want it in education. And each of these of the Johnson Administration is the Educa­ facilities. Or as another option, regular has its own claim on new dollars that the tion Professions Development Act, which school facilities which wo-uld have the effect American taxpayer may be willing to give to provides most of the authority needed to do of reducing racial isolation could be given his government to serve him. the· job you have described, although one or premium levels of Federal support. This means that education is going to be in two amendments might well be added to it. 940· EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS · January 15, 1969 For example, school board members are not stitutions-and these are the major compo­ Perhaps in the years ahead we must try now included, contrary to the original sug­ nents of support: buildings, research, and to find an increased or new role for the Fed­ gestion by the Administration. Elements of student aid--don't address themselves much eral Government that couples the encourage­ added flexibility of this kind could advan­ at all to institutional change. We can spec­ ment of innovation With an appropriate re­ tageously be placed in this Act. ulate that perhnps it is because neither the sponse to the increasing outcry of the in­ But the basic legislation is excellent. It has Federal Government nor indeed other agen­ stitutions for operating money. a very nice balance in it. It creates a Federal cies have thought abOut this very much­ Mr. HowE. I think there is a very good role, it creates a State role, and it addresses or at least done much about it-that students analogy here to what we were saying about itself to a local school district role in the around the country are themselves seeking elementary and secondary education. We training of people to serve education, a de­ institutional change in a variety of ways. were saying there that the categorical pro­ sirable element omitted in previous legisla­ There are some small programs that do grams should grow and should continue to tion. A big window has been opened by this reach for change. Title III of the Higher Edu­ be supported when general aid comes in. legislation, and there are all sorts of oppor­ cation Act could be described as addressing I think we ought to say exactly the same tunities as a result. itself to improving quality and to bringing thing about higher education. Student aid I think one of the maior administrative about institutional change. But I think the programs should grow and continue. The '"esponsib111ties of the Office of Education in broad generalization still holds. programs that support special research of the years ahead will involve making imagi­ So I think it would be constructive if those particular interest to the Federal Govern­ native use of this new authority. people responsible for the future Federal role ment ought to grow and continue. But at the Mr. HALPERIN. With regard to your last in education would explore something anal­ same time, the Federal Government in the comment on the imaginative use of that ogous to title III of the Elementary and future needs to think about the problems of authority, it's interesting to note that most Secondary Education Act for higher educa­ the institution as such. of us are very proud of the Teacher Corps. tion, a foundation-like function addressed to By and large the Federal Government has We feel that it has great promise and that change, addressed to picking up the bright tended to look at the institution from the the program should be expanded substan­ ideas that have surfaced in the world of point of view of what purposes it can accom­ tially. higher education and giving them some back­ plish for the Government without worrying But under the Education Professions De­ ing from Federal sources. too much about what happens to the health velopment Act many new kinds of "teachers That type of activity has been carried out of the institution while it is serving Federal corps" are possible-new types of teacher in our society more commonly by private ends. training and retraining efforts. Thus, I hope sources than by public sources, largely Uncle Sam makes it possible for a lot more that they will be generously funded in the through foundations. And I think there is a people in the United States to get a higher years ahead. promi,sing Federal role here. education, because that's a significant na­ I would like to add a footnote to an earlier Then there is the whole broad question of tional objective. And we back a variety of point you made about dissemination: I feel what should be the shape of any general or specialties because they are needed either by very strongly-and many Members of the operational aid to higher education. Higher the Federal Government or by the economy, Congress do as well-that in this huge coun­ education institutions are facing increasing or by some aspect Of public service in the try of ours, With 21,000 operating school dis­ unit costs. It costs more money to educate States and localities. But we have not tricts and more than 2,000 colleges, many, each student in every college every year. This thought ·enough about the capacity of the many things are going on right now that are is largely a function of rising faculty salaries, institution to keep its balance while doing effective, that are promising, that are adapt­ but other costs as well. all these things to serve important national able by others. But communications in a Mr. HALPERIN. And obviously enrollments objectives. It is into that picture that I would country as large as ours, are terribly difficult. are going to double. put the problem Of operating costs of these I would hope that special efforts would be Mr. HowE. Enrollments are going up while institutions and the capacity to at least stay made in the years ahead to disseminate wide­ this increasing cost is impinging on the in­ alive and healthy while picking up these ly to the taxpaying public-to the lay policy­ stitutions. And many of them are in deep categorical aid p:i;ograms that the Federal makers, as well as to the professionals-the trouble. Government provides. results of programs at all levels of education. We don't know the exact dimension of Mr. HALPERIN. While we're talking about We certainly have the authority to do this this trouble. One of the constructive moves what might lie ahead for higher education, both in our new legislation and under the directed by President Johnson is a study I wonder if your priorities and your sense of general charter establishing the Office of to devise a long-range plan for the financing timing would match mine. Education in 1867. of higher education. None of us knows what I would say that in the next couple of Mr. HowE. The dissemination function in­ will emerge from that. But obviously a major years, as more funds-hopefully-become cludes a wide variety of activities, and not job for a future Administration is that of available, my own set of priorities would the least of them are the processes of letting picking up the results of this study and emphasize continuing the thrust of the John­ the people know, of developing markets, of doing something constructive with them. son Administration to ensure equality of demonstration. Education hasn't thought And I suspect that one of the results of educational opportunity, particularly for mi­ this way enough. the study may be some suggestion about nority groups and for the poor, regardless of Mr. HALPERIN. Possibly there might be an how the Federal Government could encour­ their race. activity somewhat analogous to the system age more private and State support for higher I think that this can be stated in a kind of agricultural experiment stations, and par­ education and, at the same time, make a of a declaration of rights: that any student ticularly to the work of the county agents. contribution to the operational costs of run­ of ability should be enabled to go on to the We of course have the regional educational ning a college or university. My own in­ post-secondary institution of his choice, laboratories, but it may be that we need to clination is to suggest that the Federal Gov­ whether a technical institute or a business look more carefully at dissemination models ernment give a priority to increases in stu­ school or a college. And I think the goal that would reach all over the country, using dent aid programs so that segments of the ought to be stated in terms of some numbers. non-educators and sub-professionals, as well society now denied a higher education can For example, for an additional one billion as the more traditional groups. have increased hope of receiving one. J:f the dollars a year we can help an additional two Mr. HowE. And now to give this conversa­ Government does this, then the way to pro­ million students-the equivalent Of some tion a balance I don't think it has at this vide operating aid to institutions might be forty percent of those now enrolled in col­ point, let's have some general discussion to give an unrestricted grant for every stu­ lege-to go on to further education after about higher education. I think of one or two dent on a Federally supported scholarship. high school. observations that can be made. First of all, We do this already for graduate fellowships, I think that's the kind of a statement of a higher education activity is widely dispersed and I think it would work in four-year col­ goal that we need. That would be my first throughout the Federal Government and leges and community colleges. priority. therefore needs to be examined in the light Mr. HALPERIN. The difficulties that beset of our earlier conversation about the need general aid in the elementary and secondary Mr. HOWE. Yes, I fully agree. And, of course, for planning capacity to get at the problem area, of course, are to at least some degree one must take into account the fact that of impact of the many separate Federal pro­ also present in the higher education area. higher education today is, to a degree, a seg­ grams on individual institutions. To be sure you don't have the church-state regated enterprise. Most of our high quality Secondly, I'd say that the types of assist­ issue to the same extent. But there is a ten­ institutions have a relatively small p:i;opor­ ance provided by the Federal Government to dency on the part of many policy-makers, tion of minority group people in them, and higher education tend, to some degree, to be both in and out of the Congress, to want to there is an important job to do in somehow less change-oriented than the types of assist­ control the results of Federal aid. We can't achieving throughout the higher education ance the Federal Government provides to have this. If we believe in the ability and spectrum a better representation of minority elementary and secondary education. Our the know-how of the institution, then we group people. scholarship grants, work-study funds, and just have to go ahead and authorize some Mr. HALPERIN. Speaking further about ::;imilar support measures do help a different general aid at whatever time that is fiscally higher education, I would say that either type of student to get into the higher educa­ feasible, regardless of opposition from those simultaneously or as the next priority we tional institution than the traditional college who fear that general aid in any form, at ought to give attention to .more adequate student from the upper economic stratum. any level, means "money down a rat hole," funding of some of our .broader categorical But programs 11ke these, and the programs or other pejorative expressions. I do think programs, for example, the programs to im­ which build bulldings, and those which pro­ this notion runs counter to the concept of prove college library and instructional re­ mote research activity in our educational in- grants for innovation. sources. This is one way that you get at qual- January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 94f ity. This is one way you can change the. in­ cial service, the adequacy of service obviously stantial increase in vocational enrollments. stitution. At the same time you exercise some leaves much to be desired. Now, in 1968, the Congress of the United Congressional discretion as to where the So I would say that here again a useful States is about to pass the most far-reach­ funds go. device for the next Administration would be ing reworking, expansion and extension of I also think the Federal Government should to set a specific numerical goal. Under the vocational education in our Nation's his­ do something special for graduate education. Johnson Administration we maSoviet Union, the our historical and cultural heritage. We tion, and in return to earth. United States, and other countries, is a have seen limited and scattered efforts II. WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED hopeful framework for cooperation in by some in the communications field to It may be asked, at this point in space peaceful exploration and use of outer give balanced reporting to improve the history, what have we accomplished in space. I urge that our future space ex­ situation. One can hope that the Com­ our race to the moon? We know as we ploration develop as cooperative inter- mission will provide a further impetus

..... 1.• 1,... • ... • · , ·· •' • • January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 945 and coordinate these efforts on a large millions of our citizens cannot find work, and Our per capita production of rubbish has scale. the unemployment problem is compounded risen from 2.75 pounds per day to more than by automation and by the increasing num­ five pounds per day, and it is believed to be Recent history has demonstrated all ber of young people entering the labor force. increasing at an average rate of 5 per cent too sharply the need to bridge th~ gap The post-war population boom aggravates per year. For our present population, this and prevent the creation of two separate such urban problems as slums, delinquency, means an excess of 250 million pounds of and unequal societies. In such times of pollution and traffic congestion. And a swell­ municipal solid waste per year. division-between black and white, rich ing population threatens to consume our With the growth of urban areas, we are and poor-the search for positive values outdoor recreation facilities, reduce our non­ placing an increasingly heavy pollution pres­ among men may well serve to mend our renewable resources, and diminish our avail­ sure on a small fraction of our environment. deep racial wounds. able living space. In the megalopoles of the future-the con­ The populatlon of the United States has tinuous strip cities as those which soon will grown from less than four million at the extend from Boston to Norfolk-the prob­ time of Washington's first inauguration to lems of waste removal and avoidance of pol­ more than 200 million in 1968. This statistic lution will be on the same scale as the prob­ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY needs amplification to understand the full lems of food and water supply, and of human scope of the problem. One hundred and transportation. In looking ahead we must twenty-five years elapsed from the time of recognize that we are running out of places HON. BIRCH E. BAYH the first census in 1790 until the population to put waste materials. The population of OF INDIANA of the United States reached the 100 million the nation is so distributed that no conven­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mark in 1915. The second 100 million took ient dumping grounds, streams or air masses just 52 years, and was reached last year. The exist which are not also the natural resources Wednesday, January 15, 1969 third 100 million will come in the next 32 of others. Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, there is a years-by the year 2000. Man leaves his debris of automobiles, cans, This growth would probably cause no great bottles, plastics and chemicals about the growing awareness that our environment problems were it not for the fact that our landscape, and lets his organic refuse of has a limited capacity to assimilate the population has tended to concentrate in garbage and sewage be funneled into the waste materials generated by man. Dur­ relatively few areas. In Washington's day rivers and streams to be washed to sea. He ing the past two centuries, most govern­ there were only about 320,000 persons resid­ does not return the used minerals to the fac­ ments of the world have devoted their ing in what we know as cities. Today, more tory for reprocessing or the nutrients to the efforts to the accumulation of material· than 140 million Americans are crowded on soil, but draws on new concentrated supplies prosperity in the belief that man has the just two percent of the land. About 60 mil­ available in nature. Clearly, such a way of biological capability to adjust endlessly lion Americans live on 98 per cent of the life cannot continue indefinitely. land. If the present trend continues for an­ Serious thought must be given to the pos­ to his environment. However, this has other 25 years, 100 million additional people sibility of eliminating the dead ends in our been shown not to be the case. will be stacked on top of the 140 million al­ production and distribution systems. This Senator WILLIAM B. SPONG, JR., of Vir­ ready living in our cities and suburbs. often can be accomplished by the planned ginia, a member of the Senate Subcom­ No one knows enough about human be­ recycling of materials. The more effective the mittee on Air and Water Pollution, dis­ havior· to predict accurately how man would recycling, the less will be the residual wastes cussed the seriousness of our environ­ react to such conditions, but a number of which remain for disposal, and the more mental problems and the need to correct studies have been conducted on the effect efficient will be the utilization of our re­ them in an address before the third an­ of crowding on animal behavior. One scien­ sources. tist has carried out an interesting series of While industry can be expected to exploit nual Macklin Memorial lecture series at experiments with rats. He found that several any major possibility for profitable recycling the Portsmouth Naval Hospital. His re­ behavioral changes accompanied overcrowd­ that available markets suggest, the eventual marks will be of interest to every Member ing. Nest-building and maternal care were establishment and enforcement of air and of the Senate, and I ask unanimous con­ disrupted with a consequent high infant water quality standards called for under sent that they be printed in the Exten­ mortality. Mating behavior changed, and existing law will no doubt stimulate addi­ sions of Remarks in the RECORD. many males became both homosexual and tional recycling technology to help offset the There being no objection, the remarks cannibalistic. cost of pollution control equipment and were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Insects, on the other hand, apparently re­ abatement procedures. Recycling will never act differently to overcrowding. The normal achieve 100 per cent efficiency, but if it can as follows: summer forms of many species of aphids, for improve upon its present efficiency, man's EXCERPTS FROM REMARKS PREPARED BY U.S. example, are wingless, and reproduce par­ lifespan on earth will be much longer. SENATOR WILLIAM B. SPONG, JR. thenogenetically. But when they become It has become increasingly clear that the The United States is a land of abundance overcrowded, scientists have found that objective of a quality environment for all and progress. Its rate of natural population winged sexual forms develop. Wings obvi­ Americans is a top-priority national goal increase is well below that of most develop­ ously enable these forms to find new and less which takes precedence over the pursuit of ing countries, and it is slackening at the crowded situations. narrower and more Immediate goals. Unfor­ moment rather than accelerating. Moreover, Biologists have also found that as locusts tunately, our productive technology has been the technical and economic development of become more and more crowded, both their accompanied by side effects which we did the United States makes it possible to ac­ appearance and their behavior undergo not foresee. Experience has shown that there commodate a growing population much more changes. They become nervous and irritable are dangers as well as benefits in our in­ readily than can most other countries. before they acquire adult wings. Finally, they dustrialization. It is now becoming apparent Even if our population surpasses 300 mil­ migrate by the billions to regions where the that we cannot continue to enjoy the bene­ lion by the end of the century-as the con­ species cannot survive, often out to sea to fits of our productive economy unless we tinuation of present fertility and mortality an inevitable mass suicide. bring its harmful side effects under control. trends implies-we can probably continue to It is tempting to draw an analogy between To obtain this control and to protect our increase the average standard of living of man and the locust, but I understand scien­ investment in all that we have accomplished, the American population. tists see no clear relation with the human a national policy for the environment is By comparison with underdeveloped na­ species between regional population density needed. tions, the problems of population growth in and behavior. We have the fragments of such a policy in the United States seems slight. But this rela­ Since earliest civilization, man has used our aid and water pollution laws, but as yet tive view of the problem may be mislead­ his environment to assimilate his waste there has been no broad statement or a com­ ing, for if present fertility and mortality products. And until relatively a few years prehensive policy for the enhancement of trend persist, our population will surpass ago, there was no evidence of any adverse our environment. There are differences of the present world population in a century effects. In the process of transforming mat­ opinion as to the severity and relative and a half. And in about 650 years, there ter into energy through combustion, and of urgency of various hazards to the environ­ would be one person per square .foot through­ synthesizing new products through chemis­ ment. Some scientists believe that man's out the United States. In the very long run, try, man has used the air and water as dump­ environmental relationships have reached a the continued growth of our population ing grounds for his wastes. But now we find point of crisis; others do not see the condi­ would first become intolerable and then we are pouring wastes into the environment tion of the environment generally as having physically impossible. at a rate faster than nature can reprocess yet reached a critical stage. There is a gen­ Even on a short range basis, population them. The evidence that we have exceeded eral consensus, however, that a serious state increases can produce acute social, educa­ nature's assimilative capacity shows up in of affairs exists and that, at the least, it is tional and economic problems. Our schools the form of polluted rivers, algae-covered approaching a crisis of national and inter­ and colleges are already being subjected to lakes and smog-fouled atmosphere. national proportions. severe strains because of greatly increased We are pouring carbon monoxide, sulfur The nation probably would have adopted numbers of students and the requirement to oxides and other potentially dangerous pol­ a policy long ago for the management of its maintain property standards of quality. De­ lutants into the atmosphere in the United environment had its people recognized that splt-e the overall soundness of our economy, States at a rate of 125 m111ion tons per year. the costs of misusing the environment were

CXV-60-Part 1 946 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 ultimately unavoidable. This recognition Voices are raised in dissent and protest, problems, we shall move to exploit our eco­ came late because environmental deteriora­ and there is a crisis of alienation among us. nomic potential for the benefit of all the tion in the past has tended to be gradual, so Within the boundaries which respect the people, and in so doing we shall improve our that it was not apparent that any cost was rights of others, the voices must be heard. already prestigious economic position among being exacted, a.nd because the right to de­ For there is much to learn to build a better the states. grade the environment was generally ac­ land for all. Further, we shall preserve and restore our cepted-or at least tolerated. Acceptance of But lawless conduct beyond these bounds natural resources. For we are seemingly at the adverse effects of economic production tears down; it does not build. And it strikes war not only with ourselves, but also with was encouraged. in the belief that costs pro­ at the foundation of this unique government nature. We have the power to destroy nature, jected onto the environment were costs that which is part of our spiritual heritage. and we have already done so to an alarming no one had to pay. The black man, the youth and the phi­ degree. This process must be stopped-in fact, We have reaiched the point where we can losopher who protest are demanding change, rolled back. no longer pass on to nature the costs of and they confront our conscience the way We are not content to stop short of that using the environment. It is no longer slavery, the sweatshops and other hypocrisy America which our conscience and courage feasible for the American people to permit of earlier times stirred Americans. can create. And our expectations are ever it. The deferral of charge by letting them Change of all kinds envelops us, and rising. accumulate in the form of the slow attri­ change itself sometimes seems to be the We expect more of life, and we expect more tion of the environment soon will no longer only certainty we have. The challenge of of government, both for ourselves and for be possible. This means that provision must change is to harness it to bring man into the less fortunate. With your support, this be made for the protection and rehabilita­ harmony and balance Y:ith himself and his new administration can match its efforts to tion of elements before, or at the time, these world. our collective expectations. resources are used. Later may be too late. Because of scientific change, we can defy Our goal is simply this: to enlarge the Hippocrates, some 2,500 years ago, foresaw age and disease and the heavens. We opportunities and satisfactions of life in the strong interrelationship between man can fiy into space, yet often it takes longer Illinois. and his environment, and his beautiful and to cross our cities. We can build miraculous Bearing this in mind, let us work together, accurate assessment bears repeating today. computing machines, yet we are balked in putting aside partisanship in a common He wrote: "That physician is an honor to our attempt to bring education to all our effort to achieve common goals. his profession who has been led through the children. Our minds form concepts of limit­ Let our actions be based always on respect whole circle of the sciences; who has a due less extent, yet we must grope to find solu­ for individual dignity. regard to the seasons of the year, and the tions to crime. Let us rededicate ourselves to individual diseases which they are observed to pro­ opportunity and to individual responsibility, duce, ... to the states of the wind peculiar We should recognize that there is another the great human developers. to each country, and the qualities of its certainty besides change-the unchanging For our part, we in this new administration waters; who marks carefully the localities of basis of our unity, our institutions and our pledge to be responsive to the needs and the towns, and of the surrounding country, common beliefs: And that is our commit­ will of the people. Our purpose must be to whether they are low or high, hot or cold, ment to an America which Judge Learned serve. wet or dry; who, moreover, neglects not to Hand said may never be •·except as the con­ We pledge to create effective checks on · mark the diet and regimen of the inhabi­ science and courage of Americans create it." official arbitrariness and abuses. tants and, in a word, all the causes which This unchanging belief and hope is the We pledge to operate this administration may produce disorder in the animal econ­ root of the present crisis of dissent and ali­ in a spirit of full disclosure, assuring public omy." enation. access to public information. We can't stand prosperity-when too And we pledge to work for diffusion of many are strn poor. We cannot fully accept official power and responsibility so that state INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GOV. the explosion of knowledge--when it pushes and local governments-the governments RICHARD B. OGILVIE some ever higher and others into deepening closest to the people-can succeed in partner­ ignorance. We are uncomfortable at the gap ship with the federal government. between what we believe and what we have In State government itself, self-discipline HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL achieved. and innovation must go hand in hand. But none of us should forget that we share State government must be reorganized to OF ILLINOIS common traditions and common aspirations, become a management tool for accomplish­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and we shall share a common fate. ment. It must be sharpened. to become the Wednesday, January 15, 1969 We are gathered here today in affirmation agent for constructive change instead. of the of this unity and this common faith in our custOdian of an accumulation of separate and Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, last Mon­ capacity to achieve our highest aims under unresponsive agencies and programs. day it was my good fortune to attend self-government. There is no use in shuftling the boxes the inauguration or our new Governor The occasion of our gathering is timeless around on an organization chart if Illinois and familiar, but the challenge is ever new. begs in Washington and quarrels with its own in Illinois, Richard B. Ogilvie. He de­ It is a time, as President Wilson said, when cities. livered what I consider to be a very out­ "men's hopes call upon us to say what we We must have a strict system of priorities standing inaugural address, simple in will do." under annual budget controls that will help form and word, but very direct and to I am proud to stand before you as your us do our most important jobs well, while the point. I include the full text of governor. And I am deeply conscious of the letting other tasks wait their turn. Governor Ogilvie's speech at this point demands on the office of governor to serve We have sought-and continue to seek­ in the RECORD, together with the edi­ with equal devotion the hopes of Cairo and men in government who are devoted to work, Chicago, of young and old, of black and animated by principle, and committed to torial comment from the Chicago Sun­ white. success. Times and Chicago Tribune: As we begin this new administration in They must find better ways of doing the TEXT OF GOVERNOR 0GILVIE'S INAUGURAL Illinois, let us bow to the past and to those traditional jobs of state government, and ADDRESS whose time of service has ended. Let us they must have the perception to recognize Gov. Shapiro, fellow citizens of Illinois. look to the future, too. But above all, let new needs and goals. us commit ourselves to the present and to All of us must discipline ourselves so that We are gathered here today in the city of present action. Lincoln in a time of paradox, a time that we can work effectively with all sections of None of us can predict with certainty the the state, to avoid bickering our way into embraces the best and the worst. full nature or extent of the problems we will We are plagued by a war, by poverty and stalemate. face in the next four years. But we can We are going to think not in terms of ignorance, and by increasing violence and establish how we will perform. crimes against our people. human misery, but in terms of increasing We can determine now the nature of our the potential for human happiness. Yet the words of Theodore Roosevelt st111 conduct, the quality of our response, and ring true that no people on earth have We are going to attempt to turn life's dead­ the character of our stewardship. end streets into new avenues of opportunity. more cause to be thankful than ours. We We shall hold no objective more impor­ are "the heirs of the ages." Our prisons and mental hospitals must not tant that to mobilize the full force of this be ends in themselves, but rather they must For it is true that more Americans than state government against poverty and igno­ ever before are sharing an unparalleled ma­ be means to repair and renew human lives. rance. Above all, we must put an end to the his­ terial prosperity. We are sharing freedom For these are the twin scourges of our toric split between Chicago and the rest of under a unique government which has sur­ society. They are the roots of crime and of the state. This dichotomy has cost us dearly vived nobly while kingdoms and dictator­ the decay of our cities. in wasted bitterness and squandered. effort. ships and even other republics have toppled. In this effort, we shall take the initiative-­ More than ever before, the different parts And, as seldom before, Americans are ex­ searching our problems and solutions, rather of Illinois, like the different parts of the na­ ercising a right vital to our way of life-­ than waiting to react when situations have tion, are united in their interdependence. the right to criticize ourselves and our con­ become crises. No single section can stand apart from the duct of our government. As a vital part of our concern for social rest. We are all Illinoisans together, and to- January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS- 947 gether we must make progress in the cities, has cost all Illinoisans dearly in wasted bit­ tution ought to give the governor power to in the suburbs, in the towns, and on the terness and squandered effort. appoint all judges on recommendation of a farms. The problems Of today's society-the pro­ commission of lawyers and laymen. The All our goals, in short, must be positive-­ tests of the black man, youth and others present practice is to have candidates for to heal where there is hurt, to rebuild where whose voices are raised in dissent--are not leaders, and some of the choices, are, to say there ls damage, to succeed where we have big city problems alone. They affect Rockford the least, of doubtful merit. failed. and Peoria and Cairo. They will not be solved In some other states all judges are ap­ In the days ahead, we have one special and by Democratic solutions or Republican solu­ pointed by the governors. The system works immense opportunity. And that is to create a tions but by all Illinoisans working together. well in places where governors, under the new Constitution. That was the gist of Ogilvie's philosophy. pressure of tradition and public opinion, sin­ The Constitutional Convention can write Certainly these are broad generalities; they cereiy try to pick qualified m en and to mini­ a new document that will live and grow, and sound politically Pollyanish. But Ogilvie gave mize political angles. The system might will provide a rational ba,sis for fair taxa­ a practical exam ple of what he had in mind. work in Illinois, if we h ad a practical way to tion and fiscal responsibility. No other task He appeared, as Sun-Times political editor screen candidates and a governor determined before us will demand such a moratorium John Dreiske noted, to be pledging that the to have qualified judges. Such a system, of on partisanship and such an exercise in citi­ public interest will not suffer from quarrels course, would be quite unlike the sudden zen involvement. between him, as Republican leader of Illinois, appointment of 11 judges by a lame duck In the convention, in new legislation, in all and Mayor Daley, Democratic leader of governor with no responsibility to anybody our acts and thinking, we must work to­ Illinois. and with no clear authority to make the gether . We must stay together. Ogilvie has recanted his one-time threat to appointments. And now, on this day Of dedication, I ask "dismantle" the Daley organization. He needs We regret this cheap performance by Mr. you all to join in a new partnership for Daley's help to solve the state's problems. Shapiro, and we are disappointed. When he Illinois. Daley needs Ogilvie's help to solve Chicago's was sworn in as governor last May we ex­ We ask more of government, more of life problems. The people come first, not partisan pressed the hope th.a.t he would work for the itself. And we must give more of ourselves advantage. best interests of the state. for what we seek. This is the sacrifice de­ Illinois can t ake a great leap forward in the Yesterday Richard Ogilvie, a Republican, . manded for success. next few months. A new Constitution is to took the oath of office as the 35th governor For myself, I ask for your prayers. For be written. It can provide a rational basis of Illinois. In his inaugural address he prom­ Illinois, I ask for your time, your talent, your for fair taxation and modernize the back­ ised to serve "with equal devotion the hopes ideas, and, yes, your criticism. ward state government. It should be accomp­ of Cairo and Chicago, of young and old, of All of us meeting here today might well lished without political partisanship and black and white." He urged that political remember Lincoln's admonition to a clergy­ with citizen involvement, as Ogilvie noted. partisanship be put aside in the task of re­ man who said he hoped the Lord would be We hope that means he will support an open versing the state constitution. "on our side." election of delegates as we did on this. page Gov. Ogilvie has inherited a tough job, but Lincoln replied: "The Lord is always on yesterday. he has one important advantage over his the side of the right. But it is my constant Ogilvie pledged a new partnership for Democratic predecessors: He does not have anxiety and prayer that I and this nation Illinois, to serve with equal devotion the to dance and sing according to the tunes should be on the Lord's side." hopes of Chicago and Cairo, of young and old, played in the Chicago City hall. He could So let it be for us today. For what each of black and white. He begins with full con­ be a great governor. We hope he will be. of us will do will be judged by our con­ sciousness that American society is under­ sciences and our Maker. goin g great change and that government The final judgment will be the sum of each must respond. That, in itself, is a good start of our days-of what we did, or did not do, for the new Republican governor. day by day. THE ALARMING DECLINE OF OUR MILITARY POWER Together we can seek the best we believe [From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune, Jan. 14, in for Illinois. This is our land, and the 1969) people shall prevail. This is our America that Carl Sandburg called . . . EXIT GOVERNOR SHAPIRO, ENTER GOVERNOR HON. STROM THURMOND Seeker and finder, OGILVIE OF SOUTH CAROLINA Yet ever more seeker During most of his 77'2 months as governor IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Than finder, ever seeking its way df Illinois Samuel Shapiro conducted himself Amid storm and dream. with dignity and tried to advance the welfare Wednesday, January 15, 1969 And now, confident in our dream and in of the state. It is a shame that his generally Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, it our abilities, let us seek the Illinois of to­ good record has been wrecked by two morrow. Together, we will not fail. eleventh-hour acts of political spoilsmanship. was made crystal clear during the elec­ The first came in late November after he tion campaign that the Soviet Union is had been defeated for the governorship by rapidly closing the security gap. This was [From the Chicago (Ill.) Sun-Times, Jan. 14, Richard Ogilvie. In a crude, obvious attempt 1969) emphasized by Mr. Nixon and many to embarrass the governor-elect, Gov. Shapiro other statesmen during the past year. 0GILVIE'S HIGH-MINDED START blanketed into the civil service system 5,950 The Soviet Union's military strength Gov. Ogilvie's inaugural address was an state employes-all holders of Democratic excellent exposition of political philosophy. patronage appointments. The move was sole­ is steadily increasing while the U.S. True, he did not go into details on the ly for the benefit of the Democratic party. strength is declining. They are rapidly hard problems he and the Legislature and his Mr. Shapiro's s~ond sneak play came on overtaking the United States in the pro­ political opposition, the Democrats, must the eve of his departure from the executive duction of missiles, ships, and aircraft. tackle if all Of the social objectives the new mansion. He appointed 11 judges-10 Demo­ Mr. President, ineffective policies have governor listed are to be realized. crats and one Republican-to fill vacancies, been leading us toward a status of a sec­ An inaugural speech is not supposed to be altho he conceded that the appointments ond-rate power compared with the So­ a working plan of action; it is supposed to were of doubtful constitutionality. It was a set the mood of the office. Four years ago, last-minute effort to graft deserving Demo­ viets. They are rapidly taking advantage Gov. Kerner also spoke of his goals in broad crats onto the public payroll. of this balance of power. We must insure generalities, with details to come later. The validity of the judicial appointments that we maintain overwhelming superi­ Four years ago, we noted that Gov. Kerner will be tested in the Illinois Supreme court, ority. The concept of parity is military faced two big problems: the state's tax sys­ which no doubt will give the question care­ and political suicide. The Czech tragedy tem is archiac and the public schools deserve ful consideration. The judicial article of the demonstrates the audacity of the Soviets a big boost in state aid. state constitution, which became effective to use their rapidly increasing strength Those are still two major problems for five years ago, provides for only one way to fill Illinois and for Gov. Ogilvie. What is done judicial vacancies, and that is by election at in the face of a declining NATO. Our own about them wlll go directly to the heart of a general election. In 1967 the legislature support of NATO and especially our al­ what Gov. Ogilvie said was his most im­ passed, as a rider to an appropriation bill, a lied support have been on the decrease. portant objective: to mobilize the full force measure giving the governor power to ap­ NATO must be reinvigorated. of state government against poverty and point judges to fill vacancies. Former Gov. The Soviets are challenging our su­ ignorance. Otto Kerner signed this bill but never exer­ premacy on the high seas. They are mov­ "For these," he said, "Are the twin cised the power, presumably because he ing into the Mediterranean in mammoth scourges of our society. They are the roots doubted its constitutionality. numbers and using their naval strength of crime and of the decay of our cities." Sound arguments can be made for amend­ The problems of poverty and ignorance, of ing the constitution to give the governor to a political advantage. crime and urban decay, are not the problems this power, and the issue is sure to be con- . Mr. President, it is my purpose at this of Chicago alone and Gov. Ogilvie deserves a sidered by the coming constitutional con­ time at the very beginning of our session special salute for his reminder that the his­ vention. Many leaders of the Chicago and to alert my distinguished colleagues once toric split between Chicago and Downstate Illinois bar associations believe the consti- more of the danger that lies ahead. It is 948 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 time for action and not words. Many the intercepted messages upon which we ment, new tactics, new organizations, and has military experts and statesmen have depended to give us warning of Soviet troop stimulated training. pointed out the deficiencies in our mili­ movements-was lacking. Thus the Russians The real answer is more complex. We could moved quietly without signaling their punch, not have expected, no matter how many bil­ tary preparedness. One of the most re­ a tribute to their planning and discipline, lions we spent, to hold a position completely nowned military experts has summarized and a precedent, as some intelligence offi­ unchallenged by Soviet Russia. But U.S. pol­ the security gaps that exist. Mr. Hanson cers have warned, of what might happen icies of the 1960s have actually helped the W. Baldwin, military analyst for the New if the U .S.S.R . ever moved against West U.S.S.R. to close the gap in military strength. York Times, made it very clear in his Germany. The concepts that parity in weapons is a article in the December 1968 issue of the The quality of Russian equipment, too, stabilizing and desirable political factor, that Reader's Digest, entitled "The Alarming has been demonstrated in Vietnam, where Russia would not develop new weapons if Decline of Our Military Power." Soviet-type weapons used by the Vietcong we did not, and that the technological revo­ have proved formidable. The AK-47 rifle is lution had reached a plateau, found receptive Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ one of the finest in the world, more rugged audiences among scientists, civilian experts sent that this article be printed in the and reliable than our own M-16. Their 122 in the Pentagon and State Department and Extensions of Remarks of the RECORD. mm. rocket has exceptional power and ac­ some politicians. Because of these fallacious There being no objection, the article curacy, and the shoulder-fired anti-tank assumptions we- have not attempted to meet was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, weapons have proved lethal to our tanks and the rapid Soviet increases in strength with as follows: riverboats. adequate responses of our own. CRUST OF POWER There has also been a marked tendency in THE ALARMING DECLINE OF OUR MILITARY Washington to underestimate or downgrade POWER These evidences of rapid Russian milit ary progress would cause less concern in Wash­ the potential enemy. The Defense Depart­ (NOTE.-A long accumulation of misguided ington if our own ground forces had been ment, for instance, forced the Army early in policies and shortsighted decisions has seri­ maintained and trained at optimum effec­ the administration of former Secretary of De­ ously depleted the fighting strength of our tiveness, and if our research, development fense Robert S. McNamara to reduce its esti­ military establishment. In the first of a series and production efforts had not been stinted. mate of the number of Soviet divisions and of articles, the retired military editor of the But except for units in Vietnam, U.S. mili­ their readiness. Now, with Czechoslovakia, New York Times assesses their disastrous ef­ tary strength, particularly that part ear­ the chicken has come home to roost; a de­ fects on our ground forces.) marked for non-nuclear war, is in many tailed and hasty reappraisal of Soviet ground (By Hanson W. Baldwin) respects a crust of power without much solid strength is under way which, so far, tends to "The next President has got to fish or cut substance to support it. support the discarded Army view. bait-go all out to remedy defense weak­ After the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the The tightly centralized control established nesses or reconcile himself to a position of Pentagon hurriedly reassessed our ability to in the Pentagon by McNamara, the repeated military inferiority to Soviet Russia." meet a military emergency in Europe. The computer analyses of new projects, and the This recent judgment by an experienced result was a foregone conclusion to experts system of studies, reviews and restudy that officer reflects the seriousness with which who have watched the slow emasculation of has developed since 1960 have greatly slowed many professional military men and in­ the country's military power. We could not the development of new weapons. The United formed C<>ngressmen view the deterioration possibly honor our NATO commitments. The States now often takes considerably longer in the U.S. military posture over the past two brigades of the 24th Division which were than the U.S.S.R. to develop a new weapons five years. Most of them believe that the returned to this country a few months ago system. The checks and rechecks were in United states still retains superior strength. from Germany and were supposed to be in­ some measure desirable, but like most bu­ But they agree that unless the new Admin­ stantly ready for aerial redeployment back to reaucratic innovations they have got out of istration acts quickly, the U.S.S.R will soon Germany could not be ready for four months;· hand; systems-analysis and cost-effective­ be in many respects the strongest military the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions in Texas, ness studies are. now the tail that wags .the power in the world. assigned to the Strategic Reserve, therefore dog. Vice Adm. Hyman Rickover has re­ available to NATO in an emergency, and peatedly scored in biting language the sub­ PROOF IN PRAGUE supposed to be ready in 30 days, were in a stitution of computer analysis for profession­ The Czechoslovak invasion provided similar state of unreadiness; the 5th Infan­ al knowledge and experience and the "study!' abundant evidence of the combat effective­ try Division, also committed to the Strategic ing to death" of nearly every new pr.oject. ness and high degree of readiness of the Reserve, had sent one brigade to Vietnam, The slowdown in the Pentagon has seriously Russian ground troops. Their move by road, and the rest of the division could not be affected our capability to respond rapidly railroad· and air was made with clocklike ready for deployment in less than three to technological challenge. precision, evidence of skilled and careful months. RISKS OF RATIONING planning. More important, it forced our in­ The same sorry picture emerges wherever The Administration's basic war policies­ telligence agencies to take a new look at the U.S. armed forces are stationed, with Viet­ Soviet order of battle. "guns-and-butter,'' ''business-.as-usual''­ nam the only exception. Inventories have have been another major contributory ele­ The invasion originally brought about 15 been drawn down, spare parts diminished, Soviet divisions, or elements of divisions, ment in America's military decline. The de­ technicians transferred to Vietnam. C<>n­ cision to fight the war in Vietnam without into Czechoslovakia, and the Russians in­ gress was recently told that the Seventh creased this force later. Before the invasion mobilization, and the policy of gradualism­ Army troops in Germany probably could not the slow buildup in our strength in Vietnam there were 20 Soviet divisions in East Ger­ fight more than a couple of weeks without many, two in Poland and four in Hungary; to increase gradually the pressure on the quick and massive reinforcement. Yet the enemy-inevitabfy meant that the war this fall there were an additional 23 Soviet Army reserve in this country-units sup­ divisions in Czechoslovakia. Some of the would be fought at the expense of the serv­ posed to be ready for quick deployment to ices, that their global strength would be Soviet invasion divisions are returning ·to trouble spots overseas-has already been Russia, but intelligence sources estimate at watered down as their efforts were concen­ "cadred to death," as the Army puts it, to trated on prosecuting the war in Vietnam. least eight to ten are preparing for a long meet needs in Vietnam. stay. Thus the slim and ineffective NATO The policy of trying to fight a war by forces on the central front-outnumbered Furthermore, support and logistic strength providing "just enough, but not too much': three or four to one--face at least 35 to 45 has been so heavily thinned out in recent in order to avoid the surplus stocks and Soviet divisions in Central Europe, deployed years-with spare parts and important items equipment that have followed every other outside the frontiers of the U.S.S.R. of equipment missing or in short supply­ war has inevitably led-since no one can The Soviet strength within easy striking that the Seventh Army cannot even main­ possibly foresee all requirements-to periodic distance of the vital centers of Western tain adequately the weapons and equipment scarcities in Vietnam, to shortages of equip­ Europe has therefore been heavily increased. of the active units in Germany, much less ment and inventories on a worldwide basis. Even more important, the Russian mobiliza­ the weapons and equipment stored there for The theory, still being followed in the Penta­ tion system and army organization have reinforcing units supposed to be flown to gon, is that these shortages will be made up proved to be adaptable to more rapid rein­ Europe in time of crisis. as the munitions factories continue an forcement than we had anticipated. For orderly production after the fighting in example, some of the Russian divisions in FALLACIOUS ASSUMPTION Vietnam ends. This policy obviously involves East Germany were used in Czechoslovakia; The weakening of the U.S. global military risks, and the Czechoslovak crisis exposed they were replaced by new divisions from posture in the past five years has been little them. Russia. But these so-called depot divisions noticed by the public, but in Washington it The political and domestic turbulence of were carried on our order of battle as "cad­ is one of the major restraints that now limit the past 18 months has also been responsible red," or incomplete, divisions, which would and handicap U.S. diplomacy. Why has this for a further weakening · of our relative de­ require a lengthy period of "fleshing out" deterioration in our once unchallenged posi­ fense position. As its price for a tax increase, with recalled reservists, more equipment and tion of power come about? C<>ngress insisted upon a $6-billion cut in training. In actual fact, the divisions were The "doves" would give a simplistic answer: the Presdent's budget. A really significant ready considerably faster than most NATO Vietnam. But this is only part of the prob­ part of this cut, $3 billion, was allocated to reserve divisions could have been deployed. lem. In some ways Vietnam has acted as a the Defense Department. Consequently the Perhaps even more important and more catalyst to strengthen our armed forces; it armed services are in the unprecedented ominous, the communications intelligence- has forced the development of new equip- position of deoomml..ssioning active units January 1-5, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 949 and demobilizing reservists in the midst of At Harvard, a faculty meeting was invaded supplies are rated only "provisional" by war. And the cuts have forced the further and disrupted. At Columbia, a student-run the U.S. Public Health Service. This postponement of projects already long de­ hearing was turned into a shambles of vul­ means that their safety margin may be ferred. garity. At Cornell, demonstrations were STILL A GIANT staged in reading rooms and books vandal­ dangerously narrow. ized. At other major institutions throughout Mr. President, this article helps to Billions for security or great chinks in underscore how far we have to go in our our armor---itihis is the basic dilemma the new the country, similar infringements of free Administration faces. Some experts believe speech and basic human rights have taken Nation to insure pure drinking water for that this decision will be the most difficult place. Violence on some California campuses all our citizens'. The Water Quality Act and portentous any President has considered has led to a virtual state of martial law. of 1965 is designed "to enhance the since World War II. For the weaknesses and It is an act of total irresponsibility to the quality and value of our water resources d.eficiencies in our miUtary posture are be­ interests of higher education to condone as and to establish a national policy for coming so glaring that not even the end of youthful idealism what is in reality a con­ the prevention, control, and abatement the Vietnam war, as Secretary of Defense temptible game of guerrilla warfare. These Clark Clifford has already pointed out, can forays are cynically calculated to provoke the of water pollution." mean any precipitate reduction in defense use of police as a means of "radicalizing" the It is my hope that the 9lst Congress expenditures-if we a.re to work for peace campus for political, not intellectual, ends. will weigh carefully the need for maxi­ from a pos1tion of strength, which is the There is indeed a need for extensive re­ mum Federal participation in what cer­ only persuasive way of dealing with the com­ forms of the colleges and universities. But tainly will be a long and costly effort to munists. contrary to the New Left-Fascist dialectic of make all our drinking water wholesome. The rapidly changing shift in the power the campus revolutionaries, legitimate chan­ I ask unanimous consent that this equation is not, by any means, limited to nels for peaceful, considered change and re­ article, together with a table rating the ground forces. In recent years, overall Soviet vision are available, provided students and strength has inCTeased so rapidly that there faculty are willing to work for progress rather water in various cities in the Nation, be is overwhelming evidence of major tech­ than man synthetic barricades in front of printed at this point in the RECORD. nological and quantitative advances in nearly the TV cameras. There being no objection, the material every aspect of military strength. The chang­ Today's student nihilists are too young to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ing balance of strategic power in naval, air remember and too illiberal to respect the as follows: and nuclear forces will be e~amined in forth­ meaning of battles so recently waged, and ARTICLE BY MR. SACHS coming articles. won, in defense of academic freedom. But We have not yet become a second-class that solid core of the academic community One out of every two Americans is drink­ power. It is the eleventh hour, but not yet which, little more than a decade ago, upheld ing water of unknown quality or water that the 59th minute. The Vietnam war, frustrat­ free speech on the nation's campuses against may not measure up to federal standards. ing as it is, has not even strained potential the censorship efforts of right-wing radicals These are the shocking figures uncovered by American capabilities. We are still a giant is not prepared to surrender to another but McCall's researchers, working with evidence among nations, with the greatest industrial equally vicious form of intolerance from the supplied by the United States Public Health base and the strongest technological com­ New Left now. Service. Millions of Americans live under the petence in the world. It is our ready military Fanatics always cloak their crusades under potential threat of water contamination. strength, our active forces and their imme­ delusions of moral superiority. To cite youth Their drinking-water supply may be rated diate backup that require reinforcement; our as a mitigating circumstance is only to dam­ "improvement required" or even "a potential depleted stockpiles mus·t be refilled, our age the credibility of students as potential health hazard." thinned-out units manned to full strength, partners in the academic reform movement. What this means is that millions of Amer­ and our research and development speeded That would be a serious loss. To prevent this, icans are living under the constant threat of up. the larger campus community-faculty, stu­ epidemics and other hazards. And the more The next President must see that there is dents and administration-no longer has any aspects of the federal standards that are vio­ little substance to .political and diplomatic viable alternative to ta.king the harshest ac­ lated, the greater the chances of damage to power, when then chips are down, without tion available on campus without abridge­ health become. military strength. ment of due process; expulsion or suspension one significant fact emerging from this of these arrogant subverters of academic study is that those areas requiring the great­ freedom. There can be neither learning nor est quantities of clean water have the least. reform under nightstick or riot gun. More than half the faucets in Delaware, New The time has come to make it clear that York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania are pour­ THE CAMPUS MUST DEFEND ITSELF the campuses will not be a sanctuary to thooe ing inferior water into the drinking glasses who, in the pursuit of their adolescent rev­ of the population. Massachusetts, the fifth HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN olutionary games, jeopardize liberal scholar­ key state in the vast urban corridor extending ship and liberty itself. from Boston through New York City to OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Washington, serves more than half a million IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the people of its commonwealth from non­ approved water supplies. On the basis of Wednesday, January 15, 1969 available statistics, it is estimated that two Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, campus QUESTIONS RAISED ON QUALITY OF thirds of New York State residents, plus a NATION'S DRINKING WATER million New Jersey dwellers and nearly half dissent has gone beyond the law and the a million Pennsylvanians, all are drinking Constitution into plain criminal tres­ substandard water. pass and worse. The time has come to HON. J. CALEB BOGGS While the drinking water in New York City deal swiftly and firmly with those who is perfectly safe, the city is poorly prepared deliberately break the law on the cam­ OFDELAWARB to face a water crisis, a fact that the drought puses of the United States. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of 1965 clearly demonstrated. Manhattan Is­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 land is, in fact, an incredible paradox. The Preferably this approach is best han­ Hudson River, a fresh-water river that could dled within each institution as a matter Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, the No­ easily satisfy New York's drinking-water of administrative direction of enforce­ vember issue of McCall's magazine needs, is so polluted that this use is impos­ ment procedures. In this connection I carries an article by David Peter Sachs sible. Nor does the city have a plant capable commend a reading of the following edi­ which contends that-- of making this water potable. New York's torial appearing in the New York Times search for clean water extends all the way to on December 29, 1968: one out of every two Americans is drinking the Catskrns, 125 miles away. water of unknown quality or water that may All drinking water, naturally, flows from a THE CAMPUS MUST DEFEND ITSELF not measure up to federal standards. source, and after it has been used, it even­ The holiday ceasefire on college campuses tually goes back to that source. The more provides opportunity for soul searching as I have been aware that this was ap­ polluted the source becomes, the harder it is well as the taping up of cracked heads. Col­ proximately the case since the report to make the water fit fo·r use. It's a vicious lege students deserve welcome as a vital foree submitted last year by the task force on circle, and in New York the sources have be­ in the reform of American higher education. environmental health and related prob­ come so polluted they can't supply drinking But students' rights do not include such lems. This report to the Secretary of water. What is happening is that the pollut­ coercion and lawlessness as have recently Health, Education, and Welfare stated ing habits of the American people are con­ been practiced by small bands of self-styled that 50 million Americans are now drink­ taminating the water faster than it can be revolutionaries from coast to coast. purified by existing facilities. Speakers on campus are silenced by mob ing water that does not meet public In its official standards books, the Public action; dictatorial fringe groups, often joined health standards and another 45 mill1on Health Service points out: "Knowledge of by self-serving faculty dissidents, interfe:re are drinking water that has not been physical defects or of the existence of other with the orderly conduct of campus business tested by the Public Health service. health hazards in the water-supply system ls and frequently obstruct the will of the ma­ The McCall's article points out the evidence of a deficiency in protection of the jority. communities of our Nation where water water supply. Even though water-quality 950 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 analyses have indicated that the quality re­ Great Lake ls estimated to have aged the of city life in the twentieth century. For quirements have been met, the deficiencies equivalent of 10,000 years in the past ten. example, we are already finding ways to use must be corrected before the supply can be With this and other dramatic examples be­ nutrlent-i:tch, treated tewage to irrigate considered safe." fore them, scientists, private citizens, jour­ fields. And :fly ash from smokestacks-that In other words, polluted water poses a nalists, and a few politiclans--notably United bothersome harassment-can be collected health threat and cannot be used for drink­ Stlates Representative Charles Vanlk, of and made into bricks. ing. Ohio--began demanding water cleanup. Scientific progress is often hampered by As internationally known engineer and ur­ Through the Public Health Service, the governmental entanglem.ents at every level, ban planner Dr. Athelstan Spilhaus, president federal government has set up explicit qual­ from ward to Washington. In the case of of Philadelphia's Franklin Institute, has ity standards to ensure purity and protection water, it ls perhaps at the federal level that plainly put it, "Pollution doesn't just hap­ of your drinking-water sources and to make a major change ls m.ost desperately needed. pen. People cause pollution." He was referring certain that bacterial and chemical content There are currently no fewer than eight to concentrations of people, living in the does not exceed safety llmlts. Cabinet offices involved with problems of pol­ high-density environment of towns and Here are the most relevant guidelines for lution, environmental deterioration and nat­ cities. ensuring pure drinking water: ural-resourco management: Agriculture; Water pollution is the scourge of our coun­ 1. The water must flow from the purest Commer:ce; Defense; Health, Educa·tion, and try, all the way from the agricultural West, possible source. Adequate safeguards must Welfare; Transportation; Housing and Urban such as California's San Joaquin Valley, prevent pollution of this source. Development; Interior; and State. through college towns like Northfield, Minne­ 2. Frequent surveys must be made to de­ It is inevitable that some departments sota, to the large metropolitan centers of tect potential health hazards. step on the tails of others. The Department Cleveland, Ohio, and New York City. 3. An enforceable system of rules and reg­ of the Interior's Bureau of Sports Fisheries It is no accident that water pollution ls ulations must prevent development of health and Wildlife finds itself at odds with Agri­ heaviest in cities where nearly 75 percent of hazards. culture's Soil Conservation service. Both find our population lives. In Andrew Jackson's 4. Proper safeguards must protect water themselves running headlong into the Army day, only 150 years or so ago, no city was very quality from source to house. Corps of Engineers. Despite the oversupply of large. Towns could just slip wastes into the 5. Only qualified personnel may operate interested agencies, the federal government nearest river and forget about them. This ex­ the water-supply system. still does not have a comprehensive plan for pedient, handy as it was, worked out pretty 6. The water source must have enough control of pollution caused by the accumu­ well until towns grew into cities, industry reserve to meet peak demands. lation of waste in the cities. mushroomed, and the cities' wastes became 7. Bacterial monitoring must be continu­ In an attempt to bring some order into this more numerous, diversified, and complex. ous. chaos, United States Senator Frank Moss, of Fish kills began to occur on a massive scale. 8. Only specified, scientific tests may deter­ Utah, recently introduced a bill that would Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid fever mine water quality. change the Department of Interior to the and amoebic dysentery, rose. Drinking water 9. Water with bacterial levels abOve pre­ Department of Natural Resources. This new tasted strange. As a :first step, we treated the cisely stated limits must b,e considered un­ department would be made up of many of symptom, operating under the theory that if safe for public consumption. the agencies from those eight Cabinet offices the drinking water was bad, we should simply 10. The Public Health Service will likewise that are now involved with resources man­ treat it before we drank it. But the diversity reject as medically dangerous a water source agement. Health, Education, and Welfare's of complex wastes so fouled our drinking­ whose mineral and chemical content exceeds Air Pollution Control functions would join wa ter sources that it became nearly impos­ strictly marked limits. Interior's Water Pollution Control Adminis­ sible to make them safe for drinking. It was While water pollution i!s itself a serious tration in the Department of Natural Re­ only a few decades ago that we finally recog­ threat, it is also a symptom of a much larger sources. nized this problem and only five years ago problem. Treating water pollution without Such a bill funnels the energies of eight that we began to do something about it. taking cognizance of related problems will departments into a new Department of Nat­ The city-its inhabitants, its industries, its only leave frustrated good intentions in its ural Resources. Such massive reorganization offices--draws water from a water source, uses ls absolutely necessary if we are to develop it, and returns it. A city is living, and, like wake. a sensible, long-range natural-resource policy. any living thing, it has a metabolism. Life's We can disperse the wastes of urban me­ Air and water pollution know no political metabolism ls composed of everything that tabolism by dumping them into the water boundaries. . Cities sharing a common air and enters the organism's biochemical pathways, or by sending them !skyward into the air. Air water supply should be part of a regional the energy that results from this, and the pollution, however, ls only another part of organization. Thirs organization must have waste products that this energy creation the total urban metabolic-waste picture, an­ the power to set and enforce air- and water­ forms. Just so with a city. A great diversity other aspect of environmental deterioration. quality standards for the entire area. of elements must enter a city to make it The problems of air and water pollution are, One such regional approach has been run-people, materials, institutions, and in fact, as closely related as Siamese twins. worked out by the Bay Area Pollution Control many more. The waste products of this urban To treat one, we must also treat the other. District, in San Francisco. This organization metabolism are equally extensive. To solve the challenge of urban metabolic and its sister organization for water pollu­ Consider, for example, Cleveland, which wastes, cities must look to the science of tion set and enforce air- and water-quality each day drops thousands of pounds of biology, particularly to ecology. Ecology standards for the six counties surrounding nitrates and phosphates into Lake Erie­ studies the interactions of living things, both San Francisco Bay. It's not perfect, but it ls a part of its metabolism. These wastes may with themselves and with their environment. start. Most areas have not progressed to this originate from homes, hotels, laundromats, Ecology shows that under natural conditions point yet, but many are organizing rapidly. and offices; but industry also contributes to animals live in dynamic equ111br1um with Here ls a suggested program of action that urban metabolic waste. The Republic Steel their natural environment. In a balanced may be applied to any community in the Corporation, the Jones and Laughlin Steel natural environment, we can call nothing United States that is facing the problems of Corporation, the American Steel and Wire waste, for what we might think of as waste pure drinking water and the disposal of Division of the United States Steel Corpora­ find!> a new use at a different point in the urban metabolic waste: tion, the Harshaw Chemical Company, and E. cycle. 1. Call your County Health Department. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company unload If our cities are to survive, we must apply Ask if it has an organization concerned with more than 300 tons of toxic material into these same ideas to them. We must plan our air- and water-pollution control. Lake Erle every day. cities for complete and balanced use-and­ 2. If the county doesn't have an organiza­ These metabolic wastes include, among reuse cycles. We must be willing to accept tion combating pollution, ask who sets the other things, phenol, iron, zinc, sulfuric acid, the fact that stopgap measures provide no standards for the area. In some cases it may ammonia, and hydrofluoric acid (which, in­ real solutions. Even if we installed our most be the state; in other cases, townships and cidentally, eats through glass). All this has advanced air- and water-pollution-control cities. Whether the responsible authority ls created complicated drinking-water prob­ devices in every city tomorrow, within about county, city, regional, or state, get the full lems for Cleveland. Over the past twenty twenty years pollution levels would climb organizational name, address, telephone years, the main Cleveland water intake has back to where they are now. The smog in number, and the name of the director. (This gradually been moved miles into Lake Erie Los Angeles and New York would be just as is the first step toward constructive change. to escape the city's pollution. Even at its bad in 1988. As one county authority put it, "What we present distance of five miles, phenols and For one thing, we are not now able to re­ need ls for the public to rise up and demand other toxic chemicals from the city occasion­ move a hundred percent of the wa!stes. More­ change.") ally seep into the intake. When they are dis­ over, the increasing urban pollution over 3. Write or call this agency, and ask for covered, water-control authorities must in­ twenty years multiplies the problem even as a statement of organization and jurisdiction. voke emergency measures to remove these we progress, so that we find ourselves barely Find out who is on the board of directors. chemicals from drinking water. managing to stand st111. Instead of thinking All too often, directoral boards are not com­ Similar stories are repeated in Detroit, of treating wa~. therefore, it would prove posed of qualified, trained personnel. Do Toledo, Erle, and Buffalo. With the thousands more constructive to create new uses for they hold public meetings? If they do, be of tons of urban metabolic wastes that enter them. Biologists have joined city planners present at the next one. But if they don't Lake Erie each day from these five cities, this and engineers to try to solve these problems hold public meetings, then- January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 951 4. Oall the Oounty Health Office again, and Our Substandard Water Supply: A com­ Reasons ·for the ratings were keyed to the a&k what you should do to help. pilation of United States cities whose water following: 5. Ask your Congressman to support pend­ supplies are rated only "provisional" by the 1. Quality not completely protected from U.S. Public Health Service-meaning that supply to household tap. ing legislation calling for a nationwide study 2. water not from purest possible source. of the quality of municipal water supplies. their safety margins may be dangerously narrow. 3. Bacterial checks too few. It is only by such a beginning that action The terms "needs improvement," "unsatis­ 4. Regulations to prevent health hazards will start. Small steps make the whole, and factory," "potential health hazard," were inadequate. constant work will ensure clean air and based on scientific ratings 1 to 10, with 10 5. Surveys to detect potential health water. Clean air and clean water are essen­ denoting the poorest. "Needs improvement" h azards too infrequent. tial for survival. Our cities will die-and so applies to water rated 1 or 2; "unsatisfactory" 6. Bacterial level too high. will we-if the time comes when we no longer to water rated from 3 to 5; "potential health 7. Chemical impurities too high. care. hazard" to water rated from 6 to 10. 8. Nonapproved analytical tests used.

State and city Rating State and city Rating 4

Alabama: Prichard ______: ___ Unsatisfactory ______X X X ------New Jersey-Continued Alaska : Fairbanks ______Needs improvement______X ____ X ------Kearney ______Needs improvement.. ______X ------Colorado: Newark ______do ______X __ _ ------Grand Junction ______do ______X ______- -- Wrightstown ______Unsatisfactory ______X X -x- =-=- =- -. _------_. -- - Pueblo ______do ______------X ------__ _ New York : Connecticut: Buffalo ______Needs improvement______X ------Danbury ______Unsatisfactory ______X ______Oswego ______do ______X ------New London ______do ______X ____ X ------Rome ______._. ______do ______X ______•• ------Waterbury ______Potential health hazard ____ _ X ------X ------White Plains ______do ______------X ------Delaware: Wilmington ______Unsatisfactory ______X X ------North Carolina: Florida: Wilmington . ______Unsatisfactory ______• ______• X ___• _. __ Arcadia ______do ______X X X ------Oklahoma : Dania ______Needs improvement______X ------University of Oklahoma , Needs improvement______X ------Norman. Oregon: ==- _= == =:::: =:: =:: = ==: == Astoria ______: ______Unsatisfactory ______X • __ -- ___ _• __ X ----- __ --•• - ~r~~E:!~~~~West Palm Beach==:::::::: ______~~::!~!~c~~~i~Needs improvement_~~iiir~ ____=-=-~~=~______~~ ~ - ~- ~X= ------~= Eugene ______do ______• ____ X ______------Wildwood ______Unsatisfactory ______X X ------Pennsylvania: Georgia: Altoona ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X ---- Albany ______do ______X X ------Brunswick ______do ______X ____ X ------~~~1'~~~/'.I~~======:: :: :: =- ~-e_e_~s0 ~~~-r~~~~~~~ ~= =: :: :: : : =~ : : = ~ === :::: :: : : :: : ::: : : : Columbus ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X ------Puerto Rico : Aguadilla ______Unsatisfactory ______X ------X ------Macon ______do ______X ____ X ______X ______Rhode Island : Manchester______Unsatisfactory ______X ____ X ------East Providence ______do ______X ____ X ______Savannah ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X ------Tiverton ______do ______-~ ______X _------______- __ -- Thomasville ______Needs improvement______X ------South Carolina: Waycross ______do ______------___ X ------______Abbeville ______Potential health hazard _____ X ____ X ------X ------Hawaii: KahuluijWailuku ______Unsatisfactory ______X ------X ------Illinois: ==: =: =:::: =- == == =: =- __ _ ======-x--======- x-- Hartford ______Potential health hazard ______X X ______X ------Columbiag~~~reston ______~~== ~-n_s~J~s!~~~~~ do ___ : ___--:~==:_: ______X~------~- ~: --- X ------Orland Park ______Needs improvement______X ------Georgetown ______do ______------X ------X ------Savanna ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X ------Greenville ______Needs improvement______X _____ ------______-- -- • --- - Wood River ______Needs improvement______X ------Spartanburg ______Unsatisfactory ______X X ______- - Indiana: Tennessee: Mount Vernon ______Unsatisfactory ______X X ------Alcoa ____ • ______• _____ do ______X ------___ X ------Washington ______do ______X ____ X ------____ _ Chattanooga ______• _____ do ______~ ______X X ------Kansas : Salina ______Needs improvement______X ______Clarksville ______Potential health hazard ___ __ X __ __ X ------X Maine: Bar Harbor ______Unsatisfactory ______X ___ _ X ------Bucksport______Needs improvement______X ------Persque Isle ______Potential· health hazard ______X ______X ~t~o~:~fi~~~Memphis ______======_ =______======- _~_-_~-__~-~]~!~~~~~~~~~~~ do ______==______== == =__= ~=__ =_=~ X= == X== =-~ ~------~ ~ =~ = =~ ~~ ~ === =-=- ===--- Searsport______Unsatisfactory ______X ------X Nashville ______do ______X ------X ______: ____ Massachusetts : Utah: Salt Lake City ______Needs improvement______X ------Braintree ______do ______~ X ____ X ------Virginia: Fall River ______Needs improvement______X ------Crewe ______Unsatisfactory ______X __ __ X ------Weymouth ______do ______----- X ______~--- ______-~- Worcester ______Potential health hazard __ ___ X ____ X ------X ------~~~e:;~~~~---~ ~ ======- ~-e_e_ddo~~~~~~~~~~~--~ ~ == = = ~ ======: ==: Mississippi: · Washington : Bellingham _·______·______do ______-~-- __ _ X ___ ------______~;{~~~z~--~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ - ~~~~doi~~~~~~~-e_n_t~======~ ======Edmonds ______Unsatisfactory ______X ------X Pascagoula ______.______Unsatisfacll6ry ______X ______X Everett ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X X Vicksburg ______do ______------______X Hoquiam ______do ______X ------X X Missouri: Hermann ______Potential health hazard ______X ------X ======- ======- -======Waynesville ______do ______X ------X West~~n:~~~ Virginia :~= ~~~~J~!~~~~~--~=== ~- ~ Nebraska: Bluefield ______Potential health hazard ____ _ X ------X ------McCook ______do ______X ____ X ------X Grafton ______.______do ______X ___ _ X ____ X ------North Platte ______do ______X ____ X ------X Point Pleasant______do ______X ------X X __ __ New Hampshire : Portsmouth ______do ______X ------X ------Wisconsin: Lacrosse ______Unsatisfactory ______X X ------New Jersey: Wyoming: Bayonne ______Needs improvement______X ------Green River ______do ______X ____ X ------Riverton ______• ______do ______X X ______------____ r:r~~~~B~~ :_=-~======- 2~:~~~~tt~~i~=iii_=_======r =; ======~ ~~ ~ ======~g~~ijf;~~~s:======~~======~=~ = ~ ======~ -;c -~--~ ~~~~~~~~~ ======~ ==

JAMES MACY January 4 of stomach and chest wounds re­ stay in Vietnam for another six months last ceived while he was serving as a helicopter June. crewman in Vietnam. A graduate of Mergenthaler Vocational­ HON. CLARENCE D. LONG Specialist Macy, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Technical High School, he enlisted in the OF MARYLAND Albert R. Macy of 602 West 33d street, had Army January 9, 1967, after working for been in Vietnam jus·t a year when he died awhile in a bakery. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in a hospital near Saigon. He received his basic training at Fort Knox, Wednesday, January 15, 1969 His last letter, which arrived in Baltimore Ky., and was in Panama eight months when the day he died, informed his parents of the he asked to be transferred to Vietnam. Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, fatal incident near Binh Thuy. It was writ­ He was shipped to Vietnam on Jan. 3, 1968. Sp4c. James R. Macy, a fine young men ten December 23. He was awarded an Air Medal last June, from Maryland, was killed recently in "I guess you know by now . . . that I got and an Army Commendation Medal for valor Vietnam. I wish to commend his bravery hit," he wrote. "They did me up pretty good, last May, both while he was fighting with the and honor his memory by including the and I got wonderful doctors. God is watching 336th Aviation Company as a door gunner on over me and I 'll be home in two or three a helicopter. following article in the RECORD: weeks." MASS TOMORROW FOR JAMES MACY AWARDED TWO MEDALS PLAYMAKERS CLUB MEMBER A requiem mass will be offered at 9 : 30 Specialist Macy, 21, had twice volunteered Specialist Macy belonged to the Keene Me­ A.M. tomorrow at SS. Phillip and James for Vietnam duty, once . when he was as­ morial Church Playmakers Club, an orga­ Catholic Church for Army Spec. 4 James Rob­ signed to train infantrymen in jungle fight­ nization that toured Baltimore churches ert Macy, a Baltimore soldier who died ing in Pana.ma, and later when he asked to presenting amateur theatricals. 952 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 'January 15, 1969 He was active in baseball and football in program as they develop the budget for the country where a Federal power marketing high school. fiscal year beginning next July 1; program exists; and His father drives a truck for the Associated Be it further resolved, that we urge their Be it further resolved that we urge all rural Transport Company. support for the adoption of an REA electric electric systems to support the election or His survivors, besides his parents, include loan program fully adequate to meet the appointment to the Commissions of men three brothers, Russell T. Macy, Michael J. capital needs of rural electrics and to effec­ who recognize the benefits of the full multi­ Macy and John A. Macy, and a sister, Mrs. tively _lower the rising backlog of loan purpose development of resources, including Margaret Bevins, all of Baltimore, and his applications. hydroelectric power; and paternal grandmother, Mrs. Bessie Robinette, Be it further resolved, that we specifically of Anderson, Ind. 2. ACHIEVING RURAL-URBAN BALANCE Whereas, Rural America has not kept pace support the Dickey-Lincoln project in Maine. economically with the rest of America, thus This has been shown to be economically resulting in hundreds of thousands of rural sound and it would benefit the entire New people migrating to the cities in search of England area, which now has the highest RESOLUTIONS OF NATIONAL RURAL jobs, better health and medical facllitles, electrical rates in the nation. ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ASSO­ and better housing; and 4. SHARING IN BENEFITS OF ATOMIC ENERGY CIATION-REGION V Whereas, this migration of rural people to (Aiken-Kennedy bill S. 2564) urban areas ls creating serious social and Whereas, there has been introduced in economic problems in urban areas, as well Congress legislation known as the Aiken­ HON. AL VIN E. O'KONSKI as contributing to the dissolution of rural Kennedy Bill (S. 2564) which would prohibit community life; and OF WISCONSIN the Atomic Energy Commission from issuing Whereas, this combination of lower farm IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES any license for the construction and opera­ income and decreasing number of farm tion of a nuclear generating station untll thcl Wednesday, January 15, 1969 families ls eroding the rural economy and applicant therefor has granted to all inter­ creating for rural electric systems such prob­ ested parties, including other electric sys­ Mr. O'KONSKI. Mr. Speaker, the rural lems as idle meters, lower revenues, shifting tems, an opportunity to participate on fair electric systems of region V of the Na­ load factors and difficulties in forecasting and reasonable terms in the ownership of tional Rural Electric Cooperative Asso­ and planning service improvements and such station, and has agreed to make the ciation held their annual meeting at Des growth; output of electricity from such station avail­ Moines, Iowa, on September 15, 16, and Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the able for sale on non-discriminatory terms 17, 1968. development and implementation of a sound to all entities engaged in the distribution, national policy of rural-urban balance be transmission or sale of electric energy; The regional meeting was attended by among the first order of business on the 814 farm and rural leaders. They repre­ Now, therefore, be it rezolved, that we agenda of the next Administration and Con­ strongly support the principles and sub­ sented 117 cooperatives, serving some gress, and that it include realistic funding stances of S. 2564; and 386,121 consumers in the States of Illi­ and effective coordination of programs for Be it further resolved, that it is the sense nois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. full development of rural areas; to provide of this meeting that the regulatory experi­ Under leave to extend my remarks, I economic, social and recreational oppor­ ence of the Federal Power Commission would am placing in the RECORD several of the tunities for rural areas, thus slowing the enable that agency to effectively and ex­ resolutions adopted during the 3-day migration of rural people to urban centers; pediently exercise the power granted by Con­ Be it further resolved, that the rural elec­ gress under the provisions of S. 2564; and meetings. These resolutions reflect the tric systems of America commit their re­ views and expression of opinion of farm Be it further resolved that we urge amend­ sources and manpower to the fullest extent ment of S. 2564 to provide that the Federal and rural electrification leaders. It is a possible in exerting active leadership in Power Commission exercise the regulatory pleasure for me to call these significant achieving sound rural-urban balance which powers provided for therein, and that no resolutions to the attention of my col­ is so vital to the unity and prosperity of the license for any nuclear generating station be leagues and to commend district V and nation; approved by the Atomic Energy Commission the National Rural Electric Cooperative Be it further resolved, that NRECA sup­ untll and unless the Federal Power Com­ Association for the vital role they are port meaningful efforts to relieve the cost­ mission shall have certified to AEC that the price pressure on farm families who are con­ conditions specified by S. 2564 as to partici­ playing in our country today. tributing and have contributed so much to The resolutions follow: pation in nuclear generation stations and as the growth of our national economy and to to the allocation of electricity therefrom have RESOLUTIONS the soundness of our nation's heritage; been met; and 1. REA LOAN FUNDS Be it further resolved, that where possible Be it further resolved that we also support Whereas, the Congress has passed and the and appropriate we help present the position legislation such as H.R. 18667 (Holifield and President has signed into law an appropria­ of the farmer to the consuming public. Price) and S. 3851 (Aiken and Anderson) tion bill which provides for an REA electric 3. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT which would assure additional anti-trust loan program of $370-million for the current protection in the licensing of nuclear power Whereas, the natural resources of our reactors, but we do not accept these measures fiscal year for which we commend them; and nation are a vital segment of our total wealth Whereas, the Congress, the Administration as a substitute for the Alken-Kennedy B111 and strength, and since these resources be­ (S. 2564). and NRECA are in agreement that this long to all the people, the benefits of orderly amount is far short of the demonstrated development should be avallable to all the 5. ELECTRIC POWER RELIABILITY ACT capital needs of the rural electric cooper­ people; and Whereas, there have been introduced in atives; and Whereas, long-range plans and compre­ Congress several bills containing various ver­ Whereas, additional cuts likely will have to sions of legislation generally referred to as be made in federal spending as a result of hensive surveys should be made by a co­ ordinating group to determine the needs of the Electric Power Reliabllity Act, all of limitations imposed by the Congress; which would grant broad new regulatory au­ Now, therefore, be it resolved that we urge our growing population and future genera­ tions, rather than by piece-meal, short-term thority to the Federal Power Commission in the President, the Secretary of Agriculture, the areas of system reliab111ty, regional plan­ the Adminlstrator of REA and other officials plans and projects, and it is in the national public interest that our resource require­ ning, and EHV transmission line certification; not to impose additional cuts on an REA Now, therefore, be it resolved, that we en­ loan program that ls already inadequate to ments and the adequacy of our resource pro­ grams be constantly before the entire nation; dorse the principle and objectives of the meet the needs of America's rural electric Electric Power Reliablllty Act as embodied systems. While we recognize the need for and Whereas, we agree with the philosophy in H.R. 12322 by Congressman Moss of Cali­ restraint 1n spending, we believe it ls self­ fornia; and evident that it ls not in the national interest that the gifts of nature belong to all the to financially starve the rural electric co-ops people and not a few; and Be it further resolved, that the NRECA Whereas, the elimination of pollution in Special Committee on FPC jurisdiction ls re­ and jeopardize their ab111ty to meet the quested, in conjunction with the NRECA growing power demands of their rural mem­ our rivers and ground water supplies is a particularly crucial problem requiring im­ General Manag-er and staff, to maintain con­ ber-consumers, thus impeding the growth tinuing surveillance on this legislation, and and revitalization of Rural America; mediate attention from local and state gov­ ernments; and is authorized to propose such additional Be it further resolved, that we urge Con­ amendments thereto as it may consider ap­ gress to continue and strengthen the G&T Whereas, multiple-purpose dams, including propriate. loan program under Section 4 of the Rural hydroelectric generation and pumped stor­ Electrification Act of 1936, as amended. We age, should be included in all water resource 6. TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY urge Congress to defeat any attempts at fur­ planning; Be it resolved that we ream.rm the unre­ ther restrictions on the G&T program. Now, therefore, be it resolved, that we urge stricted right and responsibllity of all elec­ Be it further resolved, that for the fiscal Governors and representatives of all states tric systems to serve those areas in which year 1970, we urge the REA Administrator, participating in River Basin Commissions to they initiated service, and we support and the Secretary of Agriculture, the President take cognizance of the salutary effects of wlll defend this right against pirating of and Congress to be cognizant of the contin­ Federal multi-purpose developments, includ­ territory and consumers by any other electric uing urgent needs of the rural electrification ing hydroelectric power, in the areas of the system; and January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 953 Be it further resolved, that since the Con­ 4. Curbing sales rackets by enactment of to return to country of takeoff an aerial hi­ gress has clearly and unequivocally· stated its a Deceptive Sales Act; jacker seeking asylum, the International Air position in Senate Resolution 21 of the 86th 5. Reducing the high cost of prescription Transport Association could immediately Congress, 1st Session, which states "it is the drugs; suspend Cuba.na Airlines from membership sense of the Senate that each of these seg­ 6. Providing for an adequate system of Fed­ until the bandit was returned, and, if this ments of the industry (REA financed and eral and State inspection of domestic and proved insufficient, could establish a com­ non-REA financed) should respect the cus­ imported fish, shell fish and seafood plete international boycott against airlines tomers and users, and the normal field of products; continuing to serve Cuba or any country service of the other," and indicated its con­ Be it further .resolved, that we urge rural which continued to receive Cuban planes. t inuing concern over the problem of Senate electric leaders to work with allied con­ G. E. KIDDER SMITH. Report 497 of the 88th Congress, 1st Session, sumer groups, such as the Consumer Federa­ we therefore urge: tion of America and the various state con­ (a ) that the Congress and appropriate offi­ sumer organizations, in securing beneficial cials in the state and Federal governments­ consumer legislation at both the state and and NRECA-investigate and take all actions n at ional levels. COLLEGE CONSORTIA available to them in order to develop and 10. NRECA LONG-RANGE STUDY COMMITTEE promote measures to provide territorial in­ tegrity among all electric systems; and Whereas, the 26 members of the NRECA HON. WILLIAM 0. COWGER (b) that legislation to protect the service Long-Range Study Committee have under­ taken to investigate and explore with the OF KENTUCKY territories of rural electric systems be en­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES acted by all states that do not now have membership the objectives of the Rural Elec­ adequate legislation and we urge rural elec­ trification Program and ways to finance its Wednesday, January 15, 1969 tric systems in states having satisfactory leg­ activities; and islation to offer assistance based on their Whereas, the members of the Committee Mr. COWGER. Mr. Speaker, under own experiences in helping to develop suit­ have devoted a large amount of time and unanimous consent I insert in the REC­ able territorial protection legislation. have traveled from area to area in order to ORD an article by Grady Clay of Louis­ get the membership's ideas and opinions ville, Ky., which appeared in the maga­ 7. CO-OP-MUNICIPAL CORPORATION about the future course of the program; Whereas, rural electric cooperatives and Now, therefore, be it resolved, that we ex­ zine section of the Courier-Journal and municipal electric systems have numerous press our deep appreciation to Chairman Times, Louisville, Ky., under date of De­ common characteristics and share many J. K. Smith and the members of the NRECA cember 8, 1968. The article deals with common problems; Long-Range Study Committee and to the the subject of coordinating higher edu­ Now, therefore, be it resolved, that rural NRECA liaison staff members for their un­ cation and Mr. Clay received a grant eleotric cooperatives be urged to explore the tiring effort in redefining our program ob­ from the Ford Foundation to make a poosibilities of gaining strength in the whole­ jectives and in finding a suitable solution to national study of academic consortia. sale power area by working together with our future capital requirements. The article is as follows: municipal electric systems. 11. CO-OP MONTH COLLEGE CONSORTIA 8. FPC JURISDICTION OVER RURAL ELECTRIC Whereas, October 1968 has been designated (By Grady Clay) SY'STEMS as Co-op Month; Whereas, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Now, therefore, be it resolved, that Re­ No football teams do they field, no de­ for the District of Columbia, in a unanimous gion V urge all member cooperatives to sup­ grees do they award. Nor do they enroll and well reasoned decision, has reaffirmed port this effort in every way possible. students. But what they are doing, these new the holding of the Federal Power Commis­ combinations of colleges and universities sion that FPC has no regulatory jurisdiction called consortia, may revolutionize higher over REA-financed cooperatives, thereby education. By this time, 362 colleges and universities lending judicial vindication to the position so A SOLUTION TO HIJACKING? long and so vigorously advocated by NRECA; in the United States and Canada have joined Now, therefore, be it resolved, that we together into 35 formal, budgeted, staffed, commend FPC for the persuasive argument programmed and headquartered outfi ts HON. JACK EDWARDS called consortia. of its position upon judicial review and urge OF ALABAMA NRECA to continue its opposition to such Newest in the field is in Louisville, where jurisdiction during the present appeal to the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eight colleges, universities and seminaries have agreed to form a consortium for the Supreme Court of the United States seeking Wednesday, January 15, 1969 to reverse this holding of no jurisdiction; and Louisville region. It is to be called the Ken­ Be it further resolved, that we commend Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr. tuckiana Metroversity. the Dairyland Power Cooperative and the What's being created is a new kind of Speaker, the problem of hijacked air­ institution and a new definition of campus. Minnkota Power Cooperative as well as all craft has become very serious. It is an of the rural electric systems and Federal It's based on processes, rather than on build­ issue which troubles our airlines, but be­ ings; on new agreements, rather than new agencies which have participated in this to case in support of respondents Minnkota yond that, the practice seems be structures. The men who organize them and Dairyland. spreading to other areas of the world. exude a sky's-the-limit sense of excitement In this connection I call attention to not unlike that surrounding men who orga­ 9. OMNIBUS CONSUMER PROTECTION RESOLUTION the following letter which appeared re­ nize new business conglomerates. Whereas, all Americans, regardless of their The average student is hardly aware of vocations and divergent interests, share a cently in a New York newspaper: what's happening, except that in many con­ common interest as consumers; and To END SKY-JACKING sorting colleges, he's beginning to get what Whereas, there are many examples of NEW YORK, Jan. 3, 1969. amounts to a passport. Once he's registered fraudulent and deceptive practices used by To the EDITOR: at one college, he can take courses at many the unscrupulous and the negligent to the The parlous problem of aerial hijacking other colleges. Thousands of students are detriment of the consumer's pocketbook and, could probably be solved if all signatories of doing it-filling out a minimum of extra all too frequently, to his health and safety; the International Air Transport Associa­ forms, paying no extra fees. and tion-which with 102 members represents At consorting colleges, students borrow \Vhereas, we and other consumers, as well most of the world's scheduled airlines, in­ books from distant libraries at no charge and as reputable manufacturers and retailers, de­ cluding a number in East Europe-agreed with little delay. There's one-day book ex­ serve to be protected against fraud, price­ that international air service and ground change among many consorting campuses, gouging and indifference; servicing would be immediately suspended and, in Northern Ontario, daily deliveries by Now, therefore, be it resolved, that we to and from any country to which a plane plane. urge the Congress and the Administration to had been hijacked unless said country During recent weeks I have visited 15 of take appropriate and effective remedial handed over to Interpol the aerial bandit. these 35 new consortia and interviewed scores action for the protection of American con­ Sky-jacking is, of course, a worldwide prob­ of officers, deans and others. They range from sumers in the following areas: lem, and has already occurred several times huge, ultra-formal groups like the Committee 1. Seeking improvements in the quality around the Mediterranean, but it is most of Presidents of the Universities of Ontario, of equipment service and repairs, in the prevalent in connection with American with meetings heavily agendaed, and agendas honesty of product warranties and guaran­ planes and Cuba (through no fault of the heavily footnoted, to such modest groups as tees; Cubans) . Cubana Airlines, a member of the Texas Association of Developing Colleges, 2. Protecting consumers against the haz­ IATA, now flies externally only to Mexico, struggling to secure more funds for its largely ards of radiation; hence is little subject to punitive measures. Negro institutions. 3. Seeking stronger and more effective ac­ But Cuba. itself is served from Europe by What comes clear from these visits and in­ tion from the departments and regulatory Aeroftot, Czech Airlines and Iberia., both the terviews is a crisis for the small- to middle­ agencies on their anti-trust and anti-mo­ two latter being members of IATA. sized colleges and universities. Many are nopoly responsibilities; If Cuba refused to arrest on arrival and going broke, and the troubles of Kentucky 954 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 Southern College outside Louisville are typi­ sachusetts. (Hampshire College, the fifth, This fall the number had risen to 120. "We cal, though perhaps better known than most. opens in 1970.) But since forming a con­ expect hailf our 20 college members Will be Most consortia have been born out o! trou­ sortium in the 1950's, the private colleges on 4-1-4 in another year or so" says Dr. bles. The one in Ontario grew out of a threat have watched "little ole Mass Aggie" grow Paul A. Marrotte, executive director of the that the province might force all 14 uni­ from 12,000 to over 25,000 students and be­ Piedmont University Center at Winston­ versities to become one huge University of come a towering center of intellectual life Salem, N.C. Robert Adkins, director of the the Province of Ontario. Many others have with a high output of PhDs. Dakota Accord, observes that 4-1-4 has been simply semi-mergers by struggling While the social distance has diminished, greatly facilitated inter-campus cooperation. small colleges trying to survive. Most often, seven miles stlll separate Amherst and the One significant offshoot can be seen at St. as in Louisville, it's a combination of pres­ University of Massachusetts from Smith over Petersburg, where Florida Presbyterian Col­ sures. Kentucky Southern College is trying at Northampton. Thus both Amherst and lege acts as dispatcher-expediter for January to stay alive, the University of Louisvllle Smith have invested heavily in new fine arts charter plane flights to Europe for students faces a difficult merger-marriage-or-allow­ centers. An outsider wonders "why dupli­ in approved four-week programs from 12 col­ ance with the University of Kentucky, and cate?" But insiders say eaoh campus needs leges all over the nation. By this month, 102 two Catholic colleges have just merged into its own, close at hand, and not a long bus students had signed up for this coming Bellarmine-Ursuline. All eight institutions ride away. Yet the five-college cooperation "free" January, double the number la.st Jan­ here see some s-afety in numbers, and ways includes many successful swap agreements: uary. to serve the community better through joint Smith and Amherst are setting up a joint Many consortia are well down the road efforts while maintaining each one's American-studies department, there are toward regional networks that will link their autonomy. plans for an urban-studies center to in­ libraries, data banks, registrar offices, book­ None of the 35 have had smooth sailing. clude other colleges at nearby Springfield. keepers and other information centers. The Even the oldest of them all, the Claremont Therein lies the revolution taking place Dayton-Miami Valley registrars now check Colleges organized in 1925 on one campus in the meaning of the word "university." up by telephone to see if there are vacancies 35 miles from Los Angeles, have their trou­ Taken collectively, the consortia are begin­ left in courses anywhere. Soon they may use bles. When I was there recently the presi­ ning to act like new educational institu­ a consortium computer to check on available dents faced student agitation arising from tions, with some of the central powers of seats, just like the airlines. the six presidents' efforts jointly to control the university, while retaining much of the Three Kansas City consortium colleges student "obstructions" (barring ROTC re­ autonomy of the independent college. None have installed first-generation computers as cruiters from their work, etc.) . On the sur­ of the new consortia yet grant degrees. But a step toward all 16 members getting "on face, consorting looks easy but like all mar­ even that day may not be far off. line" with more sophisticated equipment. riages, these have their quarrels and, oc­ Once colleges begin swapping students One of the most business-like consortia casionally, a divorce. What lies ahead for there's no end to what they will try. Some has its headquarters on an open rise some small and under-financed colleges/ universi­ have even succeeded in adopting the same 15 miles north of Dallas-the Texas Asso­ ties that go it alone is frightening. New school-year calendar. "Now, we've reached ciation for Graduate Education and Research junior (community) colleges are springing the millenium-common school holidays," (TAGER). It owns a 250-foot-high micro­ up at the rate of one a week, offering tax­ said one amazed professor. wave tower from which it beams seven edu­ supported cheap tuition that pulls students There are two basic movements taking cational channels. All programs originate away from many private schools. The private place within these new consortia. The most "live" in studios at Southern Methodist Uni­ schools absorb each year a smaller percen­ important is information-a :flood of trans­ versity and other member-colleges. They feed tage of the new collegians-50 per cent in mitted data moving electronically, as well through a 200-mile cable/microwave system 1950, 41 per cent in 1960, and about 33 per as via increasing phone calls, correspond· into classrooms in 16 of the local high-tech­ cent in 1967. Private tuition keeps going up- ence, etc. Next is the inter-campus migra· nology industries such as General Dynamics, 12V2 per cent a year in Texas. And the big tion of students and professors. The latter LTV, Sun Oil and Texas Instruments, Inc., state universities keep getting bigger-and is not yet a huge :flow, but its potential is where aspiring PhD candidates attend TV richer. great. classes on the job. Subjects include high As if financial pressure weren •t enough, Within the five Washington Consortium math, nuclear physics and quantum me­ student pressure is also pushing many col­ universities, fewer than 400 graduate stu­ chanics. Six more firms joined the learning leges into consortia. I believe this will in­ dents out of 12,000 in the region last year net in September and, says TAGER Presi­ crease as more student activists see gains to were moving inter-campus to take courses dent R. W. Olsen, "We are trying to link all be achieved by attending a multi-campus not available on their home campus. That's of North Texas into one community of schol­ institution, enjoying in effect, a passport to not many, but it's double the total four years ars." He has at least 14 more local industries higher education anywhere in his region. ago. The number taking off-campus courses on his prospect list for TV classes. Only the most callous or unthinking want within the Western Massachusetts consor­ Strong ties to the business community are to abandon private higher education, if any­ tium was 434 in 1963-4 and may reach 1,000 an essential part of the Dayton-Miami Valley thing so deeply rooted could be "abandoned." this year. Last fall the Associated (ten) Col­ Consortium, says its president, Charles J. Good small liberal-arts colleges are rare jew­ leges of the Midwest began using a single­ Armstrong. It has 11 institutional members, els, and all one needs to do to apprecia'te application form for all prospective students, with 30,000 students and seven associate them is to visit Canada, where there are and everywhere a visitor encounters the as­ members, including National Cash Register comparatively fewer than in the U.S. Cana­ sumption that inter-campus migration will continue to increase sharply. Co., Monsanto Research Corp., and IBM­ dian educators' envy of the American private Dayton. "This re:fiects the interest of the busi­ college system hits a visiting American with Pressure from students will bring it, it ness community, which helped us get great force. nothing else does. "Students are no longer started." Further, recent studies such as that chaired 'nationalistic,'" observes Dean Marjorie by John D. Moseley, president of Austin Downing of Scripps College in the Claremont, In September, all 16 campuses in the (Tex.) College, make a compelling case for Calif., cluster. "They come here because it's Kansas City Regional Council for Higher "the dual system of higher education"-a a consortium, and they want to start right Education were linked by a Dial-a-Net system continuing combination of public and private out taking courses at different campuses." leased from Southwest Bell at $72,000 per institutions. Even in Texas, where school It was pressure from students that changed year. By using this net, professors can send land-and-mineral revenues provide a huge the Claremont Colleges' rules against fresh­ or get tele-lectures, can arrange conference kitty for the public colleges/ universities, man campus-hopping. Now they can move calls, and later use teletype, facsimile or elec­ the Moseley group says it's vital to keep the about after only one semester. trotypewriter equipment via the network. private schools operating. Most of these colleges swap professors oc­ While most consortia are moving messages The typical small-college president spends casionally or regularly, or for as long as a and people, not many have yet shown the much of his time these days in "develop­ year. Sometimes this is called "overtime bor­ capacity to produce offspring. But several ment," which is a polite word in this context rowing" and is done only in emergencies. have come off well indeed. The Four Colleges for money-hustling-often just to keep from Soon there will be several consortium pro­ tn the Connecticut River Valley have become going broke. And the fact that there are said fessors moving about among member col­ the Five College Cooperation since the four to be more than 300 vacant presidential jobs leges. There is now a Consortium Fellow­ originals ·helped to bring about the birth of at the moment is one testimony to the pres­ a young lady, it turns out-working in the the fifth, Hampshire College. This newcomer sure. office of the Five College Coordinator of the Will open to students in 1970, its concep­ I do not intend to argue that the small Western Massachusetts consortium, and tion having been aided by the consortium of college can survive only by consorting, for m any such training fellowships are in the Amherst, Smith and Mount Holyoke colleges this is obviously not true. Many small col­ wind. plus the University of Massachusetts. The leges are so well-endowed they can go it Consortia have helped speed up the amaz­ group even managed to get Hampshire pre­ alone, and the feeling of being thus well ing growth in use of the 4-1-4 school calen­ accredited, and now under construction on insulated from competitive pressures has dar. This calendar has two four-month se­ a 500-aore tract of beautiful roll.Ing land a made some prestigious institutions, such mesters separated by a "free" or experimental couple miles outside Amherst, Mass. Like as Amherst, Smith and Mount Holyoke, January for independent study and research. many consortia this one bega.n sm.all-as the rather lofty in the past in their attitudes The free month also allows faculty t6 experi­ Hampshire Inter-Library (storage) Center for toward the "public member" of their Five ment with innovative four-week courses. little-used books in 1951, and is now much College Cooperation, the University of Mas- Last year only 80 colleges were on 4-1-4. expanded. January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 955 Sim.il&rly, the Claremont Colleges near Los belief that a college can cut all its expenses fices in the southern suburbs (the staff works Angeles, Calif. (Pomona being the best­ just by joining a consortium. Actually there on a low-visib111ty policy to avoid the Big known) have helped create several of their can be many savings through group negotia­ Headquarters Look) , KCRCHE was organized own members. Latest addition will be an ex­ tion and purchases of equipment, supplies, in 1962 to upgrade the quality of higher edu­ isting Catholic college, Immaculate Heart, etc., and the idea of combining colleges for cation offered students in this region. which moves soon from an old campus in Los fund-raising purposes is old and well­ There's a strong tendency in the Kansas Angeles, and will share land and other ad­ established. City region for students to stay close to vantages as an "affiliate" at Claremont. All But consortia are far more than dollar­ home. Comparatively few go East to col­ the Claremont group set limits on their en­ sa vers. The best are truly instruments where­ lege-New York City is 1,250 miles away­ rollment: Pomona at 1,300 and the rest at by basic changes can take place in the struc­ and so parents and higher education peo­ 800. However, a visitor is tempted to wonder t ure and administration-r e·sult lng in a new ple tend to feel a special responsibility to im­ how long the latest limits will la.st under kind of education for millions of students. prove local institutions. pressure. They were recently raised from 1,100 From dozens of men I've heard m any versions "This thing was created so these institu­ and 400, respectively. of this same thought: "Our sights h ave been tions could share their dilemmas and see Among the most innovative consortia is raised, our f aculties exposed to new ideas; what they could undertake together as a the 10-member Associated Colleges of t h e we h ave learned n ew m ethods, and released group," recalls Homer C. Wadsworth, presi­ Midwest (in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and t he creat ive energies of t eachers in un­ dent of the Kansas City Association of Trusts Illinois) which has headquarters at the expect ed ways." and Foundations, and an important nego­ Newberry Library, Chicago. It specializes in As noted earlier, some consortia have been tiator for, and recipient of Ford Foundation off-campus activities. At the moment it is put together since 1966 chiefly to let their funds and other grants in this region. As busy preparing a Center for the Visual and members get federal grants. Title III of the one of Kansas City's foremost, movers-and­ Performing Arts in New York City, to which Higher Education Act especially favors col­ shakers, he has consistently pushed higher all its member students and faculties will leges in consortia, and part of the rush be­ education higher on local and regional pri­ have access. In fact, 15 institutions now are hind the formation of the Louisville con­ ority lists. maneuvering to build or acquire graduate art sortium was to meet the federal grant-ap­ Small liberal colleges are vital parts of a centers in New York and seem headed to­ .pllcation deadline in November. regional network "that filters-upward good ward a kind of duplication which consortia In the longer run, consortia may also be­ graduate students into the universities," in seek to avert, says Andrew W. Morgan, presi­ come known for their influence on mergers Wadsworth's view. "There are priceless young dent of the Kansas City Art Institute and and sub-groupings. Two of the Kansas-Mis­ people of great potential in all these small School of Design. His institute is a member souri consortium colleges are now talking · colleges. You've got to find them. We are of the Kansas City consortium and has spun merger, and such moves seem to be an oc­ running out of trained people to do the work off another-the Union of Independent Col­ casional outcome when small weak colleges of the world, so you must keep your eye on leges of Art. come face-to-face with their stronger com­ these small places that turn out extraordi­ The Associated Colleges of the Midwest petitors in a consortium. Also, natural nary people--especially those with solid serv­ supports a wilderness field station in North­ clusterings are taking place. "We're begin­ ice motivations who want to be useful to ern Minnesota, joint seminars with Argonne ning to form sub-groups around urban others." National LaborEj.tory, and a co-op program areas," observes Dr. Paul A. Marrotte of the Thus 13 private colleges, averaging about with Cuttington College in Liberia, West Piedmont University Center. 750 students each, form the bulk of KCRCHE Africa. Operating out of Yellow Springs, Ohio, It is true that many colleges can now members. These, plus the University of Mis­ the Union for Experiment and Innovation in point to consortium activities to justify long­ souri at Kansas City, Central State College, Higher Education (10 colleges) has field cen­ overdue increases in tuition, and to assist and Metropolitan Junior Colleg'"e-Kansas City, ters in Hawaii, Pikeville, Ky., Manhattan, in fund-raising. "Look at the better edu­ form the consortium. and uptown Chicago. cation we're providing" is their pitch. It also In the formal language of academic peo­ The Dayton-Miami Valley Consortium has appears that many large donors, such as ple, KCRCHE tries "to pr,ovide systematic recently agreed to form a consortium press, the Ford Foundation, as well as individuals, communication, cooperative programming, with Antioch College at Yellow Springs ced­ are pushing the idea, which is coming to planning and action, and to serve as an in­ ing its own college press to the group as a mean "consort--or else!" formation center which could assemble and nucleus. The Five Colleges in Western present a complete and accurate picture of Massachusetts jointly sponsor and subsidize To see a consortium in action, let us con­ sider a meeting in a plush motel near Kan­ higher educational resources in the greater "The Massachusetts Review," an independ­ Kansas City area." It currently helps run 43 ent quarterly journal. sas City's famed County Club Plaza. One night recently, 35 teachers gathered there programs for its 16 members, which pay An unusual history lies behind the Wash­ $4,000 each in annual dues. ington Consortium of Universities, which from 16 colleges and universities in Kansas, grew out of the Washington Center for Missouri and Iowa. To this $64,000 has been added the $630,- Metropolitan Studies. The Center "broke the Robert Eberle, young research director for 000 from Washington this year under Title ice" that formerly separated the five univer­ the Kansas City Art Institute, was showing III, plus smaller foundations grants and con­ sities, and helped bring them together. It a premiere of his 18-minute multiple-slide tractual income giving the consortium a total runs-among other things-a sophisticated show, "Cultural Influences of Europe in the administered budget this year of around computer-assisted "gaming room" for prob­ time of William Shakespeare." He was using $800,000. lems in decisionmaking. Here are conducted four projectors, 483 slides, and a new sllde­ As a kind of model contemporary consor­ future-oriented seances to which local plan­ and-soundtape coding device that cost $2,000. tium, KCRCHE is a voluntary coalition of ning groups and universities have access. And The show had taken two 4¥2 weeks to as­ public and private, religious and sectarian, there's a possibility the Smithsonian Institu­ semble, and followed the exciting multi­ large and small institutions that have pooled tion may one day join the Washington Con­ image format made popular at Expo '67. their interests, and some cash, to solve mu­ sortium, having already taken over from a When the display was over, one teacher tual problems. It has a wide geographic consortium university the job of publishing stood up and, fighting back her tears, said: spread, over 200 miles and three states. the only comprehensive calendar of academic "In all my years of teaching, I've never seen President Herbert Wood typifies the high events in the Washington region. such a wonderful way of making Shake­ quality of the staff he has assembled. He ls a Many consortia are beginning to run ver­ speare's times come alive for my students." PhD from Columbia University in interna­ sions of "middle school" or pre-college train­ Eberle's show, which is now being fur­ tional administration, worked for two sum­ ing courses to help urban black students ther perfected to tour, was one fruit of mers at the United Nations, and keeps office prepare for college. At least one consortium $630,000 in Federal Title III higher-educa­ records U.N.-style. He was an assistant dean conducts training seminars for university and tion grants made this year to members of at the University of Maine, Michigan Fellow college trustees, and nearly all offer seminars the Kansas City Regional Council for High­ in College Administration at the University for special-purpose groups from all their er Education, or KCRCHE. This consortium of Michigan, and was involved in giving birth colleges. is spending $40,440 on audio-visual aids such to another consortium, the Great Lakes Col­ "Needless competition" is the bane of as Eberle's show, which will soon begin tour­ lege Association a.t Detroit Airport. higher education, and most consortia try ing 16 colleges and universities, members of Tall, industrious and· articulate, Wood has to per·suade their members to avoid expensive KCRCHE, in three states. Another $37,840 a vast command of those involved academic duplication. Often, the mere act of getting is budgeted to help the 13 smaller and less cadences which soothe the souls and enlist together convinces faculties that it really affiuent colleges improve the quality of the cooperation of other college people. His doesn't make sense for two college neighbors other visual aids-and to teach teachers language is filled with "us" and not with "I." to offer little-attended courses in, let us say, how best to use them. He gives the impression of being a dedicated Japanese historiography. Why not combine? The Eberle show I attended was part of persuader and negotiator, anxious that no They often do. Gradually-although quietly, a two-day seminar for teachers who use college shall suffer loss of autonomy. Also, as there's a great deal of weeding-out going on. visual aids, and is evidence of the way Wadsworth observes, "he knows where the Or, as they say at Smith College, the courses KCRCHE has gone about becoming one of dollars are." in Arabic have been "pha-sed out." the most versatile and well-staffed academic KCRCHE has emerged into the big-time. A recent student editorial in the Claremont consortia in the nation. It can be taken as Most of its 27-man staff has moved in since (Calif.) Collegian described that six-college a model, both in the philosophy and the pro­ June, and its history is being written as a consortium as "a unique brotherhood based fessional expertise that guides its operations. PhD thesis by Richard Lancaster at the on cash." This is a clue to the widespread Scattered about in rather unobtrusive of- University of Michigan. 956 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 President Wood has surrounded himself of South Africa began prosecution in South Africa. prisons be held. This call was with able people, the latest being vice presi­ against Laurence Gandar, editor of the taken up by the Rana Daily Mail, which in dent Henry Halstead, former vice president Rand Daily Mail. Gandar is being 1965 published three long reports in support of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, a Of it by a recently released political prisoner, Chicago-based consortium. Another is young brought to trial because of the publica­ Harold Strachan. In a vivid narrative Lewis Patterson, who does long-range plan­ tion in his newspaper, 3 years ago, of a Strachan recounted innumerable cases he ning, and edits "The Acquainter," the only series of articles alleging maladminis­ had witnessed of brutality against non-white newsletter that links all the new consortia tration in South African prisons. prisoners, usually committed by non-white people. Patterson has also taken the lead in These articles allegedly violate a clause warders at the instigation of white warders. trying to organize a national association of in the South African Prisons Act which The immediate response of the security consorting academics, and says firmly, "We make it a crime to publish any inform.a­ police was to place Strachan under house are not playing around." tion concerning any prison knowing such arrest and to raid the editorial offices of the Laymen who encounter one of these com­ Mail. plicated outfits for the first time are likely information is false or without taking Three weeks later, however, South Africa's to be repelled either by the fuzzy language reasonable steps to insure that the infor­ largest weekly, the Sunday Times, carried a which pours out of higher education, or by mation is accurate. This is only one of a sensational story of allegations by a head the seemingly spongy quality of institutions host of South African laws which have warder at a prison called Cinderella, to the based on "arrangements." the effect of severely restricting freedom effect that prisoners there were frequently One of KCRCHE's biggest jobs is managing of the press, freedom of speech, freedom subjected to punishment by electric shock information for and among its 16 members, of assembly, and other civil liberties long torture. The Mail subsequently repeated the especially the 13 small colleges. It's clear that story and amplified it with corrobative state­ many small colleges barely manage to survive, cherished by Western nations. ments by another warden and two ex-con­ much less keep records that can convince The London Observer and the London victs. foundations or legislatures that they deserve Times recently printed articles describing After carrying out a secret investigation more money except out of pity or charity. circumstances in the prisons and outlin­ the Government decided to prosecute not the Thus KCRCHE has run a computer-assisted ing the several provisions of law whicq persons allegedly responsible for brutality record-keeping project at little Tarkio Col­ inf1inge on the lives of South Africans but the people who had made the allegations. lege as a pilot project for all 16 institutions, seeking only to exercise their rights. I in­ The Prisons Act of 1959 contained a pro­ and has linked three into the first small net­ sert in the RECORD at this point these vision new to South African law making it work. Before long it expects to have a com­ a serious criminal offence for anyone "to pub­ plete college information system, with com­ stories which I believe will be of great lish any false information . . . concerning mon record-keeping forms, procedures mak­ interest to my colleagues: the administration of any prison, knowing ing for quick analysis of business and [From the London (England) Observer, Nov. the same to be false, or without taking rea­ academic performances. 12, 1968) sonable steps to verify such information, the By next year they hope to have assembled THE CASE AGAINST LAURENCE GANDAR onus of proving that reasonable steps were a sound enough data base or library of com­ taken to verify such information being upon puterized records so that deans and teachers The busiest hangman in the world is a the accused." South African. Half the world's judicial ex­ may analyze their operations to a degree PROSECUTION ecutions take place in Pretoria Central Prison, never before possible. This sort of "institu­ One by one, Strachan, the head warder arid tional research" is growing rapidly among where a special gallows with multiple nooses is used to hang an average of 100 people every his colleague and the two ex-prisoners were consortia and elsewhere in higher education. convicted under this provision or for hav­ Thanks in part to the influence of William year. Corporal punishment: in the past 15 years ing sworn false statements on oath. The H. Schecter, president of Tarkio College, trials were generally long drawn out and in­ there's a growing effort to develop a man­ more than one million strokes have been im­ posed on more than 200,000 offenders. (Last volved _two completely conflicting sets of agement-oriented information system that evidence, with the magistrates generally links all 16 institutions. (Tarkio is a pioneer year, nearly 600,000 new prisoners were re­ ceived into South African prisons, six times plumping foi; the prosecution. Appeals were in other fields as well: It has students sit­ noted, but were only partially successful. . ting on the board of trustees.) Stanley Love, the figure for England and Wales which has more than twice the population of South Next, the prosecution issued summonses director of support services program for the against the Sunday Times and . the 'M

One thing that does emerge clearly from the preservation of the internal security CY! son, whether he is alive or dead, without the the three years of charge and counter-charge the Republic or the maintenance of law and permission of the Minister of Justice, and is the courage and tenacity first of Strachan order by the South African police". No one also statements made by people who have and now of Gandar and Pogrund. What re­ can tell for certain what is or is not pro­ left the country and live outside it. mains to be seen is what price these two hibited under this law. There are now more than 600 people who newspapermen have to pay for printing the If the authorities wished to press this law are banned, though by no means all of them truth as they saw it and for daring to go to its logical conclusion they could prose­ would be considered to be communists. Their against the trend to glorify all things South cute any editor who published any unofficial views cannot be published, unless the Minis­ African or else keep quiet. information about the police. Perhaps that ter consents. If newspapers from abroad pub­ is the intention since faced with such a risk lish the views of banned people they are cut [From the London (England) Times, Nov. 26, few editors would publish police matter un­ out before being distributed. This happened 1968] less and until it had been verified and thus only two weeks ago to an article on the South SOUTH AFRICA'S LAWS FOR CURBING PRESS tacitly approved of by the authorities them­ African law, in the Sunday Times, which was FREEDOM selves. cut out before the paper went on sale in Johannesburg. (By Charles Douglas-Home) The Defense Amendment Act (1967) is sim­ ilarly cast. It states that every item of news Under the Unlawful Organization Act Two events this month have helped to raise about defence must be approved for publica­ (1960), the Government specifically banned doubts a.bout the real, as opposed to ap­ tion by the Minister or a designated officer. two African organizations-the African Na­ parent, freedom of the press in South Africa. It applies to all information about the de­ tional Congress and the Pan-Africanist Con­ The first was the start of the trial of Laurence fence force or its auxiliaries as well as the gress. Nothing about their policies or opin­ Gandar of the Rand Daily Mail, caused by ships, aircraft and other forces of allied na­ ions can be published. If a pamphlet is is­ the publication in that paper three years tions while in South African territory. Once sued, only the pamphlet can be referred to, a.go of a series of articles which alleged mal­ again this gives almost total discretion to the not its contents. administration in South African prisons. The Defence Ministry to decide what is and is not Under the Criminal Procedure Act ( 1955) second was the speech of South Africa's publishable. Newspapers thus run a consider­ anyone who is believed to have information Minister of the Interior who warned that the able risk if anything is published without which is required by the police for their in­ Government were intending to introduce i:i.n­ the department's approval. Under these con­ vestigations can be brought before a magis­ other press law to control what newspapers ditions there is no place for Defence Cor­ trate and questioned. Refusals to answer published. respondents in South Africa. could mean up to a year in gaol and this The trial of Gandar has been brought un­ could be constantly renewed. Previously the der the South African Prisons Act. The PRISON OR WHIPPING penalty was only for eight days at a time. clause under which he has been charged is But this kind of restriction is not limited There is no basic right of legal representa­ that which states that it is an offence to to national security. The Native Administra­ tion at these hearings. publish any information concerning any tion Act (1947) makes it an offence for any prison knowing such informa;tion to be false person who utters any word or does any other RESTRICTING FACTS or without taking reasonable steps to ensure act or thing whatever with intent to pro­ Much is made of the apparent freedom of that the information is ac<:urate. The onus mote hostility between natives and Euro­ the South African press but what is that of showing that reasonable steps were taken peans. Where a racial situation exists such freedom worth? South African newspapers rests on the acC'Used. Thus in theory any as that within South Africa, where politics are free to criticize the Government to their editor who prints a.ny item of news about are unavoidably permeated with racial argu­ heart's content provided that the criticism the prison service even down to and includ­ ments, this Act again makes it possible for is only their own and is limited to the edi­ ing the name of a warden could be liable the state to regard any political act or state­ torial columns of the newspaper. Any factual to prosecution and conviction under this ment as coming under this law if they feel material which is likely by implication to Act. Penalties of up to a year's impdsonment so inclined. Yet it is impossible to hold any criticize the Government is almost certain could be incurred if he was unable to prove political opinions in South Africa which to come under one or other of these Acts that reasona1ble steps were taken to verify do not involve either approval or disapproval of restriction, as can be seen from the case the information-reasonable in the ·judge's of the present policy of apartheid, although involving the Rand Daily Mail. opinion rather than his own. both of these sentiments are liable to pro­ Much is also made of the fact that the Unfortunately for the press in South Africa mote hostility between native and European, South Afrkan Government do not often press the Prisons Act represents only one instru­ and thus theoretically liable to prosecution. these laws to the point where they are seen ment of an enonnous and oppressive arsenal Under the Criminal Law Amendment Act to exercise constant and i-ntolerable restric­ of law whioh inhibits the freedom of news­ ( 1953) it is also an offence for any person tions on the press, although it is freely ad­ papers to publish all the facts that they to use language or do any act calculated to mitted that in these laws they already have might want to. Mr. S. L. Muller, the Interior cause anyone else to contravene a law by the legal wherewithal to abolish press free­ Minister, said that he would recommend to way of protest against any law. Thus if news­ dom if they wish to do so. One is left with the South African Cabinet the widening of papers were to publish even just the bare the impression, however, that there is no the Publications and Entertainments Act fact that Africans were planning to organize need for them to push these laws that far to include all newspapers in South Africa. a strike against the colour bar, they would when their mere existence, and the occa­ SEEKING MORE CONTROL be liable to a charge of incitement including sional prosecution such as that against the penalties to the editor of up to five years Rand Daily Mail-involving years of admin­ This law provides for the censorship, among and/or whipping of up to 10 strokes. istration and prohibitive legal costs-will uther things, of any matter which is "offen­ achieve by intimidation nearly all the sup­ sive to the religious convictions of any sec­ On similar grounds the Government have the power, under the Riotous Assemblies Act, pression of facts that the Government re­ tion of the inhabitants of the Republic, quire. brings any section of the inhabitants into to ban a newspaper which has published ma­ ridicule or contempt, is harmful to the rela­ terial calculated "to engender feelings of hos­ tions between any section, or is prejudicial tility between the European inhabitants on to the safety of the state, the general welfare, the one hand and any one section of the A RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE or peace and good order." He said he hoped inhabitants of the country on the other KIWANIS CLUB OF FORT LAU­ this announcement would contribute to hand." In view of the relative position of the DERDALE, FLA. greater responsibility and better cooperation Europeans vis-a-vis the other inhabitants of on the part of the press. South Africa this law, if used to the full, is Yet it is amazing that the South African enough on its own effectively to stifle any HON. PAUL G. ROGERS Government are still looking for further ma­ political discussion about or with reference to the inequalities between the races. OF FLORIDA chinery to regiment newspapers when they IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have so much law already available for that If a state of emergency is declared, the purpose. A summary of even only the most Government, under the Public Safety Act Wednesday, January 15, 1969 prominent laws is enough to show that there (1953), have the power to close down news­ is a legal framework already in eXistence papers and prohibit the printing, publish­ Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker, which is quite capable of shackling the press ing or dissemination of any matter. the Kiwanis- Club of Fort Lauderdale, as much as necessary and in fact tacitly · Then there is the Suppression of Com­ Fla. has adopted a most appropriate achieves most of these objectives already. munism Act (1950). This gives the Govern­ resolution commending Apollo 8 Astro­ South Africa has an Official Secrets Act, ment the power to ban any newspaper nauts Borman, Lovell, and Anders for like the United Kingdom, which makes it an deemed to be spreading communism. Who their Christmas message broadcast while offence to publish or communicate in any way defines communism anyway? And why should orbiting the moon. prejudicial to the safety or interests of the the Government be the judge whether or country any information relating to military not a newspaper is spreading it by dissemi­ I share the views of the Kiwanis Club and related matters. But this normal provi­ nating views, or publishing factual informa~ of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. and I applaud sion has acquired a new and infinite poten­ tion? It also gives the Government the power the courage of Astronauts Borman, tial under the 1965 amendment which en­ to ban people from attending gatherings, and Lovell, and Anders who, with the ever larged its scope to include "police matter", later amendments prohibit newspapers from present risk of danger, were ever mind­ which was defined as "any matter relating to publishing any statement by a banned per- ful of the will of God. 9~8 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 I insert the resolution at this point in and earning to his full capacity. And as by the Commissioners of Kitsap County, the the RECORD for the benefit of my col­ Kenneth Pernigan, president of the Na­ county in which this proposed site ls located; leagues: tional Federation of the Blind, com­ by the Mayor of the nearest town to the pro­ RESOLUTION posed site; by the city council of this town; ments: and by the overwhelming majority of the Whereas, Kiwanis International is a God The real problem of blindness ls not the people of Bainbridge Island. loving and God fearing organization; and loss of eyesight. It is the misunderstandings · To begin with, the Fletche.r Bay location is Whereas, one of the prime goals of Ki­ and the misconceptions which exist. With in a growing residential are.a of high land wanis International for the year 1969 is to proper training and opportunity the average value. There is only one bridge connecting foster faith in God and to apply it to all of blind person can do the average job in the this island with the mainland, so there is no life's relationships; and average place of business and do it a.s well easy access to or from this proposed site. In Whereas, the Kiwanis Club of Fort Lau­ as his sighted neighbor. The massive discrim­ addition, there are no rail lines on the island. derdale firmly believes that reverence to God inations which exist against the blind in The issue here, simply stated, is that there and adherence to Godlike principles will employment and in opportunity come from appear to be other places in which this ABM promulgate peace and brotherhood through­ society as a whole, not merely from the blind complex can be located, still within the Same out the universe; and members of society. Therefore, it is reason­ county. Let me reiterate, Mr. Chairman, that Whereas, the Kiwanis Club of Fort Lau­ able that society should insure it.s members the county commissioners support the loca­ derdale firmly believes that the spirit of against these disadvantages. tion of the installation in their county, but God should nurture and guide our every they do not want it on Bainbridge Island. thought, word and deed, whether it be in My bill would reduce the anxiety and At the outset, when Seattle was indicated the home, business, industry or the sciences, grief which now occurs because of tech­ as a location for a Sentinel ABM installaion, Now, therefore, it is hereby Resolved that nical difficulties and disqualifications. It I sought to determine the Army's criteria in Astronauts Borman, Lovell and Anders, who would provide the proper incentives and, building these complexes, so I pursued the displayed such awesome and unflinching matter on the Floor of the House during courage in their Christmas orbit of the as well, the social insurance rightfully due this group of people, and the social debate on the Military Construction Appro­ moon, be highly commended for their overt priation Bill last July 29. During this debate, Christmas Eve prayers transmitted for the benefit desired for the entire society. I engaged in a colloquy with the distinguished world to hear, as well as their unrestrained Gentleman from Florida and Chairman of and unabashed faith in God as evidenced this Subcommittee, Mr. Sikes, as to what by said prayers. exactly the Army's criteria was for building Be it further Resolved that the Kiwanis AR.niY MAKES ILL-ADVISED CHOICE these Sentinel sites. In reply to my question, Club of Fort Lauderdale wishes Astronauts FOR SENTINEL ABM SITE Mr. Sikes stated that the sites would be Borman, Lovell and Anders, Godspeed in all some distance away from centers of popula­ of their future space pursuits. tion and every effort was being made, first, to Be it further Resolved that a copy of this HON. THOMAS M. PELLY use Government land wherever suitable land Resolution be forwarded to each of said As­ OF WASHINGTON was owned already by the Government, and tronauts, the National Aeronautical and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES next, to arrive at a satisfactory decision with Space Administration, the President of the the local officials on a site which was the United States, and the Headquarters of Wednesday, January 15, 1969 least objectionable to the people in the cen­ Kiwanis International. ters included in the program. Dated this 7th day of January, 1969. Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, the Army has Well, Mr. Chairman, the Army has done BERNIE B. WELCH, selected a site, 5 miles from mainland just the opposite of this. Not only is this President, Kiwanis Club of Fort Lau­ Seattle, on Bainbridge Island, in Puget site on Bainbridge Island in a residential area derdale. Sound, for a Sentinel ABM installation. of more than 8,800 people, it is no more than Today, I was afforded the opportunity to 5 miles from mainland Seattle, across Puget express my opposition and the opposition Sound. of local government officials to this lo­ Let me say that I appr.eciate the hearing DISABILITY INSURANCE FOR cation in executive session of the Mili­ the Army conducted on Bainbridge Island THE BLIND on December 27, because it performed 1;wo tary Construction Subcommittee of the functions. It informed the local officials Committee on Appropriations. and residents as to the Army's plans, which HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE And, I might add that the Army's site was the original purpose, but it also pro­ selection has been met with overwhelm­ duced the statement from the Army that no OF MASSACHUSETTS ing opposition on Bainbridge Island, as such criteria existed. In fact, it was stated, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES indicated by thousands of petitions, tele­ the sites are to be located as close as possible Wednesday, January 15, 1969 grams, and letters I have received in my to cities. As to the criteria concerning the opposition Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, the 90th office. of local people, let me say that within a few Congress broadened special provisions for As a result of today's hearing, I am days following the hearing on Bainbridge the blind in the 1967 social security legis­ not encouraged that the Army will accept Island, a petition was circulated which I am lation but again failed to include in the the alternate sites I have offered, but told contains over 3,000 names opposing the the Committee on Armed Services has site. In addition, I have received hundreds final ~ction two important provisions, assured me of a hearing to which I hope of telegrams and letters opposing the even though these were passed by the the public will be invited. Fletcher Bay site. To be frank, the number Senate in 1964, 1965, and 1967. I am, Meanwhile, Mr. Speaker, while the of letters in support of the site on Bainbridge therefore introducing in the 9lst Con­ Island can be counted on one hand. gress, a disability insurance for the blind Army remains adamant in their choice So, let me emphasize! The Army is plan­ of Bainbridge Island, I intend to con­ ning to locate this Sentinel site in a heavily bill to provide the coverage tha;t. has been tinue my fight to have this proposed in­ left out of legislation to date. populated area and against the wishes of the stallation moved off the island. local officials and the local people, despite the This bill would change the existing law I include my remarks before the Sub­ criteria Mr. Sikes related to me on the Floor which requires a pexson to have worked committee on Military Construction of of the House last July. 5 out of the 10 years prior to the date of the House Appropriations Committee in The proposed site develops some over­ application in order to be eligible for whelming problems. One of these is the the RECORD, as follows: disability insurance payments; it would schools. I realize the Army's criteria. is to simply require working a year and a half TESTIMONY OF CONGRESSMAN THOMAS M. move into an area with as little disruption as under social security-covered work. The PELLY, BEFORE THE MILITARY CONSTRUCTION possible, but on Bainbridge Island the school SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON districts h!l.ve said they already are at their legislation would also allow a blind per­ APPROPRIATIONS, JANUARY 15, 1969 legal bonding limit and overcrowded. School son to draw disability insurance pay­ Mr. Chairman, I deeply appreciate this op­ experts are aware that Federal school im­ ments so long as he remains blind, abol­ portunity to express my concern and the pacted aid is a long time coming. The result ishing the preseillt income-earning concern of the local officials over the selection is that this island's school districts face a ceiling. of Fletcher Bay, on Bainbridge Island, in the severe strain that could more easily be as­ Successful action by the Congress is State of Washington, as a site for the Sen­ simulated in another area. necessary to insure more simple, quicker tinel Anti-Ballistic Missile System. Please al­ Another, and possibly insurmountable low me to make it plain, Mr. Chairman, that problem, is that of water. At the present accessibility to disability insurance for I am not opposing the Sentinel ·system itself; time, Bainbridge Island has no surplus water eve.ry blind person. Under the present to the contrary, there is strong support for supply. The water table has been falling for law, furthermore, there are few incen­ locating In Kitsap County, but the opposition years, and as you know the Army informed tives for a blind person to help himself, ls to the location of Fletcher Bay. I might add the people of the Boston area that the Sen­ and society, also, by lJecoming productive that my opposition to this site is supported tinel sites require 300 gallons of water per January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 959 minute, the bulk of which is for cooling pur­ annuity for his spouse. This cost at the through intense enemy fire and placed effec­ poses. Mr. Chairman, this is a serious matter present time is 2% percent on the first tive fire into the enemy position. As he neared because the question arises, where will the $3,600 and 10 percent on the remainder, the position, he threw a grenade and killed Army get the water they need in such four more enemy soldiers and caused the large amounts? If the answer is wells, deep if any. The law also states that only one remaining enemy to retreat. Specialist Hop­ or shallow, then what is to happen to the election can be made, and that at time pert's valorous actions resulted in the de­ existing wells? of retirement. struction of two enemy positions, five enemy Then, Mr. Chairman, the question arises, When a retiree is predeceased by the killed and the saving of several American where on the Island will these people live? named spouse he must continue to pay lives. Specialist Hoppert's outstanding dis­ There are no rentals presently available on this cost through this reduced annuity as play of gallantry in action and his avid de­ Bainbridge Island, and although base hous­ long as he lives although there never will votion to duty are in keeping with the high­ ing is contemplated for the 150 single Army est traditions of the military service and personnel scheduled for the site, no provi­ be anyone who can receive the survivor reflect great credit upon himself, his unit sion is made for the 300 civilian personnel annuity he is paying for, even though he and the United States Army. who will be imported as permanent site staff. remarries. Authority: By direction of the President This is additional reason why the site should This bill provides for the restoration under the provisions of the Act of Congress, be on the mainland. of the full annuity and/or permits the approved 9 July 1918. And, then there is the cost to the Ameri­ retiree to name his second spouse to a can taxpayers for this land. The Army has survivor annuity if the named survivor decided to place their missile site on some predeceases the retiree, and the second of the most expensive property in the Pacific STUDY AND INVESTIGATION OF Northwest. Not only does this mean the ac­ spouse has attained the age of 60. quisition cost is high, but the loss of revenue Out of approximately 900,000 retirees THE EFFECTS OF THE DISPLAY OF to the county is high because of the land and survivors there are several thousand VIOLENCE IN TELEVISION PRO­ value. Kitsap County has placed a tax eval­ that this would apply to. GRAMS uation on this land at about $2,000 an acre. Mr. Speaker, I am today introducing a The natural question then arises, where bill that, when enacted into law, will HON. JOHN M. MURPHY else should the site be located if not on correct some of these injustices and yet Bainbridge Island. protect our older annuitants by providing OF lfEW YORK Well, I have offered several alternate site IN THE HOUSE OF REPRE3ENTATIVES locations to the Army, including the Bangor that their second or third spouse must be Ammunition Depot, two present airfield sites, at least 60 years of age in order to par­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 and a location north of the Port Madison In­ ticipate in this legislation. I am sure Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr. dian Reservation. General Starbird has agreed that a good percentage of our colleagues Speaker, there has been a tremendous to study these sites. are not fully aware of this great injustice But, again, Mr. Chairman, these alternates increase of violence in America, an in­ that prevails in thousands of the homes crease not just in the physical acts of are mainland sites, accessible by rail or high­ of our retirees from the Federal service. way and offering services not available on violence, but in philosophies of violence. Bainbridge Island. The reason for suggesting I strongly urge that my colleagues give More and more people seek to express . the airport sites is because one of them is serious consideration to and support this their view& and work toward their ob­ available at little or no cost because it is legislation. jectives through the use of violence. The under the control of the Bremerton Port Commission; the other is on land far less ex­ legal channels of communication which pensive than that of Bainbridge Island, and form the foundation of our system of the 7,000 acre Bangor Ammunition Depot AWARDED SILVER STAR government are too often ignored or presently is Government property which abused. would require no acquisition cost. I realize This increase in violence tends to iso­ the Navy is not going to look kindly to the HON. CLARENCE D. LONG late people from each other, and from Army wanting a portion of their land any OF MARYLAND the community. The basic fabric of more than the Army would apppreciate the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES society-mutual trust, a common pur­ Navy wanting some of its property, ·but this pose, a willingness to sacrifice and labor is a far too important matter to allow serv­ Wednesday,_ January 15, 1969 ice rivalries to prevail. in the hopes of providing a better way This is a matter of grave concern to the Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, of life-is being eroded by fear, intoler­ residents of Bainbridge Island and to· me; I Sgt. Glenn Hoppert, a fine young man ance and selfishness, and a tendency to do not oppose the Sentinel System itself, but from Maryland, has been awarded the care for one's self and family, and noth­ I do strongly protest its location on Bain­ Silver Star for gallantry in action in ing else. bridge Island. Let me just add that, frankly, Vietnam. I would like to commend his The increase in acts of violence in our I fear the Army is not sincere in considering other sites; I fully expect the Army will find courage and further honor him by in­ society is not the only problem, however. objections to each one. In other words, I be­ cluding the following citation in the Even more alarming is the correspond­ lieve its mind is made up and that no amount RECORD: ing increase in the acceptance of vio­ of practical reasoning is going to change their CITATION lence by the American people-not ac­ decision. Hoppert, Glenn C. RA 13 868 042 (SSAN: ceptance in the sense of approval, but in Again, Mr. Chairman, my deep apprecia­ NVAL), Specialist -.iour E4, United States the sense of being blunted or immune to tion for this opportunity to make my posi­ Army, Company A, 2d Battalion (Airborne), its often tragic consequences. tion known to you and the Subcommittee 502d Infantry, 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne This attitude may be seen in the faces Members. Division APO 96347. Awarded: Silver Star. of a crowd watching an assault in broad Date action: 13 January 1967. daylight without offering assistance to RESTORATION OF THE FULL AN­ Theater: Republic of Vietnam. the victim or even calling the police; it NUITY AND PERMIT RETIREE TO Reason: For gallantry in action against a. may be heard in the voices of those who NAME A SECOND SPOUSE TO A hostile force on 13 January 1967 in the vicin­ shout "jump, you coward, jump" to the ity of Kontum, Republic of Vietnam. Special­ sick person on a bridge who has been SURVIVOR ANNUITY WHEN SUCH ist Hoppert was serving as a member of the NEW SPOUSE HAS ATTAINED THE driven to suicide by some unknown im­ point lead element while the company was pulse. AGE OF 60, WHEN THE NAMED maving along a ridgeline, toward high SURVIVOR PREDECEASES THE RE­ ground. Specialist Hoppert suddenly de­ As a society we are justifiably con­ TIREE tected an enemy ambush, established along cerned with preventing and punishing the intended route of travel. Without con­ the physical acts of violence; we seek to cern for his own safety, Specialist Hoppert understand and alleviate the ch.uses of HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI charged the enemy position and killed one such violence, we seek to protect our peo­ OF NEW YORK of the enemy sold.iers, causing the remainder ple and our property from violence, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to fiee. After the company had traveled for­ we punish those who are guilty of vio­ ward a short distance, it was brought under lent acts. Wednesday, January 15, 1969 a tremendous volume of fire from an en­ trenched enemy element of estimated squad It is obvious, however, that we have Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, the present size. On the initial burst of fire, the command followed too narrow a path in our con­ retirement law provides that a retiree at element of the company was pinned down. cern for preventing violence. At the same time of retirement may elect to take a Reacting quickly and with disregard for his time we condemn violence, we buy our reduced annuity to provide a survivor own safety, Specialist Hoppert charged children toy tanks and machineguns 960 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969. and grenades, we support-by buying day in the 9 lst Congress, I am happy to MRS. ROBERTA BENNETT: A tickets-movies which portray the most note that more than 50 Members have GREAT LADY violent stories conceivable, and we allow again cosponsored the legislation. ourselves to be bombarded by television As the 1965 interim report pointed out, programs saturated with every possible research has already demonstrated con­ HON. DON FUQUA violent act, all in living color. Are we clusively that televised violence can in­ OF FLORIDA to believe that such constant exposure to culcate antisocial attitudes and motivate IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES violence in our personal lives is having delinquent behavior in young viewers. Wednesday, January 15, 1969 no effect on our thinking, attitudes, and But much remains to be learned about behavior, particularly that of our chil­ the relation ship between television and Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, the passing dren? human behavior. of Mrs. Roberta A. Bennett on January 7, 1969, was of particular sorrow to all I think it is obvious that there is a dis­ We need to know more about the proc­ tinct and growing relationship between those who knew her and her outstand­ ess by which televised violence interacts ing family. the increase in cruelty and violence with other environmental forces in pro­ which we are exposed to every day and Mrs. Bennett was active in helping ducing antisocial attitudes and behavior. others all through her life. She leaves the alarming rise in acts and philoso­ We need to know more about the specific phies of violence throughout our society. to carry on her work two fine sons-one process through which televised violence serving in the Congress of the United Television, as our most powerful com­ adversely affects our children. We need States and the other an outstanding ed­ munications medium, is particularly in­ to define better standards for the devel­ ucator. fluential in this respect. During the opment of children's programs. Our hearts go out to her family. Her prime viewing hours millions are watch­ These and other gaps in our research good works will live on as long as men ing their television sets, and a high per­ knowledge require further study. Much is revere unselfishness, dedication and love centage of them are under 18 years of being done today by private foundations, age. of our fell ow man. universities, and the industry itself, but I include articles from Florida news­ Television's ability to influence the much more needs to be done. The study papers concerning the passing of Mrs. viewer can hardly be disputed; the firms authorized by my joint resolution would Bennett: paying the extremely high costs of tele­ meet this need. would provide a means It (From the Jacksonville (Fla.) Times-Union; vision advertising would not do so unless of coordinating the existing research Jan. 8, 1969] they believed they could influence the efforts and it would define new areas for public to buy their product. Are we to research to be initiated. Most important Mas. BENNETT DIES-MOTHER OF U.S. SOLON Mrs. Roberta A. Bennett, 83, mother of think that hours and hours of violence of all, it would make the sum of all of U.S. Rep. Charles E. Bennett, of Jacksonville, and crime, shown every night of the week, our research knowledge open to the scru­ died Tuesday at Wesley Manor Retirement is not having a similar impact? tiny of the general public and to the Village after a brief illness. Over the past 15 years televised vio­ Congress. Mrs. Bennett, voted as Florida's "Mother lence and its affect on young people has This legislation, however, deals with a of the Year" in 1957, was the daughter of the been the subject of extensive investiga­ very limited aspect of the problem. While late Robert A. and Irene Fugate Broadhurst tion and hearings by the Senate Juvenile the additional research effort c·ontem­ o! Clarksville, Tenn. Mr. Broadhurst was president of Broadhurst Institute, a private Delinquency Subcommittee, chaired by plated by this joint resolution is neces­ college in Clarksville, for many years. Senator THOMAS DODD. The subcommittee sary, we already know that there is a She graduated from the University of staff monitored television programs in correlation between violence on televi­ Louisville and taught in Louisville, Ky., pub­ 1954 and 1961, and found in that 7-year sion and violence and antisocial attitudes lic schools until her marriage to Walter J. period that televised crime and violence and behavior among juvenile viewers. Bennett, a meteorologist with the Weather had significantly increased. A third sur­ The·refore, the necessity of curbing the Bureau. vey, made in 1964, found no decrease in violence shown on television has been Mrs. Bennett was active in civic work all the high level of televised violence and established. her life. During World War II she opened her home as a place for sei::vicemen to stay crime. I am aware of the sensitive nature of who could not go home. Mrs. Bennett still The subcommittee also heard testi­ this issue, which involves the funda­ corresponded with many of them until her mony from a number of educato1·s and mental question of freedom of speech. At death. social scientists who had conducted re­ the same time, however, it must be recog­ VOLUNTEER TEACHER search on the effects on young people of nized that the channels used by the tele­ She worked as a volunteer teacher of Ori­ observing violence. vision industry are owned by the public, ental students at a church-sponsored school The subcommittee recessed its hear­ and they must be utilized in the public in Tampa, where she lived from 1913 until ings in 1965 subject to recall by the chair­ interest. Certainly the nature and quality 1930 when she moved to Jacksonville. Mrs. Bennett gave more than 3,000 hours man, and released an interim report of television programs are relevant cri­ of her time as a. volunteer worker a.t St. which drew the fallowing general con­ teria of how well the broadcaster is serv­ Vincent's Hospital here and was awarded clusion: .ing the public interest. The courts have the highest honor St. Vincent's bestows, a A relationship has been conclusively estab­ recognized the authority of the FCC to .diamond pin, for her services. lished between televised crime and violence .consider the program policies and per­ She was made an honorary life member oi and antisocial attitudes and behavior among formance of broadcast licensees in con­ the Jacksonville Woman's Club for volun­ juvenile viewers. Television programs which nection with the renewal of their li­ teer services in teaching Cuban refugees. feature excessive violence can and do ad­ censes. Theref ore, I see no reason why She also was made "honorary mother" o! versely influence children. Further, such the Riverside Lions Club. adverse effects may be experienced by normal we should not be able to find a course of Mrs. Bennett also was the mother of Dr. as well as by the emotionally disturbed action whic!1 will safeguard both the Robert Broadhurst Bennett, a professor a:t viewers. rights of th~ public and our constitu­ the University of Florida. Her nephew, Rob­ tional right of freedom of speech. The ert Hopkins, is a former chief national exec­ The interim report also made five rec­ censorship of individual programs is not utive o! the Disciples of Christ. She was a ommendations, four of which were aimed at issue here; we are concerned with the member of the Riverside Christian Church at giving the broadcasting industry the overall programing policy of the tele­ for many years. opportunity to "clean up its house," and vision broadcast industry. ASSISTED SON the fifth calling for a coordinated, large­ A final step which should be taken is She assisted her son, Rep. Bennett, scale Fesearch effort to develop more to develop a system to enable community throughout bis career. She also served on precise information as to the impact of leaders and groups to express their views the Washington Conferences on Aging and television on juvenile attitudes and spent nearly a year touring Europe collect­ behavior. on the contents of television programs ing source materials for Bennett's writings ·shown in their communities. Few.people Last year I introduced a joint resolu­ on early American history. Many of the ar­ tion to direct the Federal Communica­ realize that the airwaves which are used ticles she collected are now on display at Ft. tions Commission to conduct a compre­ · to broadcast television programs are Caroline National Monument Museum. owned by the public. An informed and One of her main fields of interest was oil hensive study and investigation of the and watercolor painting and Mrs. Bennett effects of the display of violence in tele­ organized public can exert a great deal served as an instructor in painting at Wesley vision programs. More than 50 Members of influence over television programing, Manor. joined me in sponsoring that legislation. and without such public involvement the Memorial service.s will be held at 4 p.m. As I reintroduce this joint resolution to- job will be much more difficult. today at Hardage and Sons Riverside Fu- January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 961 neral Home. Rev. Richard Roland, pastor of by enrolling their sons in college. other legislation to create a special committee Riverside Christian Church, will ofiiciate. families may not have had the :financial to conduct a thorough and objective re­ Private interment will be at a later date. means to eriroll their sons and conse­ view of the civilian atomic energy pro­ Survivors, besides her sons, include seven gram. That legislation rests· with the grandchildren, Dr. Carl D. Bennett of New quently, we have a situation where all Haven, Conn.; Mrs. Reginald Moore of of the draft eligible sons of a family Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. I Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Raymon McGinnis are caught up in the performance of would fervently hope that speedy action of Elgin, Ill.; Bruce Bennett of Palm Beach their duty to the country. will be taken by that committee to bring and Charles E. Bennett, Jr., James F. Ben­ Therefore, I have introduced a bill the legislation to the floor where it may nett and Lucinda F. Bennett, all of Jack­ today which does not revoke the sole­ be promptly enacted into law. sonville. surviving-son policy, but rather extends In lieu of flowers the family requests that it to apply to anyone of his family who contributions be given to Wesley Mano:r Re­ had been killed in line of duty in Viet­ tirement Village or Riverside Avenue Chris­ HIJACK ANSWER ELUSIVE tian Church. nam. I do not believe this will apply to many [From the Jacksonville (Fla.) Times-Union, families, but it certainly will be a great HON. DANTE B. FASCELL Jan. 9, 1969] relief to those who have already lost a dear one in Vietnam, and thus reduces OF FLORIDA MRS. ROBERTA BENNET!' SERVED HUMANITY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Florida has lost a gracious lady, whose good the possibility of causing the few fami­ works were beyond enumeration, in the death lies risking more than others. Wednesday, January 15, 1969 of Mrs. Roberta A. Bennett. The bill states that except during a Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, for nearly She was honored in 1957 for her many period of war or national emergency de­ 8 years the air traveling public and gen­ voluntary services to the state and people of clared by Congress, no member of an Florida as Florida's Mother of the Year. eral and commercial aviation interests armed force may be assigned to active have been plagued by a seemingly un­ She was the widow of Walter J. Bennett, in for many years a meteorologist with the duty an area of combat, unless he ending series of aircraft hijackings. Weather Bureau, and the mother of Rep. volunteers, if after December 31, 1963, Since May 1961 more than 40 hijackings Charles E. Bennett of Jacksonville and Dr. any member of his immediate family have occurred around the world with the Robert Broadhurst Bennett, a member of the had been killed or died as a result of in­ great majority occurring on U.S.­ University of Florida faculty. juries or disease received in combat registered aircraft. She served those in need in many ways, as service. a volunteer language teacher for alien ref­ From the beginning, the Congress and I urge your support of this humani­ the Executive has sought an e11ective ugees, as a volunteer worker at St. Vincent's tarian proposal. hospital, and in service to her church. and workable answer to this problem. Her interest in helping others extended On the domestic level the Congress even into her latter years at Wesley Manor passed a law which imposes a penalty of Retirement Village, where she served as in­ LEGISLATION TO CREATE A SPECIAL up to death on a convicted hijacker. I structor in oil and water color painting. was glad to introduce and help pass that Mrs. Bennett was one of those fine individ­ COMMITTEE TO CONDUCT A RE­ ua.Ls of whom it truthfully can be said that VIEW OF THE CIVILIAN ATOMIC law. the world is a better place for her having ENERGY PROGRAM The executive branch, through a num­ lived in it. ber of its agencies including the FAA, also has devoted much time and effort to [From the Jacksonville (Fla.) Journal, HON. GUS YATRON studies dealing with wea'pOn-detection Jan. 10, 1969] OF PENNSYLVANIA _devices and other procedures, such as the A GREAT LADY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES use of sky marshals, in an attempt to Duval County and the state of Florida bring a halt to hijackings. shares with Congressman Charles E. Bennett Wednesday, January 15, 1969 In addition, a number of congressional and Dr. Robert B. Bennett, a University of Mr. YATRON. Mr. Speaker, 23 years committees, including two on which I Florida professor, the grief in the passing of ago the American people through the hold membership, have made in-depth their mother, Mrs. Roberta A. Bennett, a gracious lady and a tireless worker for the Congress embarked upon a program to studies of the problem. The Inter-Amer­ benefit of society. develop the atom for peaceful uses. ican Affairs Subcommittee last month Mrs. Bennett was Florida's Mother of the Over the years since then, our Nation issued a report which recaps the entire Year in 1957. The widow of Walter J. Bennett, has spent freely of its money and its man­ history of aircraft hijacking in a nutshell she served in volunteer work in civic and power to bring to fruition the promise of and proposes a number of possibly bene­ church affairs for many years and was a the atom. The record will show the ex­ ficial steps that should be taken by our language teacher for alien refugees. Few give penditure of more than $2 billion and the Government. as much so willingly as did Mrs. Bennett, a efforts of the top scientific talent being The Legal and Monetary A11airs sub­ true humanitarian. given to our civilian atomic energy pro­ committee, of which I am chairman, also gram. has made a thorough review. Generally, Yet, today we are faced with a nagging its inquiry boils down to a conclusion SOLE-SURVIVING-SON POLICY doubt-a doubt underscored by the prob­ that the answer to aircraft hijacking is lems created by the civilian atom. not going to be easily found and that the We are worried about the hazards of ultimate solution to the problem may HON. JOHN M. ZWACH the atom-hazards without precedent in well rest outside of the sole control of the OF MINNESOTA all recorded history. United States. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We are worried about the creation of Touching on the elusive nature of the atomic children and their children for answer to hijacking is the following col­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 centuries to come. umn by John Pennekamp in the Miami Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, there is a We are worried about the reliability of Herald of January 7, 1969: need to extend the current policy of the atomic powerplants, about the ability of HIJACK ANSWER ELUSIVE Defense Department regarding the sole these plants to supply the power which (By John Pennekamp) surviving son of a family. has become our lifeblood. Each new passenger plane hijacking brings While we are still reaping the bitter We are worried about the distortion to additional suggestions for ending the prac­ fruits from the university campuses of the free market economy brought about tice but none has yet been accepted as sound of past unwise Selective Service guide­ by the pressure of a heavily subsidized enough to be put into practice. lines, there is a need for providing some and privileged atom. Many of them have to do with shooting, protection and relief of dread and worry, Finally, Mr. Speaker, we are concerned or trapdoors, each of which is discarded as for those families who have already lost that no objective analysis has been made offering the danger of tearing up the plane or sucking out passengers because of the one member in the Vietnam arena. of the atom today. We are concerned lest high speed. Many families feel-rightly or wrong­ the faded allure of atomic power blinds One group of Cuban refugees in Miami ly-that the more amuent parents were us to the bright challenge which may concerned with the damage to the reputa­ able to provide a delay and perhaps exist in other areas of scientific endeavor. tions of refugees generally caused by the even an escape from military service Mr. Speaker, I have today introduced · fact that most of the hijackers are Cubans CXV-61-Part 1 962 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 and the absence of cooperation by Castro, ports the expression of faith made by our great medical humanitarians, Dr. have come up with the idea of photographing astronauts during their Apollo 8 moon Thomas Dooley, and Dr. Jonas Salk in the culprits in bank robber style. Admittedly, they argue, the picture which :flight. This resolution was adopted by this manner. would be made with a concealed camera the Kiwanis Club of Fort Lauderdale, I feel that we should do no less for without the hijacker's knowledge, offers a. Fla., and I would like to bring it to the Dr. King-the greatest symbol of peace, long-shot prospect, but it would establish a attention of my colleagues in the House nonviolence, justice, and racial brother­ definite identification against the possibility at this time: hood-we have known in modern times. of his return, in which event he could be RESOLUTION OF KIWANIS CLUB OF FORT arrested and prosecuted. LAUDERDALE, FLA. Also, it would be a step in the direction of seizing any property he may have left be­ Whereas, Kiwanis International is a. God hind. Since most of the hijackers are eventu­ loving and God fearing organization; and COVE NECK'S FINEST ally identified, the photographing idea has Whereas, one of the prime goals of Kiwanis International for the year 1969 is made little progress. to foster faith in God and to apply it to all HON. LESTER L. WOLFF A Miami banker has suggested that some of life's relationships; and substantial reward-perhaps as much as a OF KEW YORK Whereas, the Kiwanis Club of Fort Lauder­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES million dollars-be offered by the airlines for dale firmly believes that reverence to God the return and conviction of a hijacker. and adherence to Godlike principleR will Wednesday, January 15, 1969 He would have the airline set up a pool to promulgate peace and brotherhood through­ finance the rewards. out the universe; and Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, one of the Castro himself, he says, might be persuaded Whereas, the Kiwanis Club of Fort Lauder­ more than a score of incorporated vil­ into negotiations if that kind of money were dale firmly believes that the spirit of God lages in the Third Congressional District, offered. He points out that it is a good deal should nurture and guide our every thought, which I am privileged to represent, is more than he now nets from a Cuban land­ word and deed, whether it be in the home, Cove Neck. This small village, with less ing, and since he is reputedly hurting for business, industry or the sciences, money it might appeal to him. than 500 residents, has its own able po­ Now, therefore, it is hereby resolved that lice force under the direction of Chief Also, it would be a temptation to Cubans Astronauts Borman, Lovell and Anders, who on the island to seize and find a. way to displayed such awesome and unflinching Harry Porteus. return the hijacker. courage in their Christmas orbit of the The undeveloped nature of Cove Neck The high cost of hijackings in money out­ moon, be highly commended for their overt requires police patrols, in some situa­ lay to Cuba as well as in schedule disrup­ Christmas Eve prayers transinitted for the tions, on horseback and the entire force tion makes the posting of such a reward world to hear, as well as their unrestrained is comprised of Chief Porteus and three reasonable, he says. and unabashed faith in God as evidenced by patrolmen. Because of the unusual na­ It is the general view that the hijacking said prayers. will end once there is an arrest and convic­ ture of the Cove Neck police force and Be it further resolved that the Kiwanis the effective job done by Chief Porteus tion. Club of Fort Lauderdale wishes Astronauts Still another suggestion is that an interna­ Borman, Lovell and Anders, Godspeed in all and his force, Newsday recently featured tional pilots organization take a hand. of their future space pursuits. an article on the Cove Neck police force. Under this proposal. all pilots would refuse Be it further resolved that a copy of this Because of the excellent job these men to fiy a. plane to a country which fails t.o Resolution be forwarded to each of said do for law enforcement, and in recogni­ punish a hijacker or return him for punish­ Astronauts, the National Aeronautical and tion of the similar excellent job being ment to the country from which the plane Space Administration, the President of the departed, for punishment. done by countless other local police United States, and the Headquarters of forces throughout the country, I wish to The supporting argument here is that a. Kiwanis International. country such as Cuba would be seriously Dated this 7th day of January, 1969. include in the RECORD this article from hampered economically without commer­ Newsday. cial aviation, a.nd such action by the pilots I regard this article, well-written and would stop service between Mexico and other reported by the able reporter Bill Kauf­ countries now flying regulMly to Cuba. man, as a lesson in the value of local po­ The suggestion has a vigilante touch GOLD MEDAL APPROPRIATE TRIB­ which is unpalatable to many. UTE TO MEMORY OF REVEREND lice and an excellent document to the An aviation executive believes that the DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. desirability of such local police forces. State Department oa.n bring enough pressure Under leave to extend my remarks I wish on Castro to come to some agreement if at­ to include it in the RECORD at this point: tempts at negotiating with him through the HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD COVE NECK'S FINEST SWedish embassy fail. OF PENNSYLVANIA (NoTE.-Theirs is just a one-horse depart­ Cuba, he says, cannot do without medical IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment in an equally small village on Long Is­ supplies and other vital material that it land-which is why the four men in blue who must get, probably indirectly, from the Wednesday, January 15, 1969 make up the Cove Neck police force can offer United States. State knows what these sup­ a personal touch to the maintenance of law plies are and how they get there. Were it to Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, to­ enforce an effective embargo, he believes, day is the anniversary of the birthday and, order.) Castro would be compelled to come to terms. of the late, respected Reverend Dr. Mar­ (By Bill Kaufman) Another of the recent suggestions is that tin Luther King, Jr. CovE NEcK.-What has eight legs, wears the pilot go immediately into a steep dive blue clothes and owns a horse that can be when a hijacker enters the cabin, thus On this occasion, I would again urge seen cantering across local beaches? Ask any throwing him off balance. the Congress to follow the traditional resident of this tiny but exclusive peninsula Obviously that might bring injury to pas­ manner we have followed to recognize on Nassau's North Shore and he'll probably sengers who do not have seat belts fastened, the outstanding contributions and serv­ respond with, "Why, Harry Porteus and his as well as to the stewardesses and others who ice of this Nation's distinguished lead­ police department." may be on their feet. ers-by authorizing the Secretary of the Police Chief Harry Porteus, Ptls. William Aviation interests are hoping for a solu­ Treasury to strike a gold medal in his Albert, George Moore and Dave Golden and tion-and a retlll'n for prosecution agree­ a specially trained horse ·named Midnight ment with Castro seems to be the most prac­ honor. make up the living and breathing part of the tical one--before there is an accident that Accordingly, I am today reintroducing Cove Neck Village Police Department. Teamed might cost many lives. the legislation which I introduced with with two autos, a one-room police station and 15 cosponsors on June 12 of last year. an assemblage of the latest police equipment, This bill authorizes the President of the quintet (Midnight included) provides the United States to present a gold med­ basic law enforcement services to the affluent village, topped with a persona.I touch that not RESOLUTION OF KIWANIS CLUB OF al to the widow of the Reverend Dr. Mar­ too many of Long Island's 44 other local po­ FORT LAUDERDALE, FLA. tin Luther King, Jr., and for the coin­ lice departments can claim. ing of duplicates in bronze to be fur­ "We all know just about every resident's nished at cost to the Reverend Dr. Mar­ name and we're familiar with all the cars HON. J. HERBERT BURKE tin Luther King, Jr. Fund at Morehouse owned by people who live in our village," OF FLORIDA College. Porteus said recently. The five-square-Inile village, which has a few more than 300 resi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Speaker, in recent years this great Nation has, appropriately, I believe, dents, juts up into the body of shellfish­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 laden water formed by Oyster Bay Harbor on seen fit to.honor such outstanding Amer­ the west and Cold Spring Harbor on the east. Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. Speaker, icans as Speaker Sam Rayburn, enter­ The department's familiarity with residents' I have received a resolution which sup- tainer Bob Hope, poet Robert Frost, the automobiles is partly· due to the strategic 'January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 963- loca.tlon of the Cove Neck police headquar­ can utilize county police services for major of the relatively isolated and stratified .com­ ters. The one-r'oom building that serves as criminal investigations that require deteotive munity. "We just don't like to be kidded communications nerve-center, depository of work. too much about our size," retlected Porteus," police records and once-a-month village po­ The three patrolmen rotate eight-hour "because we are totally ready to cope with lice court is situated on the west side of shifts and maintain constant radio contact any problem." Porteus' face took on a serious Cove Neck Road, about a mile inside the com­ with Porteus at the station. The chief also look when he said, "We know our duties, we munity's limits. There is no other access road has a radio at his home, so that he's on call know our community and we give and get to Cove Neck and every vehicle entering Cove 24 hours a day. During the summer, when the greatest respect from our citizens. It's Neck must pass the police station, which ap­ village traffic swells because of tourists visit­ like any professional-it doesn't matter what pears to some as a border checkpoint. ing the Theodore Roosevelt home at Saga• you do as long as you do it as best as you Porteus, 39, a handsome and articulate pro­ more Hill (a federal tract within the village can." fessional policeman who has never worked at boundaries), two part-time patrolmen a.re And apparently many Cove Neck residents anything else, sat at one of the two desks in­ added to the force. This also enables the de­ feel strongly about the presence of Porteus, side the immaculate, cedar-shingled building partment to maintain full coverage during Albert Moore, Golden and Midnight. On a recently. "In the event of any emergency or vacations. Illnesses on the force have been rare patrol visit to a number of residents' necessity," he explained, pointing out the rare, Porteus says, but when that occurs a homes-rare because as chief, Porteus gen­ window toward a yellow truck that rumbled part-timer is called to fill in. erally remains in the station-the officer by, "that road can be blocked and we can Porteus gestured toward a gray steel file in the well-pressed uniform was warmly fully check anyone who is coming or going." in the corner of the police station, while greeted. His black shoes gleaming almost as brightly through the turned-on radio the voice of Mrs. Douglas Race of 3 Gracewood Ct., the as the green vinyl floor in the station, Porteus Albert checked in from Car 658, the depart­ wife of an American Airlines captain and walked over to a shelf and pulled out a set ment's well-polished white patrol car. "These mother of four children, said, "It gives me of ledger books containing the department's files," explained the chief, "contain cards a great feeling of comfort at night to see records. "We've never actually had to seal listing every resident who is away on a vaca­ that patrol car come up the drive. It's deso­ off the road for any reason, though,'' he tion · or a business trip, or whose home is late here and we're home alone a lot." Mrs. added, thumbing through the ledgers. The going to be vacant for any length of time." Race's confidence in the four-man depart­ statistics in the books may explain why. Only Porteus said special attention is paid to ment was echoed by Richard Doody, 73, and three arrests were made by the department these residences on the estate patrols, which his wife, 70. Both are resident caretakers at each year from 1963 to 1966, Porteus said, and include a brief walkaround when possible. the exclusive Cove Neck Tennis Club, a mas­ most of these were for petty theft. There were A typical estate patrol on a sunny after­ sive indoor court buried in the woods off no arrests by the force in 1007 and none this noon With Albert was a learning experience Tennis Court Road, that caters to such VIPs year so far. This year the department issued in the art of making U-turns in beautifully as New York's Mayor Lindsay. "I'm a bad 40 summonses ranging from breaking the vil­ wooded cul-de-sacs, frequently before gra­ sleeper," said Mrs. Doody, "and we kind of lage's 30 MPH speed limit to enforcement of cious and expensive homes. Car 658, with look for them (the patrols). Without Harry · the village parking ordinances. The records red beacon perched on the roof and an im­ we'd be lost." (Another resident farther up also showed that there have been 10 auto posing-looking- gold-and-black emblem, the heavily wooded road, Mrs. John W. accidents within the v1llage in 1968 and 18 somehow looked even more ominous With a Cassidy, the wife of a publishing executive, "aided cases,'' in which a policeman was sum­ loaded 12-gauge shotgun clamped in a special described the community's relationship with moned to assist persons requiring emergency dashboard rack. The cannister of Chemical the police force as "unique. It's a close per­ medical help. Mace dangling from the rack added another sonal relationship the community has with Cove Neck has no business section and is incongruous note to the serene landscape, the department," she said. "It's like having entirely residential. A major portion of the as the car wound past Oyster Bay Harbor your own personal police force." area is zoned for one residence per four acres, and turned up Tennis Court Road. This personalized type of law enforcement with several large estates running as large as "Like any good police department, we've has cost Cove Neck between $46,000 and 200 acres. The average size of property in the always prepared," said Albert, 25, a member $50,000 annually in recent years, including village is about 50 to 60 acres, so one of the of the department for three years. Like his salaries. Porteus receives $12,000, plus the use Cove Neck Police Department's prime func­ partners Moore and Golden, Albert says he of a rent-free home provided under an agree­ tions is readily apparent. loves his work and takes prides in the tiny ment with the village board. The three "Our major problem," says Porteus, "is force. He says that he can't recall the shot­ patrolmen earn an average of $8,000 each, what we call estate patrolling. With only gun, or any gun, ever being fired in the line which is about $1,000 below the Nassau about six miles of public roads in the com­ of duty in the department, but that "I once County Police Department pay scale. Porteus munity, we have an unestimated number of did have to use the Mace-It was last year has asked the board for parity with the private miles-many, many of them-leading when I went out to check a suspicious noise county and is awaiting a decision on the to residences as well as about 56 prtvate behind a vacant house and a large dog matter. beaches. We have the responsibility of pro­ charged me. I was forced to give him a little Porteus, who has five children, joined the viding security to each of these homes." And squirt." Cove Neck force as a patrolman in 1952, ris­ the private beaches are the reason the Cove Albert guided the car the four miles up ing to chief in 1965. Before that, he was a Neck Police Department-which is by no Tennis Court Road, a private thoroughfare, Nassau County policeman for 10 years. A means the smallest on Long Island-is possi­ and pointed out a large field where he once winner of numerous pistol tournaments, bly the only municipal force in 'the area that had to round up a stray horse. After a quick Porteus has never had to fire his gun in ac­ has a specially trained police horse. check at the small private beach and marina tion during his career. He is also a physical­ "We've found that Midnight is the most at the end of the road, he turned back to fitness buff, who insists that his men be in emcient way to patrol the beaches and very cover six more winding private lanes. Albert top shape and talks eagerly about the fine heavily wooded areas," said Porteus, beam­ got out and walked around the attractive record the department has achieved in the ing with enthusiasm whenever he referred white modern home of H. H. Hewetson and two, weeks each year that it attends a stand­ to the 16-year-old, dark-colored mare. "In checked the doors and windows. He did the ard, FBI in-service training course required: the summertime especially, the beaches are same at several other homes on Gracewood of all local police departments. Like the other frequently invaded by trespassers who land Court, finally ending up at a large, gray local fore.es, the men have all had 12 weeks in all types of boats. Though the beaches are Victorian mansion that bore the name "John of intensive police training with the county posted as private, there's always the incon­ K. Roosevelt." Albert said that at the time, police department. siderate person who'll land there figuring it's the owners of these homes were away and Both Nassau Police Commissioner Francis the ideal place for his beer party. that whenever this was the case, at lea.st B. Looney and Suffolk Commissioner John L. "As soon as we get the complaint, Dave once a day the property would get the walk­ Barry praised their department's relation­ (Ptl. Dave Gold.en), who is equipped with a around treatment. Albert patted a large dog ships with the local forces in their counties. walkie-talkie, drops by on Midnight and you that wandered by. "We get to know every Calllng the Cove Neck force "a highly profes­ can't imagine the psychological effect it has dog on the beat and they get to usually sional one," Looney added, "I was happy to on the trespassers-seeing an omcer on horse­ know us and tlie sound of our cars," he recommend Harry Porteus, who was a mem­ back. They usually leave without trouble but said. "There are a lot of dogs around here ber of this department, to be the chief of we do occasionally issue summonses." and you learn to live with them and like Cove Neck." So much rugged mileage is racked up by them." And Cove Neck Mayor William Mathers driving up and down the scores of winding, The patrol lasted almost an hour, with Al­ quickly defended the department against the unpaved private roads, some of them as long bert explaining that each home in the vil­ implications of the gentlemen's-police-force as four miles, that the department has to lage is driven past "at least four or five times label. "Given the occasion," said Mathers, buy a new patrol car each year. The depart­ during each 24-hour period." He. said the "they would become a hard-nosed depart­ ment's other vehicle, an uninarked car, is times are staggered, to discourage any po­ primarily used for speed-limit enforcement. tential intruders from predicting the ap­ ment." Mathers said that if the village had The department has it.a own radio link be­ pearance of patrols. no police force of its own and had to depend tween the ca.rs., the horse-patrolman and Porteus admits he has certain sensitivities solely on the county force, "we wouldn't get headquarters. Like most of the other local about being chief of a so-called "gentle­ much attention-we're sort of off in the Long Island police department.a, it is also. men's" police department as opposed to a comer." He added: "In this community, it's tied into the .county police department and "hard-nosed" force. by virtue of the nature possible to run a police :roree with his pa.r- 964 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 · ticular physical configuration-the coverage from Cupan airports to $749.22 for the cost of this tongue-in-cheek query: "No Prayers we get is excellent." lunch for the hijacked plane's passengers in · Outer Space?" I include this short, Midnight, the police horse, works only in and crew. In the case of Eastern's Sept. 20 the summertime. During the winter he hijacking, this amounted to $14.13 per person incisive it~ ~n the RECORD at this point: spends his time at a local pasture enjoying for lunch and the same for dinner. No PRAYERS IN OUTER SPACE? life. On a recent visit to check him, Porteus But both airline and State Department offi­ The Apollo 8 a.stronauts--Col. Frank Bor­ laughed when asked about the array of cials say the charges are not excessive--al­ man, Capt. James A. Lovell Jr. and Lt. Col. leather straps and pieces of metal in the rear though they are in some instances consider­ William A. Anders-were hailed as heroes of his car. "I'm probably the only police chief ably higher than charges made in this coun­ when they appeared before a joint session of around," said Porteus, "with 20 pounds of try for airport-related services. A State De­ Congress la.st week. While tales of their horse bridle in his car." Midnight seemed to partment official notes that "fuel in Cuba Superman exploits intrigued the lawmakers, recognize the chief, and snorted an official could be expensive--not for political reasons, Col. Borman, taking notice of the Supreme greeting. but for economic reasons. Court justices in the front row, made a re­ "Acceptable items of food would be more mark that brought down the house. costly than we would believe reasonable, but "Now, as you all know," said Borman, "the U.S. FOREIGN AID FOR CUBA? only begause they are out of the ordinary flight has been very well covered, but there items of food available in the general was one significant accomplishment that has markets." gone rather unnoticed, and I would like to HON. JOHN R. RARICK The domestic airline with the most expe­ take note of it today if I may. rience in hijacking is Eastern. It has had five OF LOUISIANA "I think that one of the things that was in 1968-four of them going all the way to truly historic was that we were able to get IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Cuba-and all originating at or destined for good Roman Catholic Bill Anders to read the Wednesday, January 15, 1969 Miami. first four verses of the King James version." Despite this, the chances of being aboard "But now that I see the gentlemen here in Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, Castro has a hijacked plane are slim. Eastern has a plane the front row," Borman remarked of the jus­ successfully exploited U.S. hijacked entering or leaving Miami every six minutes, tices, "I am not sure we should have read planes into a sizable profit-foreign aid making the odds 100,000 to 1. the Bible at all." Other domestic airlines having planes hi­ of $32,000. And once more the expense jacked this year are--Delta 2, although one and inconvenience of tolerating com­ attempt was stopped; Southeast 1; North­ munism at our back door comes home to west 1; Trans World 1 and 1 unsuccessful haunt us. attempt; Pan Am 1. RESEARCH PAPER ON ELECTORAL Mr. Speaker, I insert Stephen M. Aug's AN ITEMIZED HIJACKING BILL REFORM column in the Evening Star for Decem­ Here is the bill from the State Department ber 25, 1968, as follows: to Eastern Air Lines detailing the payment HON. JAMES G. O'HARA to be made to the Cuban government for the FEES OF $32,000 PAID CUBA IN 13 HIJACKINGS OF :MICHIGAN THIS YEAR September 20 hijacking of a Boeing 720 jet­ (By Stephen M. Aug) liner (English translation is approximate): IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The nation's airlines have paid the Cuban Derechos de aterrlvaje (landing Wednesday, January 15, 1969 government about $32,000 this year in as­ fee) ------$225.00 sorted fees resulting from hijacking inci­ Servicios de handling (handling Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Speaker, events of dents-and so far, apparently, nobody is costs) ------354.00 the past year once again demonstrated complaining the price is too high, a Star Derechos de estacionamiento the need for reform of the process by surv~ finds. (parking) ------31.25 which we select our Chief Executive. Following each of the 13 instances in which Derechos por servicios de aduana Fortunately we were able to avoid-this a United States commercial airliner has been (duties) ------12. 50 year-the shoals in the electoral college forced to Cuba, the airline has received a Derechos por servicios to meteor- ologia (weather services)------5. 05 system. The fact remains that every carefully itemized b111 signed by William R. presidential election is a gamble with Jochinsen, chief of the State Department's Servicios de comisaria ( commis- Protection and Representation Division, call­ sary) ------132.55 chaos. ing for "a remittance in the form of a certi­ Servicios de comisaria______19. 00 Recently one of our colleagues, the fied check, bank draft or money order made Servicios de restorant (almuerzo) distinguished Member from New York payable to the Department of State." (lunch)------749.22 (Mr. HORTON) prepared a series of ar­ The remittances are averaging $2,500 and Servicios de restorant ( comida) ticles for distribution in his congres­ the airlines are paying it promptly. (dinner) ------749.22 15 percent recargo por operacion sional district in which he discusses the The State Department, of course, doesn't dangers and inadequacies in the pro­ set the fees. They are determined by the nocturna (night operations sur- Cubans and forwarded to the Swiss Embassy charge) ------70.80 cedures by which we nominate and elect in Havana, which handles U.S. affairs in the President. Cuba. The accounting is forwarded to the Total ------2,348.50 In these articles he outlines a 10-point State Department. program of electoral reform, encompass­ But the $2,500 average takes into account ing the nominating process as well as the only the direct charges for landing in Cuba. general election. There are other costs-overtime for the crew, NO PRAYERS IN OUTER SPACE? I think that you will agree with me a plane out of service for 15 hours or more, substitute planes to handle other regular that this is a monumental work. The ar­ flights in this country, the costs of additional ticles of the gentleman from New York HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK cover the history of our electoral process. accommodations for passengers, the cost of OF OHIO flying them back to this country. And while we may have differing ideas One published figure--attributed to Pan IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES about the gpeciftcs of reform, his pro­ American Airways-puts the cost of a hi­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 posals make up one of the most compre­ jacking at $35,000 to $50,000. But Pan Am hensive plans I have studied. officials could not confirm this price. An East­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, for In total, this work is an excellent re­ ern Air Lines official says the Sept. 20 hijack­ Members of Congress one of the high­ ing of its San Juan-bound Boeing 720 with search paper on electoral reform, and lights of the Apollo 8 adventure was the the proposals lay the foundation for fur­ 53 persons aboard cost $10,787.50 just in cash appearance of the astronauts before a expenses. ther discussion. The charges for landing a hijacked plane joint session of Congress last week. In Our colleague from New York deserves in Cuba, however, vary. Eastern lists the his remarks Col. Frank Borman, remem­ our commendation for his work, and I oharges as $2,348.50 for the Sept. 20 hijack­ bering the confusion caused by the Su­ recommend his articles to you. I insert ing; $3,277.92 for the Nov. 23 hijacking, and preme Court in ruling on the issues of them in the RECORD at this point: $2,472 for the one on Nov. 30. Bible reading and prayer in the public Pan Am has received a bill for $2,745 from schools, struck a chord of contention HORSE-AND-BUGGY ELECTION PROCEDURES NEED the Cuban government for the needs of its among American citizens if the instan­ OVERHAULING SAYS CONGRESSMAN HORTON crew and plane hijacked with 96 passengers (NOTE.-A paper prepared by Congressman on Nov. 24. National Airlines, which has had taneous reaction of those present in the FRANK HORTON, Of New York, outlining ex- four hijackings this year, says it has paid House Chamber is any indication. tensive details for updating U.S. election and bills ranging from about $2,500 to $2,700. Human Events, the Washington news­ nominating procedures.) The assorted charges levied by the Cubans weekly, led ofI its Washington news The election of the 37th President of the can range from $5.05 for weather forecasting column in its issue of January 18 with United States in 1968 has made one thing January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 965 abundantly clear. It is high time our horse­ As witl1 any proposed Constitutional names of the electors and not the actual and-buggy election procedures be overhauled Amendments, it is essential to develop a plan candidates. and updated. The antiquated Electoral Col­ agreeable to two-thirds of the members of Reform proposals have included direct vot­ lege must be replaced With an effective sys­ each house of Congress and to 38 State Leg­ ing, proportional voting, district voting and tem which will let the people decide who will islatures. In effect, 13 states can kill any automatic or "non elector" plans. lead them. amendment attempt. Thousands of amend­ Proposals for the direct election of the It's not for lack of trying that there have ments have been proposed for changes In the President of the United States date back to been no reforms in the Electoral College since Constitution but only 25 were accepted. 1826 when Congressman William McManus of New York offered the first amendment on 1804. Despite inaction, more amendments ELECTORAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT have been proposed to reform the system than direct voting. Since then more than 100 for any other single provision of the Con­ In creating the Electoral College system, proposals have been made. In the 90th Con­ stitution. the authors of the Constitution intended gress alone 15 amendments were offered to Since Jan. 6, 1797 when Congressman Wil­ that each State should choose its most dis­ establish a ·direct voting system. liam L. Smith of South Carolina offered the tinguished citizens as electors. Once the elec­ The seriousness of the electoral college first Constitutional amendment proposing tors had been selected it was expected that crisis becomes obvious' when we realize that election procedure reforms, more than 500 they would deliberate and vote as individ­ 15 of our 37 presidents have been elected amendments have been proposed. More than uals in choosing the President. with less than a majority of the vote. Most 200 have been offered since 1947 alone. With the early emergence of political par­ direct voting proponents urge a 40 percent In reviewing nomination and election pro­ ties, it quickly developed that electors were plurality requirement. • cedures over the past 180 years, I have kept chosen to represent those parties. Designa­ On November 5, 1968, we elected Richard M. in mind three principal goals: tion as a candidate for elector by the party Nixon as President with 43.4 percent of the Elimination of blatantly undemocratic ele­ leadership became an honor to those who vote, a mere .7 percent margin over Vice ments of the present system, such as deny­ had served the party well. By 1800 independ­ President Hubert H. Humphrey. Third party ing meaningful participation by the people ent voting by electors had almost, but not candidate George Wallace polled 13.5 percent in the selection of party nominees and their entirely, disappeared. of the vote. Despite the closeness of the election; independent voting by members of Responding to pressure for popular con­ popular vote Nixon had a clear electoral edge: the Electoral College and run-off procedures trol, the practice of choosing electors by pop­ 302-191-45, In the unoffi.cial tally. ular vote quickly developed. By 1832, direct• in the House of Representatives. MINORITY PRESIDENTS election was the rule In all States except Preservation of our traditional two-party The term "minority" President is loosely system without eroding the strength of state South Carolina, which made the change at the time of the Civil War. used and creates an erroneous impression. and local parties. Without imposing un­ Actually we have had only three minority reasonable Federal controls party nominating The practice of giving all the electors to the party which wins the most votes in the Presidents--that is, a candidate elected Presi­ procedures must be maintained, strength­ dent with a smaller number of popular votes ened, and legalized under the Constitution. States, the "general ticket" or "unit rule" system, is also a product of the early 1800's. than his closest opponent. Preservation of state responsib111ty for elec­ In 1824, Andrew Jackson received more tions, where it has resided since our nation's THE MOVEMENT FOR REFORM electoral votes and more popular votes than founding. Only where essential uniformity From the start, the method of electing the did John Quincy Adams but the election fell and the principles of democracy demand President has ">een a subjeot Of debate and into the House of Representatives, which gave should Federal standards be imposed. discussion. At the Oonstitutlonal Conven­ a majority of its votes to Adams, electing him This study has shown the need for ten tion, a few key members, including James President. basic changes to meet these goals. I will offer Madison, Benjamin Franklin and Gouverneur In 1876, Samuel J. Tilden received a ma­ these proposals to amend our Constitution, Morris, favored direct popular election. Oth­ jority of more than 250,000 popular votes over whlch must be viewed as a living set of laws ers preferred to see the President elected by Rutherford B. Hayes. The returns from requiring occasional updating to meet the Congress or .the State Governors. Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Caro­ needs of an advancing society. One of the arguments for the Eleotoral lina were oontested. An electoral commis­ The Horton proposals include: College system was that through the provi­ sion, created by Congress to settle the dispute, Abolishing the Electoral College. sions for at least three electors regardless of decided the contested returns in favor of Dividing the electoral vote, one vote for population it gave the small States some pro­ Hayes, who won by one electoral vote. each Congressional District in each state, pro­ tection against domination by large States. Grover Cleveland received a popular plu­ portionally among the candidates based on It was felt that to preserve our Federal sys­ rality of about 100,000 votes over Benjamin the popular vote in individual states. tem of Government, this was an important Harrison in 1888. Cleveland obtained only 168 Requiring a 40 percent electoral vote mar­ consideration and the argument went far electoral votes, and Harrison with 233 elec­ gin, rather than a majority for the victor. in swaying the Convention. toral votes was elected President. A run-off election for the top two candi­ Another important argument was that it Twelve other Presidents failed to obtain a dates one week following the general election placed the choice of the President in the majority of the popular vote but all these if no candidate received 40 percent of the hands of persons presumably able to become men, execpt Abraham. Lincoln, did receive a electoral vote. acquainted personally with the various Pres­ plurality of 40 percent or more. Polling the 50 state legislatures to deter­ idential candidates, as the mass of people at In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected mine voting age for persons voting for the that time were not. President with only 39.79 percent of the Presidency. The majority decision would then The mass media, particularly television, popular vote. U.S. Senator Stephen A. Doug­ become law under an act of Congress. have changed this drastically. Today's Presi­ las had received 29.40 percent and Vice Presi­ A Federal Election Commission to review dential candidates are exposed, analyzed and dent John C. Breckinridge 19.2 percent. election procedures, recommend changes and interpreted to a degree never conceived by Lincoln had 180 electoral votes, a clear ma­ settle contested election results involving the the Founding Fathers. jority; Breckinridge, 72;> and Douglas 12. Presidency. Numerous criticisms have been directed at Fourth party candidate John Bell had 39 Permitting persons to vote for the Presi­ the existing election system. Custom and tra­ electoral votes with 12.6 percent of the vote. dency in the state where they were last eligi­ dition have greatly altered the operation cf Jam.es K. Polk was elected President in 1844 ble to vote regardless of local and state elec­ the system as it was originally created. Some with 49.56 percent of the vote compared with tion residency requirements. criticism is directed at the original system, 48.13 percent of the vote for Henry Clay. Four Equitable electoral vote for the District others at the aspects of its development. years later Zachary Taylor received. 47.13 per­ of Columbia. Three major areas of criticism have cent of the vote in beating Lewis Cass who Establish basic rules for National Party evolved: had 42.47 percent. Convention, binding delegates to first ballot The offi.ce of Presidential elector, particu­ Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 with votes and providing for a run-off primary larly the prospect of the so-called "Faithless 41.85 percent of the popular vote. He led when no candidate receives a majority of Maverick," an elector who votes against the Theodore Roosevelt who had 27.42 percent delegate votes. mandate of the voters who elected him. and then President William H. Taft who had Five year population census to assure ac­ The unit rule giving a state's entire elec­ 23.5 percent. curate figures to determine proportional as­ toral vote to the candidate with the most The Presidential race in 1960 saw John F. signment of Congressional Districts and elec­ votes, be it a one-vote plurality or a. 2,000,000 Kennedy win with 49.71 percent of the vote toral votes to the states. vote majority. while Richard M. Nixon had 49.55 percent. At the time our Constitution was drafted, Prospects that an election could be thrown Kennedy, however, had 303 electoral votes to the Electoral College and its accompanying into the House of Representatives where each 219 for Nixon. election procedures were the most demo­ state would have one vote regardless of pop­ Harry S. Truman, Grover Cleveland, James cratic the world had ever seen. But that was ulation. A. Garfield, and James Buchanan also were in 1787. Now, 180 years later, with the great elected with a plurality but less than a ma­ advances in education and communication ELECTORAL PROCESS CONFUSING jority Of the vote cast. our people have matured politically and the The presence of electors in the electoral The major argument in favor of direct vot­ system is outdated. process is confusing to some voters. Thirty ing is that it would give more meaning to the These proposals will offer a more modern five states, including New York, do not even individual vote. Direct election would elim­ and responsive mechanism enabling the voice carry the names of the electors on their bal­ inate the "unit rule" under the present elec­ of the people to be heard more effectively. lots. A few states provide for listing only the toral system and prevent a candidate from 9·66 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 'January 15, 1.969 winning the presidency without having a The weight of popular votes in small states ards of democracy. That is the apportioning plurality of votes. would continue to exceed the weight of that of a fixed number o! electoral votes to the Direct voting would boost the two-party vote .1n large states, opponents say, particu­ 50 States. system, its proponents say, particularly in larly if they get two additional electoral votes Each state must be guaranteed a voice 1n those areas where one-party control is en­ for the state's popular vote winner. the selection of a President and Vice Presi­ trenched. The major .argument against district vot­ dent equal to its own proportion of the Because each vote would count dire<:tly in ing is that it would not change the election population. To implement this sound prin­ choosing a President, they say, direct elec­ system enough from present procedures. ciple, and eliminate the remaining undemo­ tions would encourage more people to vote. Another alternative proposed has been cratic aspects of the Electoral College system Although increased competition between par­ called the "automatic system,'' which would requires major reforms. eliminate the electors and automatically ties might result in larger turnouts at the PROPORTIONAL-AUTOMATIC PLAN polls, under the present system with fixed east all of a state's electoral votes for the electoral votes at stake there is no electoral winning candidate in the state. Opponents The electors themselves, and the.Ir power advantage from a generally high voter turn­ claim, however, such a plan would merely to vote as they please, must be eliminated. out. freeze the present inequities into the U.S. The election of ".electors" by the people, URBAN STATE ADVANTAGE crrED Constitution. who in turn will reflect (or not refiect) the people's will 1n choosing national leaders is In arguing against direct e1ectlon oppo­ The greatest criticism of any automatic plan ls that it would give Constitutional sta­ at best a vestigial requirement of the nents say it would impose a disadvantage on Constitution. the sparsely-populated states. At the present tus to traditional "winner-take-all" unit rule for electoral votes making a Constitutional Unlike any of the other proposed alterna­ time the majority of the voting population tives, a proportional vote amendment would is located in nine urban states where voter mandate. BOUND BY CONSCIENCE best reflect the popular strength of the turnout is traditionally higher. candidates and still maintain our Federalism. Another criticism of direct elections is that Under the present electoral system, no The proportional automatic system comes they would lead to Federal control of elec­ matter who elects them, the electors are closest to electing a President by popular vote tions. Establishment of a national voting law bound by conscience to vote for the candi­ of the people while at the same time preserv­ for the presidential election could threaten date winning the most votes in their states. ing the state's relative electoral voice. state control of its own elections, critics say. • Some state laws bind electors to the party Each state would receive the same number Election of the President by districts is on whose ticket they ran. However.. the ques­ of electoral votes as they have Congressmen. probably the first proposal considered by the tion of whether such statutes are enforce­ Presently, they receive a number ot votes authors of our Constitution. Article ll of the able, if violated, has yet to be tested generally equal to their House and Senate delegations. Constitution provides that each .State Legis­ in the courts. A high or low voter turnout in any state lature shall determine how their electors are One does not have to look far for evidence would not effect the result in any other selected. of the outdated and dangerous state 01 our state. When State Legislatures began to provide election and nominating procedli?es for se­ A proportional plan in the 1968 election for popular choice of Presidential electors in lecting our President. would have given Richard M. Nixon 43.5 per­ the 1700s and early 1800s, it was normal for The greatest danger of all in tne electoral cent ot the electoral vote and Hurmphrey the electors to be chosen in districts similar system showed its.elf Jan. 6, 1969 when the 41.6 percent, the closest of any race under to Congressional Districts. Congress met in joint sesslon to count the the various alter.natives proposed. George C. James Madison, later elected our Fourth ballots of the Electoral College from the in­ Wallace would have received 14.9 percent. President, was quoted as saying that the Dis­ dividual states. The joint .se.ssion will have 0 The proportional vote proposal would break trict system is the one "mostly, 1f not ex­ to contend with a "Maverlck elector. the e1ectoral vote down to three decimal clusively, in view when the Constitution was Each State's sealed ballots are opened 1n places. Proportional distribution could lack formed and adopted." alphabetical order and counted, subject to precision, particularly in the smaller states However, it was generally abandoned when objections to improper ballots by at least if only whole votes were required. dominant parties in the State Legislatures one Senator and one Representative. This year a proportional "whole-vote" plan saw that they could win more votes for the.Ir I joined other members ot the House and would have given Nixon, Humphrey and Wal­ candidate by choosing electors on general Senate in opposing the ballot of one "faith­ lace two electoral votes apiece in Arkansas State-wide tickets, using the winner-take-all less" North Carolina elector, elected on the despite the fact t.hat Wallace had 39 percent unit rule. Nixon slate, who bolted .his ]>arty to vote for of the vote, Nixon 31 percent, and Humphrey An argument against the district system is George Wallace. 30 percent, A three place decimal breakdown the same against the present e1ectoral plan: Dr. Lloyd W . .Bailey, duly elected .Republi­ would have given Wallace 2.346 votes, Nlxon that, like any state toda>y, a district would can elector fr-<>m North Carolina, east his 1.836 and Hump.hrey L818. be won by a candidate having a one-vote ballot on December 16, 1968 'for Wallace, stat­ margin or a 100,000-vote margin. ing that he considered it his "moral obliga­ MINORITY PARTY ENCOtrB.AGEMENT ti-0n to do so." Opponents of proportional voting feel that NIXON OVER KENNEDY? The names o! the candidates for the Presi­ it would encourage minority parties. New A district system would .have made no dif­ dency and not the names o! the electors ap­ parties would not have to Win elections to ference in the 1968 Presidential elect.Ion but pear on the North Carolina. ballot. Thus, exercise political power, they say. These it would have elected Richard M. Nixon as those voting for a Presldentlal candidate parties, particularly if a majority of electoral President over the late John F. Kennedy in were Jed to expect that each elector for that votes is required tlO win, would exert great in­ 1960. That year, Kennedy, who had a sligllt candidate would cast his ballot according to fluence by holding the balance of power. edge in the popular vote, received 303 elec­ the wlll of the voters who elected him. An effective means to reduce the power o! toral votes to 219 for Nixon. A district plan If Dr. Bailey's vote ls allowed for another third patties ls to lower the required victory, along Congressional District lines would have candidate, the voters of North Carolina wm say to 40 percent. given Nixon 280 electoral votes to 254 !or be deprived of an "effective vote," as guar­ Under proportional voting, based on one Kennedy. anteed by the 14th Amendment .and con­ vote "for each congressional District, the This past election a district plan would firmed by recent Supreme Court decisions. smaller states would still be protected. No have given Nixon 289 votes, Vice President Although Dr. Bailey's single vote wm not state would have less than one vote no matter Hubert H. Humphrey, 192, and George C. alter the over.all result ol the Presidential what their population. Wallace, 57• .In New York State a district election, .allowing him to oppose the .instruc­ plan would have given Humphrey .24 votes The winner-take-all unit rule which gives tions of those electing him makes a mockery all of the electoral votes of each state to the and Nixon 19 votes, as opposed to all 43 for of an already deficient election process. winner of even the smallest plurality has Humphrey. That would be 55.8 percent of lt also opens the door to abuses by greater the electoral vote !or Humphrey who had proven a most inaccurate an.d undemocratic numbers of electors in future elections. A reflection of the will of the people. 49.8 percent of the popular vote as opposed to change of only 10 percent of the elector's 44.2 percent .of the electoral vote !or Nixon Where a candidate received a one vote plu­ votes could have thwwn the 1968 elections rality in a state, and wins all of that state's who had 44.3 percent of the popular vote. in tot.he House of Representatives. Wallace had 5.3 percent cf the popular vote electoral votes, the .Individual votes of all Significantly, those 1n Congress who led who voted for hls opponents are nullliled. with .6 percent scattered among Bever.al the objections to allowing the vote of the minor parties. In place of the pre.sent system which "faithless elector" are members of both dim.inishes the people's voice 1n the most While reducing the number of elector.al political parties. The ballot is being oppo.sed votes to the winner in the last 12 out of 13 important decision the American democ­ not on ,politlcal but on constitutional racy .can make, .a proportional pla.n would elections, a district system would have grounds. changed only the result of the 196_0 Kennedy­ ellmlnate the arbitrariness of the present Regardless of the outcome of our object.ion, system. enhance the role of the individual Nixon campaign. calling attention to a "faithless elector" in Under the district plan, proponents say, a citizen .a.nd the state in electing the .Presi­ 1969 underscores the urgent need -tor prompt dent. check would be placed on the polltical power and comprehensive e1eetion reforms. of the large cities and especially the power oi The present electoral .system 1s built certain pressure groups within those elties. APPORTION VOTES BY POPULATION around an assignment to ea.ch state of elec­ The voters in the major cities would not be There ls only one minor .aspect of the tor.al votes equal in .number :to the state's able to control a disproportionate .share of pre.sent elector.al .system which .co.mes close de1egatlon in the House and Senat.e~ the state's electoral vote. to measuring up to twentieth century stand- Thus, Vermont, with enough population January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 967 to support a single Congressional District. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PRIMARIES Proposals have Included amendments for gets three votes (one for the Congressman There is no Federal law or Constitutional a national primary and statutes which would and one for each Sena.tor). New York, with provision governing the Presidential nomi­ induce the individual states to adopt uni­ 41 Congressional Districts, gets 43 votes, 14 nating procedures. Primaries a.re governed form primary and convention procedures. times more than Vermont, although New by State law as a.re rules for selection of Uniformity is lacking in the selection of York has over 40 times the population of convention delegates. The present system delegates and candidates in state priinaries. Vermont. works because of a combination of party Since 1916 more than two dozen States Automatic ca.sting of electoral votes, based customs and State laws. have had Presidential primary legislation. on one for each Congressional District with­ The selection of a President does not come At the present time, legislation for such pri­ in each state, eliminates the two bonus under any Federal law or guidelines until maries exists in only 14 States, each with votes, unrelated to population which give Election Day. This has resulted in scattered a different form. The rest of the States have smaller states an electoral voice out of pro­ procedures and an overall lack of uniformity repealed their provisions or let them fall portion to their size. Thus New York would among states in methods used to achieve into disuse. have 41 votes while Vermont and other the selection of Presidential nominees. New York State requires a primary only states wlth one Congressman would have one This proposal would provide a constitu­ when there is a contest for a delegate or vote as they do in the House of Represent­ tional basis for national party conventions alternate seat. New York does not have a atives, which is elected solely on the basis while maintaining the party's right to pick preferential presidential primary. of population. its own nominees for the Presidency. The most widely-known preferential pri­ Thus in New York State, where almost 6.8 In the 1968 national election year, as in mary is in New Hampshire, traditionally the million votes were cast, Hubert Humphrey other years, there has been widespread criti­ first one held each Presidential year. with 3,378,400 votes, would have received cism that our Presidential nomination sys­ The vote in New Hampshire is binding on 20.418 electoral votes; Nixon, with 3,007,938 tem does not afford the people a meaningful delegates only if they have signed a pledge votes, would have received 18.163 electoral role in the selection of candidates. for a specific candidate. (The binding power votes. Under the current system, Humphrey In two thirds of the States, no presiden­ of a primary pledge is one of the election received all the electoral votes, in effect nul­ tial preference primaries are held, and the reform controversies. The independence of lifying the more than 3 million individual people have no direct voice in determin­ a maverick delegate has yet to be tested votes cast for Mr. Nixon. ing who will represent them at party con­ generally in the Courts.) Among the objections to a pure, direct ventions. The remaining third of the States The candidates' consent to have his name voting system is that voter turnout, and not hold primaries, but only a few of them bind on the ballot is not required in New Hamp­ actual population, determines the voice of elected convention delegates to vote for the shire but a name can be withdrawn on each state in the election. Weather and oth­ candidate who wins the primary. request. er factors can drastically effect voter turn­ Since the days of Andrew Jackson, the na­ In Oregon, names of candidates are placed out on any given election day. tional political convention has been an in­ on the ballot at the discretion of the secre­ Without apportioning electoral votes °.Jy tegral part of the American scene. Although tary of state or by petition. Traditionally, population, variables in voter turnout, which unknown to the Founding Fathers, national candidates selected by the secretary of state is usually high in urban states and some­ conventions evolved ·through trial and er­ have little power to remove their names. what lower in rural states, could have the ror between 1788 and 1832. The party con­ Delegates there are pledged to the winner of effect of cancelling any voice in the result vention was born of necessity. Its history the primary. for citizens of some states. follows right on the heels of the develop­ Political scientists look with disfavor on a The number of citizens, and not the num­ ment of party factions. national primary. Instead they urge the ber of personr who vote on a given day, POLITICAL SYSTEM ESSENTIAL present national convention practice be re­ vamped. They contend national primaries should determ.ne the state's voice in the George Washington, our first President, outcome of a national election. Those who would dilute the nation's two-party system, was elected by a unanimous vote of the an essential element of our government vote wm determine the direction of ea.ch electoral college in each of his two terms. state's votes, and will speak a. the polls for structure. But during Washington's first adminisistra.­ A national primary, they a.ssert, would lead all the residents of their state. tion, the need to develop political strength It is Lnportant that a newly elected Pres­ to degeneration of the parties into factions became obvious to such leaders as Alexan­ incapable of offering effective government. ident have the strong support of the people. der Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and James History has proven this can be accomplished The opponents of the national primary Madison. contend it would limit party competition, by reducing the victory margin from a ma­ The political differences between the jority to 40 percent of the electoral vote. completely eliminating the possib111ty of a forces of Hamilton of New York and those draft or the nomination of the "reluctant" Almost half our 37 Presidents were of Jefferson and Madison, fellow Virginians, elected by less than a majority of the vot­ candidate with broad popular appeal. sparked the development of a two-party sys­ It is questionable whether Woodrow Wil­ ers although only John Quincy Ada.ms .J. tem throughout the states. son, Dwight D. Eisenhower or Adlai Steven­ 1824 was elected by less than a majority of Beginning in 1796, a caucus of each par­ son could have won their party's nomination electoral votes. Only Lincoln in 1860 re­ ty's members in Congress chose the nomi­ in a national primary. ceived less than 40 percent (39.79 percent) nees. In succeeding years, however, congres­ While some state and local candidates are of the popular vote. sional caucuses waned and were replaced picked at primaries, it must be pointed cut If, in a three-way race, no candidate re­ entirely by the national conventions in that the primary vote drope drastically to ceived 40 perC3nt of the electoral vote, a 1832 which nominated Andrew Jackson, the between 25 to 40 percent of registered voters, national ruL-off election between the two incumbent President, on the Democratic with interest often limited to party regulars. highest candidates would be held one week ticket and Henry Clay on the National Re­ National primary opponents also believe after the first election to determine the publican ticket. the cost of campaigning-exceedingly high winner. The first conventions provided the forum now-would be astronomical. This provision would remove the House for resolving personal and sectional rival­ of Representatives, with each state having ries. They also represented an increasing NEW NOMINATING PROCEDURE one vote, as the national arbitrator for the awareness and interest by the public, much The concepts of national primary, party ofllce of the Presidency in the event of a the same as we are seeing throughout the conventions, and state-Federal control can run-off under the present system. country today. be combined to form a new Presidential The 40 percent provist..on would counter­ By the time of the Civil War convention nominating procedure. This would preserve balance the effect of a proportional electoral procedures-formulated outside the confines the party-strengthening effects of the con­ vote system on the strength of splinter and of the Constitution-were pretty much set vention and be more responsive to the will third parties. While third parties would no and_ have changed little over the years. of the people in selecting their national longer have to win a majority in any state Since the early days of our country's leaders. to show up in electoral vote tallies, their founding, plans for changing the presiden­ The party convention should be the key power to throw an election into some form tial nominating procedures have come in link in a new system tor nomination of na­ of a runoff would be greatly diminished. many shapes and sizes and under various tional candidates. In order to deprive a majority candidate labels. Under this plan, any State, at its choosing, of the election, third and other splinter par­ One of the most popular nominating may hold a presidential preference primary ties candidates would have to win a mini­ methods being suggested in the wake of the under its own rules for entering names on mum. of 20% of the vote to necessitate a controversial 1968 conventions and extremely the primary ballot, as long as primary candi­ run-off. close Presidential election is that of a dates meet the constitutional requirements Under the present system, a third-party single national primary, regulated by Fed­ for the ofllce they seek. candidate with only a few percent of the vote eral law and presumably administerd in BIND DELEGATES BY LAW in one geographical area, coUld throw a part by Federal ofllcials. A new Federal requirement would commit close election into the House. By winning as A national primary system is envisioned delegates elected in any Congressional Dis­ few as three of the Southern states voting by many as a move toward more democratic trict to vote for the winner of the primary for Richard Nixon in 1968, George Wallace elections, substituting for the present in that district on the first convention ballot. could have added to his count enough elec­ mixed system of state primaries, state and Thus, state primaries which have no binding t<;>ri~.l votes to prevent the required 270 local party caucuses and the final selections effect on delegates' first ballot votes could no majority for Nixon. in the national party conventions. longer be held. 968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 No state would be required to hold Presi­ this proposal be allotted the same number for the 1960 elections had been determined dential primaries. But where primaries are of electoral votes as its population would re­ by the sorely outdated 1950 census :figures. held, the people will have a direct voice 1n quire Congres&onal Districts i! it were a In order for this system to be fair, in an the convention voting of their party dele­ state. e.ra oi high population growth and .m.ove­ gates. State legislatures also would be under The people who live in the Nation's Capital ment from place to place, the decennial cen­ pressure to provide for .Presidential prim.aries should be aft'oi-ded the privilege to voice their sus which now determines representation in by people seeking a direct voice in selection full vote for the Presidency. At the present Congress as well as the electoral votes as­ of candidates. time it has three electoral rotes but is barred signed to each state, is no longer adequate. Although no law would require conven­ under the Constitution from having lllore This pi-oposa.l for election reform would tions to select candidates who have competed votes than the least populated State. require a national census every five years, be­ in State primaries, one Federally-imposed The District has a larger population than ginning 1n 1970. This would mean that with­ convention rule would encourage serious a dozen States yet its electoral votes equal in five years of each Presidential election candidates to participate in primaries, to test states with one half to one third of its popu­ and within four years of each Congressional their strength among the people. lation. Such an inequity must be corrected. election, a census of population will be This rule would provide that, where no VOTING AGE AND RESIDENCE STANDARDS taken. candidate for nomination wins a clear ma­ jority of delegate votes on the first three No reform proposal could be complete if it Mr. Speaker, these proposals and ballots, and where on the third ballot, two ignores two pressing problems facing the 50 many others that have been advanced by candidates each have the support of 40 per­ states. The questions of residential and age other colleagues and others outside the cent or more of the delegates, those two requirements for voting affect the fairness of all national elections. Congress are worthy of immediate study aspiring nominees would enter a national by congressional committees. For too post-convention primary held two weeks Each year, millions of voters are disenfran­ after the close oi the last party convention. chised because they fail to meet residential many years, electoral reform has been a In a convention where after three ballots, requirements in a given state or locality. subject of talk during and after presi­ no candidate has a majority and no two These voters cannot cast their ballots for the dential election campaigns, with no cor­ candidates enjoy 40 percent each of the dele­ Presidency despite the fact that they are responding action to eliminate the gate support, further ballots would be held citizens and have voted in previous elections. glaring ills in our present system. until either a single candidate wins a major­ A uniform Federal standard is essential to permit these disenfranchised Americans "OO Congressman HORTON'S comprehensive ity of all delegates, or two candidates (neither study and his recommndations may help having a majority) win the support O:f 40 vote. In an era of great mobility when large percent of the delegates-whichever occurs numbers of citizens move from city to city to bridge the gap between talk and action first. and state to state, they should not be de­ on this vital constitutional question. I Should the latter occur, a primary be­ prived, even temporarily, of their right to vote urge my colleagues to take the time to tween the two leading contenders would be for the Presidency. review his articles, and to suggest their held as provided. Under thls proposal every U.S. citizen who own preferences for electoral reforms. Party primaries, 1f needed, would be held has been registered to vote in any state, and on the same day in every State, and would who is, by virtue of the residence require­ select by direct popular vote the nominee ments of the state of his current residence, for each party which was unable to select its ineligible to vote In that state, shall be nominee in convention. eligible to vote for President in the state CONGRESSMAN MOSS CALLS FOR Where no primary is needed, the candidate where he was last registered. ENHANCING ELECTRIC POWER for Vice President would be selected, as he Voting age standards also should be uni­ RELIABILITY is now, by the Convention. When a nominee form for persons voting for the Presidency. for President is selected by a national pri­ It is not fair for those under 21 years old in mary, he may nominate a Vice-Presidential a few states to be eligible to vote for Presi­ Hon. ROBERT H. (BOB) MOLLOHAN candidate to a specially-appointed conven­ dent while citizens of the same age In other 01' WEST VIRGINIA tion committee representing each state, states are ineligible to vote. which would choose a Vice-Presidential can­ The voting -age standard should not be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES didate for the ticket. solely decided by the Congress, since this is Wednesday, January 15, 1969 The loser in the party's primary would not a province of the states. But Congress should automatically become the Vice-Presidential require state legislatures to rule on this Mr. MOLLOHAN. Mr. Speaker, I com­ nominee. question before the next election. The na­ mend to the attention of my colleagues a Creation of a Federal Election Commission tional voting age for the Presidency should speech delivered by our colleague from to review individual state requirements for be determined by a poll of the 50 state legis­ California, Congressman JOHN Moss, selection and election of convention dele­ latures before 1971. last Friday at the annual legislative gates is also proposed. Where a state's Jaws State legislatures should each decide on work an injustice on the democratic process, planning conference of the National a voting age between 18 and 21. The prefer­ Rural Electric Cooperative Association at the Commission is empowered to recommend ence of a majority of the legislatures would the Washington-Hilton Hotel. I am ~er­ minimum nationwide selection standards to then become by Act of Congress the na­ the Congress. tional voting age in Presidential elections tain this information will be of interest The Commission would also be empowered for all states. to all who are concerned with major to review state Jaws establishing rules :for Individual states may establish any voting power blackouts and the need for elec­ placing candidates' names on a ballot, and tric power reliability. would be given jurisdiction in settling con­ age for electing state and local officials, but tested elections involving Federal candidates. would be encouraged not to. The speech follows: This procedure would fo.rce the state legis­ Settlement of election disputes would be latures to face the controversial question of SPEECH OF HON. JOHN E. Moss, OF CALIFORNXA, expedited 1f a run-off election were required. voting age in the next two years, and elimi­ AT THE ANNUAL LEGISLATIVE PLANNING CON· The Federal Election Commission would also nate discrepancies in voting .age among the FERENCE OF THE NATIONAL RURAL ELECTRIC be empowered to seek effective, safeguarded several states for the Presidency. COOPERATIVE AssocIATION, w ASHINGTON' and faster means of ballot counting with D.C., JANUARY 10, 1969 emphasis on electronic and data processing CENSUS REFORM ESSENTIAL It is good to be bere today with you, be­ technology. As long as the electoral college system cause you represent a vital part of our Na­ DEATH OF A NOMINEE remains and each state has at least three tion's growing determination to continue to electoral votes, regardless of population, dis­ If a party's nominee for President or Vice improve the standard of life in our country, President dies prior to Election Day, his re­ tortions from the direct, popular voting both for today and in the tomorrows of fu­ placement would be selected by a specially result will be built into the system. ture generations. You and I both want to appointed convention committee, subject to Essential to any reform proposal would be improve the legal mechanisms, and to pro­ ratification by a majority of state's party the need to have more accurate population tect the Democratic traditions that are nec­ chairmen and national committeemen. figures. This could be resolved through a essary to do that. However, as a State Legis­ If the President-elect should die, he would five-year census as opposed to our decennial lator in California, and as a Congressman in be succeeded by the Vice President-elect. se­ head counts. our Nation's Capital, I learned long ago that lection of a new Vice President would follow Applying the 1960 voting results to the no legislator can accomplish very much the procedures of the 25th Amendment which electoral district proposal dramatically without the aid and support of people like now provides for the President to nominate demonstrates the inadequacy of an outdated you, who believe in fighting for the legisla­ a new Vice President who would take office census to determine the size of the districts. tion needed to accomplish our goals. after approval by a majority of both houses Mr. Nixon won heavily in the low-popula­ In the past '30 years the rural electric co­ Of Congress. tion districts, either rural or small town, and operatives have helped mightily -to reduce would have picked up a majority oi electoral the hard drudgery that characterized the life DJ.STRICT OF COLUMBIA REPRESENTATION votes under a district plan despite Kennedy's of millions Of rural families. Without the The District of Columbia, alth.ough it has popular margin. dedicated efforts of the rural electric coopera­ no representation in Congress would under However, Congressi0nal District boundaries tives, most farmers would still be in the January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 969 dark ages a! the candle and the kerosene quate and reliable electric power ls to our begins 2 or more years after enactment of lamp, instead of in the 20th Century of safety; defense, health and dally life, the the bill. electric lights, electric machinery, and elec­ people and the Government began to realize As you know, the FPC blll provides that tric home and farm appliances. that there must be better coordination if a regional council's organizational struc­ Electricity has indeed become an essential among the various utillty systems in order ture and plans are approved by the FPC, commodity in our daily life. Everybody uses to achieve the full benefits of reliability and any action taken under such structure, or it. Everybody needs it. Indeed everybody economy that can come from the indus­ in accordance with such pl,ans, would be takes it for granted that sufficient electricity try's large generating plants and extra-high­ immune from anti-trust suit under Section will be always available at a flick of a switch. voltage transmission lines. 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15). {That The electric industry has responded to this And so President Johnson, in his Message section authorizes suits for triple-damages, demand. It is the largest industry :n the to Congress on the "Protection of the Amer­ plus court costs and a reasonable attorney's country. It doubles in size every decade. The ican Consumer" in February, 1967 recom­ fee, by any person adversely affected by any country's power supplies are reaching pro­ mended that Congress enact legislation to action forbidden by the anti-trus'; laws). portions that were virtually undreamed of strengthen coordination among the electric I oppose granting such an immunity to 30 years ago. The electric industry's tech­ power utilities. The Administration's bill, the electric industry. I think such grant of nology has made giant steps in the past 10 drafted in the FPC, was introduced in the immunity from the anti-trust laws would years. Huge generating plants-nuclear, 90th Congress a few days after the P-J-M be a dangerous weakening of the protections fossil-fueled, and hydro-are being con­ failure of June 5, 1967, which interrupted against arbitrary monopoly actions. structed, and transmission lines of enormous service for more than 13 million people in Furthermore, I believe the courts are a voltages and long distances are threading Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and better forum than the FPC to resolve ques­ their way up and down and across the coun­ Delaware. tions or disputes under the anti-trust laws. try. In my opinion, the Administration's bill I believe the courts would be more likely The electric power industry has rightfully offered a sound approach to the problems of to arrive at a better balance of the some­ boasted of its great progress. It has rightfully the reliability and adequacy of electric power times conflicting demands between our his­ pointed to its great accomplishments. But supply. But as I studied the FPC's bill and toric anti-trust policy and the expansionist along with this growth and progress, there the problems, I found a number of oversights trends of electric utility systems which, in has also been a long history of disturbing or defects, and so I prepared a revised bill some respects, are quite monopolistic in trends in the electric industry. which was introduced in the last Congress as their operations. I don't have to tell you about the arrogance H.R.12322. Moreover, it is not beyond the realm of of the private utilities in refusing to provide Both the Administration bill and my bill possibility that the FPC, whose members are electric service to rural people except at viewed the electric power industry as a appointed for 4-year terms by the Presi­ exhorbitant cost or under harsh penalties­ nation-wide public utility of which the vari­ dent, may become more attuned to the mo­ an arrogance which led directly to the enact­ ous generating and transmission entities, nopolistic views of the large utilities than to ment of the Rural Electrification Act and both publicly and privately-owned, are seg­ the national policy of competitive free en­ the development of the rural electric coop­ ments of a unified whole. terprise. erative movement. Nor do I have to tell you Both bills would require the organization Indeed, I believe that the mere availability about the efforts of the private utilities to of the entire industry into regional councils of a private anti-trust suit as a possible control and dominate the energy resources of to plan, coordinate and provide adequate, remedy for monopolistic abuses will tend this nation, and to charge what the traffic efficient, reliable and economic service for to curb the growth of such abuses even if will bear for that commodity which is so all the people of the region, and to exchange no anti-trust suits are actually fl.led. The essential to everyone. or coordinate power with neighboring re­ very fact that there have been several anti­ The arrogance of the private utilities gions. These objectives would be achieved by trust suits filed within the past few months reached one of its peaks in 1965 when they voluntary cooperation of the various man­ against electric utilities further reinforces, sought, through the Holland-Smathers Bill, agements within the regions, acting through in my view, the need for maintaining the to remove virtually all of the private utility the regional councils, which would be open µTotections of the anti-trust laws in con­ electric companies from regulation by the to membership by all segments of the power nection with reliability plans that may be Federal Power Commission. They claimed industry. approved under this bill. that the State commissions would do all of The basic objectives of the b1lls are to My bill would explicitly permit the FPC, the regulating that might be necessary. But enhance electric power reliability; to either on its own motion or on the, basis they blithely ignored the fact that the elec­ strengthen the coordination of electric sys­ of a complaint, to amend or modify the tric power industry, through its interconnec­ tems through cooperative efforts; to achieve organizational structure, or any regional tions, pooling, and joint operations, had be­ comprehensive development, as well as con­ power plan, tendered by a regional council. come almost totally interstate and thus servation, of our natural resources; and to In this respect my bill would give the Com­ largely immune from effective State regula­ provide access for all utmty systems to the mission greater authority than apparently tion. great technological and economic benefits would the FPC's bill. On November 9, 1965 the country was of power pooling and extra-high voltage A principal feature of the reliability bills shocked out of its complacency. The great transmission. is the provision that would authorize the Northeast Blackout, covering vast areas of I believe that the technology of the elec­ FPC !;-0 promulgate regulations setting forth southeastern Canada and northeastern tric industry has already advanced, and "reasonable criteria of national or regional United States, interrupted the electric serv­ certainly will further advance, to the point applicability to govern the reliable planning ice of over 30 million people for many hours. of assuring that cascading power failures and operation of bulk power supply facili­ Luckily, the weather was clear and the can be prevented, or at least very substan­ ties." These criteria could be promulgated moon full. Otherwise, that blackout would tially localized. I believe that achieving either on recommendation by the regional undoubtedly have produced a national dis­ strong ties between electric systems will bring council, or on the FPC's own initiative after aster of enormous scope. Since November both great reliability and greater economy. consultation with the regional councils and 1965, the hazards of unreliable electric serv­ Moreover, I am sure that better planning after public notice and opportunity to com­ ice were further dramatized by more than and coordination, on large regional scales, ment on the proposed criteria. However, 20 major power failures, most of which were wm help to minimize the pollutio'nal effects there is a very significant difference between of the cascading type like that of the great of electric generating and transmission fa­ the FPO bill and my bill at this point. The Northeast blackout. cilities o.n our air, water, land and land­ FPC bill says that the Commission "may" Most experts agree that the blackouts scape-and thus both aid our environment promulgate the criteria. My bill says that the could have been prevented by stronger in­ and help to r13duce the friction between FPC "shall" promulgate such reasonable cri­ terconnections between electric systems electric companies and the communities. I teria. I stress this difference because it will which would enable adjacent systems to help believe that effective regional planning can make the FPC responsible, and obliged, to each other in case of trouble. The blackouts be achieved along with fair treatment for promulgate such criteria rather than leaving showed that the interconnections between every electric system in the region. to its discretion whether or not it will do so. systems were far too weak for the kind of re­ My bill adopted the system of regional The bill recognizes that the large back­ liable electric service needed to serve the councils proposed in the FPC bill. These bone high voltage transmission lines are people of this country. councils would include representatives of really part of this country's national trans­ These deficiencies of the electric indus­ the private, Federal, municipal, cooperative portation system. Hence, the bill would pre­ tries have troubled me for many years. In and public ut1lity district systems, as well clude any person from engaging in the con­ 1961, I introduced a bill to authorize the as FPC representation. However, my bill struction, extension, or modification of extra­ FPC to review and authorize construction would also include representatives of the high-voltage facilities unless they have been of extra-high-voltage transmission lines in State commissions within the region. reviewed by the Federal Power Commission order to assure that such lines would be in These regional councils would set up their to ascertain that the facilities are best accord with the public interest. The FPC, own organization and develop regional pow­ suited for the growth of that national trans­ which at fiTst showed a remarkable lack of er plans. The council's organizational struc­ portation system. This the FPC would do by enthusiasm for my bill, gradually came ture and the regional power plans would assuring that the proposed facilities are con­ around to supporting it after several years. be reviewed by the FPC. The bill would apply sistent with the regional plan developed by When the blackouts of 1965, '66 and '67 to all transmission facillti.es of over .200 kilo­ the regional council and approved by the spectacula.Tly reminded us how vital ade- volts, the construction or extension of which FPC. 970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 15, 1969 I know that there are some people, includ­ the electric service provided for the people It is evident that the introduction of this ing perhaps some of you, who feel that the of our Nation, as well as the effect which bill in the last Congress helped considerably regional councils may beoome d01ninated by the construction of extra-high-voltage fa­ to stimulate the voluntary formation of the private utmty systems and thus preclude cilities will have on our environment. various regional councils and committees for a municipality or a cooperative, or perhaps Senator Edward Kennedy and Congress­ electric power planning. Some of these even a State or Federal facility. But, I am not man Richard Ottinger have proposed a third groups appear, so far as I am now informed, so fearful. There will be several protections version of the bill, embodying additional to be devoted to the same objectives as out­ against that sort of freeze-out. The FPC's provisions which specially emphasize pro­ lined in the electric power reliability bills. review of the Council's organizational struc­ tecting the environment and land uses af­ However, I am not so sanguine as to other ture and plans is one protection against such fected by extra-high-voltage t:ransmission. groups, especially those which have thus far private utility domination. The anti-trust For example, their version would estab­ refused to include all segments of the in­ laws will, at least under my bill, be available lish a National Council on the Environment dustry within the region. for seeking judicial relief. Furthermore, I to review each coordination plan, each ap­ I cannot now predict the prospects of the have great faith in the determination of the plication for a hydropower license, and each bill, or what position the Nixon administra­ people of this country to resist such domina­ application for plans to obtain rights-of­ tion will take on it. However, of this I am tion. Therefore, although I recognize the pos­ way for electric facilities by eminent do­ sure: If we have another major blackout or sibility of such abuse, I do not believe that main, or over ~edera~ or Indian land, in or­ two, this bill will certainly move forward the abuse will occur-and if it is attempted, der to assure that such facilities will be into law. I do not believe that it would be successful. consistent with the conservation of natural Persons constructing or extending extra­ resources and long-range land-use planning. high-vol tage lines will need to obtain rights­ The Kennedy-Ottinger version makes a of-way over long distances. If the plans for WHAT BILLIONS IN SPACE EXPEND­ particularly significant forward step, both ITURES ARE ACCOMPLISHING such extra-high-voltage lines meet the re­ to promote the reliability of electric sys­ quirements of the power plans approved by tems and to protect the environment, by the regional council and the FPC, such per­ providing that plan.c: for construction, ex­ HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE sons would be authorized, under both the tension or modification of generating plants FPC bill and my bill, to utilize the same OF TEXAS power of eminent domain as the Federal Gov­ with capacity of 200 or more megawatts, ernment, including the use of declarations of commenced 4 years or more after enactme:l. t IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATlVES taking to acquire prompt possession of the of the bill, shall be subject to the same re­ Wednesday, January 15, 1969 needed lands, if such lands cannot be ac­ view by the FPC as are plans for extra-high­ quired by agreement with the owners. In voltage transmission lines and associated Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, addition, the b111 would authorize the FPC facilities. on the day of the launch of the highly to grant rights-of-way over Federal lands and The need for such provision is persuasively successful Apollo 8 ftight, Mr. Neal Stan­ Indian lands. documented in the report by the President's ford, staff correspondent of the Christian Although the FPC bill recognized that such Office of Science and Technology, which Pres­ Science Monitor, outlined the gains that rights-of-way will affect conservation and ident Johnson released last week. That report, are being achieved in our national life aesthetic values, it did not, in my opinion, entitled "Considerations Affecting Steam adequately protect our national parks and Power Plant Site Selection" emphasizes that by our space effort. Mr. Stanford points monuments or the rights of Indians with re­ since the location of generating plants is to the many space activities that are al­ spect to Indian lands. Hence, I have included inseparably related to the location and ar­ ready providing a return on the invest­ a number of provisions in my bill to deal with rangement of transmission lines, both must ment we have made in the past decade these matters. Thus, my bill specifies that be jointly considered in order to attain reli­ to space technology. He points not only to persons interested in conservation and aes­ able and economic system expansion plans. the acquiring of new knowledge but also thetics shall be included amongst those ap­ The report predicts that some 250 generating to the utilitarian aspects of our space ef­ pointed to the advisory coordination boards plants, each with capacity of 2 to 3 million which may be established under the bill. kilowatts, will be constructed in the next 2 fort. Mr. Stanford also outlines the real My bill also prohibits grants of rights-of­ decades. The lead time necessary to plan and technological competition of the Soviet way over National Park Service areas, except construct these hugh generating plants Union. Perhaps the most important com­ national parkways which are narrow strips makes it essential to have the best possible ment in this article is the discussion. of hundreds of miles long, and certain recrea­ planning concering the type and location of the development of a low-cost space tion areas which frequently surround hydro­ the region's generating plants. I would like shuttle whicl. will open new horizons in power dams and are not primarily devoted to quote three sentences of that report which transportation, exploration, and utili­ to the preservation of the natural environ­ point out the importance of plant siting in tarian benefits here on earth. The article ment. My bill would also authorize Federal achieving reliable electric systems (p. 62): agencies to veto construction to ERV trans­ "Power system engineers attest to the ab­ follows: mission lines over their lands if such lines solute necessity of adequate system design, [From the Christian Science Monitor, Dec. endanger aesthetic or !listoric values, or including judicious location and arrange­ 20, 1968] identified species of flora or fauna that are ments of generating sources and transmis­ WHAT BILLIONS IN SPACE EXPENDITURES ARE important for the preservation of conserva­ sion connections to produce a reliable power ACCOMPLISHING tion interests. supply. The proper balance among power (By Neal Stanford) I have also made a number of revisions in system loads, generation, and transmission the bill concerning the grants of rights-of­ facilities is of primary importance, and errors WASHINGTON.-With $36 bill1on already in­ way over Federal lands, in order to limit in these and other aspects of system plan­ vested in the space program, some Americans their term or enable the FPC to change their ning and design cannot be overcome in op­ are asking "Why?" as three astronauts pre­ conditions at intervals of not less than 10 eration regardless of how well the operating pare to blast off on man's first round trip to years, and to provide for compensation to the functions are carried out. the moon. Federal Government for the use of the "Since plant locations, with respect to There are several answers. lands. My b111 also would protect the rights loads, routings of transmission lines, and One has to do with national prestige. Soviet of the Indians, which the FPC bill overlooked, separation of faciilties to reduce the exposure success in lofting the first earth satellite, by requiring that the Indians' consent be to multiple damages from a single cause all sputnik, caused consternation and embar­ obtained, and compensation paid to them, as have a direct bearing on siting considerations rassment in the United States. Thus, the conditions for the granting of rights-of-way and therefore the reliability of the power Kennedy decision to make a manned moon over Indian reservations. system, it is essential that site selection prob­ landing in this decade a national goal was in Both the FPC bill and my bill would au­ lems be handled in ways which will not part a political decision-a decision which, thorize the Commission to compel inter­ sacrifice reliability." incidentally, Congress went along with in connection between power systems and to Equally important is the fact that the re­ voting the necessary $25 or so billlon. sell or exchange energy. But my b111 goes port also stresses the need for reducing the But there was more than national prestige further by explicity authorizing the Com­ adverse impacts which the 250 giant generat­ at stake in that decision. There was also con­ mission to require each entity, public or ing plants may have on scenic and historical cern that the Soviet Union might, if it gained private, to wheel power for other entities areas, fish and wildlife resources, recreation control of the moon, also gain a milltary to the extent of excess capacity in its lines, areas, parks, land uses, and the quality of advantage over the United States in space. and to prescribe the terms and conditions of our water and air. NONE OF US KNOWS such arrangements, including allocation of I agree with many of the new provisions Another reason !or going to the moon 1s transmission capacity, reasonableness of suggested by Senator Kennedy and Congress­ that by so doing man steps over the threshold reserves, amount of excess capacity, and the man Ottinger, and our staffs are now work­ of his confining earth environment out into fair compensation for such use. ing on a b1ll to combine the best features of the vastness of space. The Electric Power Rellab111ty blll deals all three versions. I hope to be able to intro­ Possibly this was best expressed by the with complex problems of the electric pow­ duce that new version in the 91st Congress late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, distinguished. :ftrst er industry. It involves matters of great na­ very soon, and I hope that Senator Kennedy deputy administrator o:f the National Aero­ tional interest concerning the reliab111ty of and Congressman Ottinger will do so also.- nautics and Space Administration and home January 15, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS _ 971 secretary of the National Academy of Sci­ produced on earth because of the effect of omitted from the list of signers of the ences, when he said: gravity. In weightlessness, the mixing and statement. I endorse its contents in full "None of us knows what the final destiny equal distribution of gas bubbles in any liq­ as it appears in the CONGRESSIONAL of man may be-or if there is any end to his uid can be stabilized and moved into any RECORD on page 128 of the January 3, capacity for growth and adaptation. Where­ desired pattern. It is then possible to pro­ ever this venture leads us, we in the United duce a steel foam having the weight of balsa 1969, issue. States are convinced that the power to leave wood but many of the properties of solid Clearly, as set forth in the beginning the earth-to travel where we will in space­ steel. of this statement: and to return at will marks the opening of a Also combined materials like steel and The United States must continue the pur­ brilliant new stage in man's evolution." glass, of drastically different densities and suit of an honorable Arab-Israel peace in her When Columbus crossed the Atlantic, did properties, could be produced. With these highest national interest .... anyone foresee the America of today? When foam materials one could make extremely the Wright brothers flew their fragile plane lightweight armor plates, vests and helmets. at Kitty Hawk, did any one dream of the Already technology is on the verge of mak­ supersonic planes of today? ing space vehicles reusable. Rockets could Men on the moon in '69 may not be the end then be used over and over. BLOCK GRANT APPROACH of manned space exploration, but just the Work is progressing on an economical space ENDORSED beginning. It is not too much to believe that vehicle to shuttle between earth and space man may in time be able to escape even this stations or observatories. The country's first solar system and explore other galaxies. But space shots cost about a third of a million HON. ALBERT H. QUIE he can't reach the stars until he has reached dollars per pound of payload to fly into space. OF MINNESOTA the moon. A space shuttle now being considered could Yet, for skeptics to whose "whys" neither deliver usable payload at a cost of about $5 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES national prestige, military preparedness, nor per pound. Wednesday, January 15, 1969 the call of man's "evolution" is answer When space shuttles are perfected they enough, there are others more concrete. would take off vertically from a small pad at Mr. QUIE. Mr. Speaker, all of us know These are spinoffs or dividends from the an airport and on returning reenter the at­ of instances in which Federal programs space program that are already benefiting mosphere and glide to a horizontal runway­ designed to help this group and that mankind. For example: landing. No watery splashdown, or having group have been accompanied by such An operational communications-satellite ships and planes tied up in recovery. a bewildering morass of rules and reg­ capability, creating an entirely new industry; It is already estimated that the total op­ ulations that local officials have rebelled. An operational weather satellite system erating cost of a space shuttle from New that provides global weather information 24 York to Tokyo would be little more than 10 Sadder still, in trying to make these hours a day; cents per passenger nautical mile-and take programs apply equally and equitably An unprecedented new mix of professional only 46 minutes. across the land, we have seen fiexibility and scientific disciplines encouraging coop­ SPACE A COSTLY VENTURE stified and purpose sometimes evaded. eration between engineers and medical doc­ Is it any wonder, then, that the States tors, chemists and astronomers, oceanogra­ Both the Soviet Union and the United States have found space a costly adventure. have responded favorably to the sug­ phers and geologists; The U.S.S.R. has been devoting 2 percent of gestion for a block grant approach in The invention, adaptation, and develop­ some of these programs? ment of technologies that didn't exist a dec­ its gross national product to this field, the U.S., .075 percent. But the dollar amounts Some of the ways in which Federal­ ade ago. have been roughly the same, with the U.S. aiid programs can go awry due to rigidly OTHER GAINS CHALKED UP GNP twice that of the u .S.S.R. written guidelines and regulations were In addition, of course, there are the gains What the new administration in Washing­ described in an editorial appearing in more directly related to space research. ton will do about space exploration has still the Red Wing, Minn., Republican Eagle A detailed map of the moon, including to be spelled out. American space spending close-up pictures and examination of the has already peaked and is now down to $4 of November 23, 1968, which I insert lunar surface; billion from $5.2 billion last year. into the RECORD at this point: Pictures of the surface of Mars and new This is because money for the Apollo moon CHALLENGE FOR WASHINGTON measurements of great scientific value from project has all been appropriated and almost One of the real tests for the new Nixon space probes of Mars, Venus, the sun; all spent, and no major new space goals have administration will be whether or not it can An immense volume of new information been decided on. Furthermore, the Vietnam find workable ways to give state and local on near-space earth environment, including war and the increasing press of domestic so­ governments federal aid without all the un­ interaction of the magnetic field and ener­ cial needs are putting pressures on space necessary federal interference. getic particles from the sun; discovery of the budgets. We need look no further than the local Van Allen radiation belts, the earth's mag­ If the U.S. stages a manned moon landing Welfare Department or the local school sys­ netosphere, the pear-shape of the earth. in '69, particularly if ahead of the Soviets tem for examples of unwelcome and often This last field, in fact, holds promise of and with Vietnam war costs hopefully down, wasteful federal meddling. terrestrial as well as space-travel benefits. the space program could regain momentum. The school district finds itself up to its Indeed, there are prospects for substantial Mr. Nixon in his campaign talks spoke out elbows in paperwork every time it sets out returns from the billions invested in space. strongly for a space program that would keep on a federal program, and there's the con­ Already on the drawing boards are earth­ the United States leading in space explora­ stant problem of not knowing how much orbital workshops, laboratories, or space sta­ tion. But he still has to spell out his views money is available. Congressional appropria­ tions where men can conduct scientific tech­ and also pick a man to run NASA--aome­ tions always lag far behind the time when nological, and commercial experiments. In thing that could better than anything else school programs must be organized. The proc­ addition to studying the sun, the planets, indicate what direction space activity will ess is doubly confusing because it's a com­ and the stars from outside earth's atmos­ take in the next four years. bination of dealing partly with the state and pheric veil, these laboratories can look earth­ partly with the feds. How much simpler it ward with great benefit: would be if Cong. Quie's block grant concept Meteorological and oceanographic studies could be adopted and the money could go earth-resource-data gathering and evalua­ CONGRESSMAN DULSKI JOINS COL­ directly to the state with no further strings tion, expanded communications and broad­ attached? The state already is in the busi­ casting, space- and air-trafilc control, alerts LEAGUES IN STATEMENT ON MID­ ness of dishing out money to local school for natural catasitrophes. DLE EAST districts. Why not give it the whole job? PRACTICAL USE ENVISIONED The revelations this week by the Welfare Space can also prove attractive and profit­ HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI Department and the furor over food stamps able to many industries, fostering techniques are just more of the same. and facilities impossible on earth. Consider OF NEW YORK While Sen. Mondale is clamoring for 100 the commercial value of weightlessness in IN THE HOUSE OFREPRESENTATIVES per cent.food ~tamp participation in the state (Goodhue and other southeastern counties orbital space flight: Wednesday, January 15, 1969 Material in a liquid state floating in a are non-participants), local welfare officials weightless environment takes the shape of Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, on the a.re saying they doubt the money is available a perfect sphere. It is conceivable, then, that in the first place. But a.side from that ques­ opening day of the 9lst Congress, the tion, a strong argument can be made against metal ball bearings could be manufactured gentleman from New York China, according to Wang. pulp and paper industry, the Governor There is little contact between the Chinese It wlll be by far the biggest project ever granted a private hearing to that industry, and local Zambians. Visitors are not welcome. undertaken by the Chinese in Africa. They revised the standards until they were un­ A barbed wire security fence makes this clear. offer to build and finance the project. acceptable to the Department of Interior, So do the Chinese guards. The exact financing arrangements have and transferred the Chief Engineer to not been determined. For instance, there another job. If Mr. Parker is correct, the Red Chi­ does not seem to have been any discussion In virtually every instance of conflict be­ nese cultural advancements in Africa are on how the interest-free loan offered by Chi­ tween resource conservation and industrial so welcome they must be guarded-or na is to be paid. development, Governor Hickel has sided with could it be the security is to keep the But it would be wrong to look at the proj­ the developers. When the Interior Depart­ Chinese laborers from defecting? ect in the same way as a Western deal. The ment insisted that the state establish a water Mr. Speaker, I insert two newsclip­ Chin~e have offered to build the railway quality council, the Governor appointed ex­ pings from the Sunday Washington Star with a "labor intensive" method, which pre­ tractive commercial interests to sit on the sumably means that many lowly paid Chi­ committee. The Statehood Act provided for for December 15, 1968, and a Washington nese laborers will be imported, together with a unique joint federal-state planning effort Post report of January 14, 1969, as fol­ Chinese materials. 1n our largest and perhaps resource-richest lows: LITTLE CASH NEEDED state. The federal government set up the [From the Washington (D.C.) Sunday Star, Thus, it could be possible to pursue the machinery for this planning effort, but Gov­ Dec. 15, 1968] project without much actual cash being in­ ernor Hickel appointed a Northern Develop­ AFRICA: CHINESE BUILD RAILROAD volved. ment commission consisting only of "com­ (By Chris Parker) But it is not certain that the "labor in­ mercial" interests. LusAKA.-After bumping along the hot and teru;lve" method will find favor with Presi­ Governor Hickel enjoys an alarming repu­ rutted "Hell Run," Zambian motorists were dent Kenneth Kaunda and President Julius tation for being "close" to the oil industry. once able to stop in the Mkushi River Hotel Nyerere. They may favor two or three thou­ Whether this reputation is deserved is some­ to wash the red dust from their sweating sand Chinese coming to Zambia and Tan­ thing that must be determined. The super­ faces and sip cool beer. zania, but if the figure multiplies into the fi.clal evidence includes his past chairmanship Now this tin-roofed rendezvous, next to a tens of thousands, this could be different. of a natural gas company, his appointment waterfall on a remote stretch of unsurfaced The project ls of major importance for of an oil company executive as commissioner road between Zambia and Tanzania, no Zambia. The country is landlocked and de­ of natural resources, the high favor he enjoys longer welcomes casual travelers. pendent on an export-import economy, with 1n the oil industry journals, and his con­ And if you listen at sunset to drumming communications through neighboring coun­ struction of a wider road to the Arctic oil from nearby African vlllages, it probably wlll tries being vital. fields without authorization of the legisla­ be broken by an abrupt announcement: It mean~ an annual export of about 700,- ture, his announced opposition to establish­ "Chung yang jen ming Po Tien Ta"-"Thls 000 tons of precious copper, backbone of ment of a free trade zone in New England is Radio Peking." Zambia's economy, and the import of 2 mil­ that would import foreign crude oil for Now the old hotel is one of the base camps lion tons of various general goods, necessary reflnlng, and his strong advocacy of a $50 for the survey of the 1,000-mlle railway the for sustaining the economy and keeping million highway to the Kenai oil fields. Chinese have offered to build to link Zam­ Zambia in food. Governor Hickel 's record in Alaska reveals bia's copper belt to the Tanzanian coast at Out of eight countries that surround Zam­ a penchant for controversy and industrial Dar es Salaam. bia, only three, Tanzania, the Congo-Kin­ favoritism in virtually every area adminis­ About 1,000 Chinese are in Zambia and shasa and Botswana, can be regarded a.a tered by the Department of the Interior: Tanzania to carry out a detailed engineering friendly. And even the Congo presents secu­ water pollution, parks and wilderness, wild­ survey as well as to design the railway­ rity problems for Zambia. life refuges, Indian affairs, oil and minerals, lts embankments, cuttings, bridges and At present, Zambia depends largely on im­ planning and the federal-state-native claims sidings. port and export transport through white­ to Alaskan land. About 340 of them are working in Zambla ruled Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola, 974 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - S_ENATE January 16, 1969 while Kaunda describes his landlocked coun­ . One example is the way in which the Chin­ ing of its staff. The others have returned try as being "almost in a state of war" ese have helped to build the $6 million home, having completed their duties. against them because of their racist policies. Friendship Textile Mill at Ubungo on the POLICY PUZZLES The Zamtan railway, as the project is outskirts of Dar es Salaam. Five years after independence, Tanzania's called, would help open up millions of acres TWO-YEAR JOB of undeveloped wasteland, particularly in unchanging policy of nonalignment still con­ Tanzania, where rich coal and iron deposits Financed by an interest-free Chinese loan­ tinues to puzzle many nations. could be exploited if transport was available part of a $38.4 million aid commitment to President Nyerere knew his policy of non­ to take these products out. Tanzania announced during President Ju­ alignment would be a hard one and, in­ lius Nyerere's visit to Peking in 1966-the deed, it has already called for a number of [From the Washington (D.C.) Sunday Star, mill has ta.ken just two years to complete. sacrifices-the most notable being the loss Dec. 15, 1968] It was opened by the president in July­ of aid following disputes with West Germany on the eve of Saba-Saba, the 14th anniver­ and Britain over questions of princi}!le. CHINESE WORKING ON AFRICAN IMAGE sary of the founding of the ruling Tangan­ Nyerere spoke of his principles and policies (By Brendon Grimshaw) yika African National Union (TANU) party. in a recent interview at the State House. DAR ES SALAAM.-Most visitors to Tanzania The mill occupies an area of 48 acres, and He said Tanzania insists on the right of these days expect to find Chinese behind consumes 3,000 tons of water daily-pro­ selecting her own friends and of being friend­ every palm tree, but they do not. vided by an American-financed pipeline­ ly with all nations whatever their political Indeed, they often express surprise at not and employs 2,400 workers. learnings may be. seeing one Chinese during a day-long tour When the plan is fully operational, 600 It also insists that there should be no of this capital city. more will be employed. The annual output strings to any aid which she receives. The situation could change with the in­ will be 24 million square yards--turning raw All these policies Tanzania believes to be creasing influx of engineers and other experts cotton (grown in Tanzania) into plain and a logical continuation of freedom stemming for the Tanzania Zambia railway project. printed cloth in 35 different colors. from the original thinking which guided the But up to the present the Chinese have been The pilot runs already have produced hun­ nation's emergence as an independent state. conspicuous only by their absence. dreds of bales of high-quality cloth which And just as it can choose its own friends, One of the reasons for this is that the will "le sold locally at prices 25 to 30 percent it can accept help from those friends whether Chinese are hard at work on the projects less than those for similar imported mate­ they be British, American, German or which they have been brought to assist. rials. Chinese. They are in the fields giving advice to Tan­ Coupled with three other new textile proj­ zania at the State Farm at Ruvu, assist­ ing with the construction of the extensions to ects, the Friendship Mill will help to satisfy [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Jan. 14, the police training college at Moshi, and 80 percent of Tanzanian cloth requirements 1969] treating patients at clinics throughout the by next year-and save some $19.2 million Twelve Jehova's Witnesses have been killed country. a year in foreign exchange. in clashes with Zambia's ruling United Na­ They are earning a reputation for working The Chinese gradually will be phased out tional Independence Party in the remote With the people at the grass-roots level. And of the mill as Tanzanians become proficient. Lake Bangweulu area, the government­ from the public relations point of view, they There are only 50 remaining of the 150 who controlled press reported. The dispatches cannot be faulted. helped to supervise the project and the train- could not be confirmed independently.

SENATE-Thursday, January 16, 1969