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A Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut, Central West Greenland, 2004 Eisbn 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser Om Grønland, Vol

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A Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut, Central West Greenland, 2004 Eisbn 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser Om Grønland, Vol Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] Published in cooperation with Sisimiut Museum and SILA, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. SISIMIUT KATERSUGAASIVIAT SISIMIUT MUSEUM Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen & Tinna Møbjerg: Nipisat - a Saqqaq culture site in Sisimiut, central West Greenland, 2004 eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062), http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=201396 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] Nipisat – a Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut, Central West Greenland Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen and Tinna Møbjerg – with a contribution by Kaj Strand Petersen and Ella Hoch Meddelelser om Grønland · Man & Society 31 Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen & Tinna Møbjerg: Nipisat - a Saqqaq culture site in Sisimiut, central West Greenland, 2004 eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062), http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=201396 Gotfredsen, A.B. and Møbjerg, T. Nipisat - a Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut, Central West Greenland. Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062) © 2004 by SILA and Danish Polar Center (ISBN 87-90369-73-4) MuseumISBN 978-87-635-1264-0 Tusculanum Press (Museum - University Tusculanum of Copenhagen Press) :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5 (Museum Tusculanum Press: unchanged PDF-version of print edition) Publishing editor Kirsten Caning Printed by Special-Trykkeriet Viborg a-s No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright owners. Front cover: A Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut as imagined by Jørgen Mührmann-Lund. Back cover: A Saqqaq family by their hearth and midden. Drawing Jørgen Mührmann-Lund. About the series Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, (ISSN 0025 6676) has published scientific results from all fields of research in Greenland since 1878. The series numbers 345 volumes comprising 1253 titles. Publisher since 2008 is Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. In 1979 Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland was developed into a tripartite series consisting of Bioscience (ISSN 0106-1054), Man & Society (ISSN 0106-1062), and Geoscience (ISSN 0106-1046). Hence Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland was renumbered in 1979 ending with volume no. 206 and continued with volume no. 1 for each subseries. As of 2008 the original Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland numbering will be continued in addition to the subseries numbering. Scientific Editor (Man & Society): Dr. Hans Christian Gulløv, The National Museum of Denmark, Ny Vestergade 10, DK-1471 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone (+ 45) 3347 3220, fax (+ 45) 3347 3330, [email protected] Scientific editor (Bioscience) Dr. Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Tel. +45 353 21118, fax +45 353 21010, [email protected] Scientific editor (Geoscience) Dr. Svend Funder, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Geological Museum, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark, Tel. +45 353 22363, fax +45 353 22325, [email protected] Publisher Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen 126 Njalsgade, DK-2300 Copenhagen Tel. +45 353 29109, Fax. + 45 353 29113 [email protected] :: [email protected] www.mtp.dk Distribution In North America and Europe Monographs on Greenland - Meddelelser om Grønland is being distributed by Museum Tusculanum Press' distributors in those regions: ISBS, Gazelle, and Édition Picard. Distributor contact details. Subscribe to news about the series through Museum Tusculanum Press newsletter: www.mtp.dk/newsletter List of MoG publications from 1979- List of MoG publications from 1878-1979 Guide to Authors www.mtp.dk/MoG Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen & Tinna Møbjerg: Nipisat - a Saqqaq culture site in Sisimiut, central West Greenland, 2004 eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062), http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=201396 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] Chapter 1 Contents Abstract 7 Chapter 5 The faunal assemblage 91 Acknowledgements 9 by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen Sampling methods 91 Chapter 1 Preservation of the bones 91 Cultural background 11 Articulation of the bone elements 92 by Tinna Møbjerg The bone analysis 92 History of the Sisimiut District 12 Quantification 93 Archaeological surveys 14 Seasonal indicators 94 Chronology of the Sisimiut District 15 Characteristics of the faunal assemblage 95 Chapter 2 Chapter 6 Natural characteristics of the Sisimiut District 16 Fish 96 by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen Geography 16 Factors affecting the species composition 96 Climate 16 Cod 96 Vegetation 18 Other fish species 101 Fauna 18 The importance of fishing at Nipisat 101 Sea mammals 18 Sea birds 20 Chapter 7 The interior 21 Birds 102 Nipisat upon the arrival of humans 23 by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen Hunting in coastal waters 102 Chapter 3 Fulmars and shearwaters 102 The Nipisat site 24 Great cormorant 104 by Tinna Møbjerg Eiders 112 The excavation 24 Sandpipers and snipes 116 Stratigraphy and 14C dates 27 Arctic skua 116 Comments on the stratigraphy and dating 34 Gulls 116 Dwelling features 37 Auks 119 Hunting in terrestrial and fresh water habitats 125 Chapter 4 Divers 125 Description of the tool inventory 43 Geese 126 by Tinna Møbjerg Ducks 131 Unclassifiable tools 44 Swans 132 Hand tools 54 Rock ptarmigan 136 Tools for hunting and fishing 69 Common raven 136 Household utensils 83 Owls 138 Comments on formation processes, activity areas and tool Gyrfalcon 138 inventory 87 Food preparation, consumption and storage of birds 138 Change in the bird composition over time 139 Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen & Tinna Møbjerg: Nipisat - a Saqqaq culture site in Sisimiut, central West Greenland, 2004 5 eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062), http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=201396 CONTENTS Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] Chapter 8 Chapter 10 Mammals 142 Discussion and conclusions 207 by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen by Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen and Tinna Møbjerg Marine mammals 142 Climatic and cultural sequences 207 Polar bear 142 Interaction between humans and the environment 207 Walrus 143 Exploitation of non-living resources 208 Seals 149 Technology 209 Whales 160 Settlement patterning 210 Terrestial mammals 164 Social organisation 213 Arctic hare 164 Concluding remarks 214 Dog 165 Arctic fox 168 Appendix 1 Caribou 168 Description and position of cut marks on bird Temporal trends in the mammalian fauna 188 bones and their interpretation 215 Eiders 215 Chapter 9 Gulls 215 Cultural position of the Nipisat site 192 Geese 216 by Tinna Møbjerg Nipisat and other sites in the Sisimiut area 192 Appendix 2 14C-dating the phases of the Saqqaq Culture 192 Holocene marine fauna and shoreline studies in Beach ridge chronology 194 the Sisimiut Area 218 Choice of lithic raw material 195 by Kaj Strand Petersen and Ella Hoch Typology – presence and absence of types 197 The molluscan assemblages – recent and subfossil 218 Dwelling structures 199 The subfossil molluscan assemblages 226 Concluding remarks on the cultural history The relative sea-level curve from the Sisimiut area 227 of the Sisimiut area 200 Comments on the records of boreal molluscs in Nipisat compared to sites in other regions of Greenland 229 Greenland 201 Nipisat’s relation to sites in Canada and Alaska 205 References 231 Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen & Tinna Møbjerg: 6 Nipisat - a Saqqaq culture site in Sisimiut, central West Greenland, 2004 eISBN 978-87-635-2626-5, Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 331 (ISSN 0025-6676) Man and Society, vol. 31 (ISSN 0106-1062), http://www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=201396 Museum Tusculanum Press - University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] Abstract Gotfredsen, A.B. and Møbjerg, T. 2004. Nipisat – a Saqqaq Culture Site in Sisimiut, Central West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Man and Society 31. Copenhagen, Danish Polar Center. 243 pp. From 1989 to 1994, more than 200 m2 were excavated at the Saqqaq site of Nipisat, situ- ated on a small island 15 km south of Sisimiut. The excellent preservation conditions for organic material, and the fact that some of the stone artefacts were not previously known from the Saqqaq Culture, were the main reasons for the excavation. More than 70,000 bone fragments, 20,000 flakes and 1,000 artefacts were recovered. A total of 33 dates, making this site one of the best dated in the entire Arctic, reveal that Nipisat was occupied continuously for nearly 1,500 years. Although protruding bedrock disturbed the stratigraphy and several lenses of crushed shells interrupted the layers, three different chronological phases could be identified. Phase 1 is dated by eight 14C dates ranging from 2020 to 1740 BC (cal). Phase 2 partly overlaps, but is mainly younger than phase 1 and dated by five 14C dates to 1860-1325 BC (cal). Phase 3 is dated by 16 14C dates to 1310-810 BC (cal). One date was very young (520 BC (cal)) and prob- lematic because of extreme oscillations of the 14C curve. From phase 1 there is a mid-pas- sage structure with a box-hearth. A ring of flagstones surrounds the structure. From phase 2 there is a well-defined box-hearth. There was no clear outline of a tent ring sur- rounding the hearth, which could be due to later disturbances in phase 3.
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