Samspillet Mellem Rensdyr, Vegetation Og Menneskelige Aktiviteter I Vestgrønland

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Samspillet Mellem Rensdyr, Vegetation Og Menneskelige Aktiviteter I Vestgrønland Samspillet mellem rensdyr, vegetation og menneskelige aktiviteter i Vestgrønland Teknisk rapport nr. 49, 2004 Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut 1 Titel: Samspillet mellem rensdyr, vegetation og menneskelige aktiviteter i Grønland Forfattere: Peter J. Aastrup & Mikkel P. Tamstorf, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Christine Cuyler, Pipaluk Møller-Lund, Kristjana G. Motzfeldt, Christian Bay & John D.C. Linnell, Grønlands Naturinstitut Serie: Teknisk rapport nr. 49, 2004 Udgiver: Grønlands Naturinstitut Finansiel støtte: Nærværende rapport er finansieret af Miljøstyrelsen via programmet for Miljøstøtte til Arktis. Rapportens resultater og konklusioner er forfatteren(nes) egne og afspejler ikke nødvendigvis Miljøstyrelsens holdninger. Forsidefoto: Peter J. Aastrup ISBN: 87-91214-04-1 ISSN: 1397-3657 Layout: Kirsten Rydahl Reference: Aastrup, P. (ed.) 2004. Samspillet mellem rensdyr, vegetation og menneskelige aktiviteter i Grønland. Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, teknisk rapport nr. 49. 321 s. Rekvireres hos: Er udelukkende tilgængelig i elektronisk format på Grønlands Naturinstituts hjemmeside http://www.natur.gl. 2 Samspillet mellem rensdyr, vegetation og menneskelige aktiviteter i Vestgrønland Teknisk rapport nr. 49, 2004 Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut 3 4 ResumeResumeResume Projektets hovedmål er at forbedre grundla- kær, græsland, sneleje, lavholdig dværgbusk- get for forståelse af forholdet mellem rens- hede, dværgbuskhede, steppe og afblæs- dyrene, deres fødegrundlag og de levevilkår, ningsflade/fjeldmark. Kortene er anvende- der findes forskellige steder på Grønlands lige for studier af den relative fordeling af vestkyst. En sådan viden vil forbedre grund- vegetation i forskellige områder. Usikkerhe- laget for bl. a. Grønlands Naturinstituts råd- den på vegetationstypernes geografiske pla- givning til Hjemmestyret og for DMU’s råd- cering er imidlertid så stor, at kortene skal givning til Råstofdirektoratet. Projektets fire anvendes med forsigtighed. Kortlægningen delmål er: 1) at dokumentere sneafsmeltnin- af vegetationen har vist nogle væsentlige for- gens forløb samt vegetationens frodighed skelle mellem områderne ved Kangerlussuaq, over en længere årrække, 2) at forbedre kend- Nuuk og Sydgrønland. I Kangerlussuaq er skabet til fourageringsmulighederne og vege- det karakteristisk at: 1) dværgbuskhede ud- tationens beskaffenhed i forskellige dele af gør en meget stor del af det samlede areal, Grønland ved udarbejdelse af vegetations- 2) lavholdig dværgbuskhede findes næsten kort, 3) at kortlægge rensdyrenes vandringer ikke og 3) fjeldmark udgør en mindre del af i områderne ved Nuuk og Kangerlussuaq området end i Nuuk og Sydgrønland. Ved samt 4) at undersøge rensdyrenes adfærd i NuukNuukNuuk er det karakteristisk, at: 1) forekom- forbindelse med forstyrrelser ved menneske- sten af lavholdig hede er væsentlig højere lige aktiviteter. end i de to andre områder og 2) at krat kun udgør en lille del af området. I Sydgrøn-Sydgrøn-Sydgrøn- Der er tilvejebragt satellitbilleder (NOAA landlandland er det karakteristisk at: 1) græshede er AVHRR) til beskrivelse af sneforhold og fro- langt mere udbredt end på de andre lokali- dighed (NDVI) for perioden 1979-1999. Bil- teter, 2) at lavholdig dværgbuskhede har en lederne kan anvendes til at vurdere sneaf- meget ringe udbredelse og 3) at steppe ikke smeltning, etablering af første snedække samt findes. frodighed og er inkluderet på den medfølgen- de CD-rom. Der er udviklet metoder til ana- Analyse af de satellitmærkede rensdyrs po- lyse af disse forhold, som er testet på mindre sitioner i forhold til de forekommende vege- områder nær Kangerlussuaq og ved Nuuk. tationstyper har vist at dyrene tilbringer 50% Baseret på beregninger af middelårene for af tiden i afgrænsede kerneområder som ud- disse to områder ses, at sneafsmeltningen er gør mellem 8 og 25% af dyrenes forekomst- tidligst i Kangerlussuaq og at frodigheden område. Det blev endvidere fundet, at rens- har toppunkt ca. 3-4 uger senere i Nuuk end dyrene i Kangerlussuaq-området i brunstti- i Kangerlussuaq. Det vil med det udviklede den primært anvender dværgbuskhede og værktøj være muligt at beskrive vækstsæson kær, i kælvningstiden og umiddelbart efter og frodighed for specifikke områder med anvendes hovedsageligt fjeldmark, mens stor nøjagtighed. græsland anvendes mest om sommeren. I den nordlige del af Nuuk-området anvendes Vegetationen i områderne ved Kangerlus- fjeldmark og steppe i kælvningstiden, mens suaq, ved Nuuk og i Sydgrønland er blevet dyrene resten af året fortrinsvis færdes i den kortlagt ved hjælp af Landsat TM satellitbil- lavholdige dværgbuskhede. leder, og de forekommende vegetationstyper er blevet grundigt beskrevet på baggrund af Rensdyrsimlers vandringer er undersøgt ved detaljerede botaniske analyser (Itex-meto- hjælp af Argos satellitsendere i Kangerlus- den). De kortlagte vegetationstyper er: Krat, suaq-området (7 sendere) og i Nuuk-områ- 5 det (8 sendere). Ingen vandringer var over kalve var mere årvågne end flokke udeluk- længere afstande end 100 km. De mærkede kende med voksne dyr. Hyppigheden af nys- rensdyr i Kangerlussuaq-området fulgte beg- gerrig adfærd og opdagelsesafstandene indi- ge år det samme mønster med ophold nær kerede at rensdyr ved Nuuk var mindre år- indlandsisen i sommerhalvåret og ophold vågne end rensdyr ved Kangerlussuaq efter længere mod vest i vinterhalvåret. I Nuuk- jagttiden, mens der ikke var forskelle i kælv- området var vandringsmønstret mere kom- ningstiden og om sommeren. Rensdyr ved pliceret, idet en del af dyrene foretog van- Nuuk var mest årvågne i kælvningstiden, dringer mellem kystområdet, hvor de op- mens rensdyr ved Kangerlussuaq var mest holdt sig om vinteren, og området nær ind- årvågne efter jagttiden. Det konkluderes, at landsisen, hvor de opholdt sig om somme- flugt- og frygtreaktioner hos grønlandske ren. Andre dyr var stationære i kystområdet. rensdyr er sammenlignelige med andre rens- Dyrene foretog ikke koordinerede, samtidige dyrbestande, og at rensdyr i kælvningstiden vandringer, men var alligevel trofaste over- bør beskyttes mod forstyrrelser i lighed med for bestemte områder. Endelig var dyrene andre steder i verden. langt mere mobile i Nuuk-området end i Kangerlussuaq-området. Der var ingen van- Projektet har givet ny information, som un- dringer mellem de to områder. derstøtter at rensdyr i Vestgrønland bør be- tragtes som adskilte bestande, som lever un- Undersøgelserne af rensdyrs reaktioner på der meget forskellige vilkår. Dette er viden menneskelige forstyrrelser blev undersøgt i som allerede nu er brugbar for forvaltningen Kangerlussuaq og i Nuuk-området i kælv- af Grønlands rensdyr. Der er imidlertid et ningstiden, om sommeren og efter jagten. meget stort behov for undersøgelser af for- Dyrenes frygt- og flugtafstande blev målt ved holdet mellem dyrenes kondition og de for- hjælp af en afstandsmåler. Undersøgelserne skelle i vegetationsforhold, vandringsmønstre viste, at opdagelsesafstand, frygtafstand, og adfærd, som de foreliggende undersøgel- flugtafstand og flugtlængde var længere hos ser har afsløret. flokke end hos enlige rensdyr. Flokke med 6 Indholdsfortegnelse 1.1.1. Indledning............................... 111111 2.6.3. Vegetationskort 1.1. Rapportens opbygning og Sydgrønland ................. 47 indhold ...................................... 11 2.6.4. Sammenligning af 1.2. Baggrund................................... 12 metoder for vurdering 1.3. Valg af områder ....................... 13 af dækningsgrad ......... 48 2.6.5. Græsning ....................... 49 2.2.2. VVVegetationsbeskrivelse ........................ 151515 2.7. Diskussion ................................. 53 2.1. Indledning ................................. 17 2.7.1. Græsningstilstand ....... 54 2.2. Tidligere botaniske undersøg- 2.7.2. Vegetationens føde- elser og –kortlægning .............. 17 mæssige betydning...... 56 2.3. Beskrivelser af de undersøgte 2.8. Konklusion ................................ 57 lokaliteter................................... 19 2.9. Literaturliste ............................. 59 2.3.1. Valg af feltlokaliteter .. 19 2.4. Metoder og materialer ............ 21 3.3.3. Satellitbaseret vegetations- 2.4.1. Placering af analyse- kortlægning i Vestgrønland ... 616161 felter ............................... 21 3.1. Resumé ...................................... 63 2.4.2. Materiale til vegeta- 3.2. Introduktion ............................. 63 tionsanalyse .................. 23 3.2.1. Rapportens opbygning . 63 2.4.3. Rekognoscering ........... 23 3.3. Områder, klima og 2.4.4. Vegetationsanalyser vegetation .................................. 66 efter Itex-metoden ....... 23 3.3.1. Områdernes geografi- 2.4.5. Beregning af arternes ske udstrækning .......... 66 dækningsgrad og navn- 3.3.2. Klima og klima- givning af vegetations- gradienter ...................... 67 typer ............................... 24 3.3.3. Arktisk vegetation og 2.4.6. Vurdering af græs- dens tilpasning til ningstryk ....................... 25 klimaet ........................... 75 2.5. Resultater .................................. 25 3.4. Vegetationskortlægning .......... 77 2.5.1. Analyserede vegeta- 3.4.1. Databearbejdning ....... 77 tionstyper ...................... 25 3.5. Datagrundlag ........................... 80 2.5.2. Beskrivelser af vege- 3.5.1. Satellitdata .................... 80 tation på alle lokalite- 3.5.2. Atmosfæreprofiler ....... 81 ter - baseret på rekog- 3.5.3. Kortdata og digital nosceringer ................... 27 højdemodel
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