NOTES AND STUDIES lIS
NOTES ON THE SUCCESSION OF THE BISHOPS OF ST. ANDREWS FROM A.D. 1093 TO A.D. 1571 1. lI. GAMELINE, chancellor of the king and papal €haplain (Feb. 13, 12S4-T. no. 161), was postulated on the first Sunday in Lent, 1254 (Se. vi 43), which works oat as Feb. 14, 1254-5. M. (s. a. 1254) says he was elected by the prior and convent of St. Andrews, presumably referring to the Keledei being refused a voice in the election. Gameline is confirmed by Pope Alexander IV on July I, 1255; and the letter of confirmation (T. no. 176) explains why the word 'postu lated ' was used by Se. He suffered from defect of birth, being ex so/ut. gmihls el so/ula. The letter recites that on the death of Abel, the prior and chapter convened, and proceeded per fJiam eomjnJmissi, appointing nine of their number to make choice of a bishop either by election or postulation. The choice fell on Gameline, papal chaplain and chancellor of Alexander, king of Scotland Four persons, Robert de Prebenda, dean of Dunblane, Simon of Kynros~ clerk, and brothers Helyas and A1an, canons of St. Andrews, were sent by the prior and chapter to the Pope with the postulation. The Pope dispenses for defect of birth, and confirms. A letter of the same date (T. no. 176 atl jinnn) was addressed by the Pope to the bishop of Glasgow com manding him, in the usual terms, to associate with him two other bishops, chosen by the bishop elect, and to confer on Gameline the gift of consecration. He is still 'elect' on Sept. 20, 1255 (Bain's Calmtlar, i no. 2013), at which date he had been removed from the council of the king for offences against the king of England. The consecration by WilIiam, bishop of Glasgow, was on secunt/o d," nala/is Domini, quo dominua luzOe6alur, 1255 (Se. vi 43). Dec. 26, did fan on Sunday in 1255. The delay between the papal confirmation and the consecration may be accounted for by opposition on the part of the king and the members of his council. Gameline's banish ment in the following year is attributed by M. (s. a. 1256) partly to his opposing the designs of the king's councillors, and partly because he refused to give them money, Ijflasi pro emptione sui epistojahls'. Gameline died on the morrow of St. Vitalis, Martyr (which feast is celebrated on April :as), 1271, at Inchmurdauch, and was buried in the
1 The writer will be grateflal Cor corrections or additions to these notes. • On July 31, 1255, Pope Alesander IV gives leave to Master Gameline, bishop eJect oC SL Andrewa, to retain Cor two years &om his consecration the bene8c:es which he bad before his postulation. This is granted beeause oC the debts on his cban:h and the repairs wbic:b it and other baildinp needed (T. no. 178). 12
Digitized by Google J 16 THE JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
• new churcb,' dole to the great altar (Se. vi 43). Wyntoun concnn as to the yeat of Gameline's death (ji 258) I. WILLLUI WISCIIARD (Wtseard, WISbart, Wisbard). He was at the time elect of Glasgow, and was postulated June 30 1271, little more than one month after the death of his predecessor'. The KeJedei were excluded from the election (Se. vi 43). It is not till March IS, 1273, that we find the Pope, Gregory X. remitting to the bishops of Moray, Aberdeen, and Argyle to inquire into the character of the elect. The papal letter states that the Pope was satisfied as to the canonical character of the election (which bad been pe, viam &omjWomissl1 of 'William, our chaplain, archdeacon of the same church (St. Andrews),' but was not satisfied as to the qualifi cations of the elect. If the forenamed bishops were satisfied as to the qualifications of the elect, they were to consecrate him, after receiving the oath of fidelity to Rome (T. no. 256). This letter makes no allusion to William as being elect of Glasgow. Probably Se. is incorrect in using the word postulated instead of elected, for the former word would not bave been appropriate in the case of one who bad not been actually consecrated already, unless he suffered from some other canoni· cal impediment, which is not alleged in this case. The consecration of William took place at Scone, on Oct. IS, 1273 (F. vi 43). This works out, as one might expect, as Sunday. William Wiachard died on May 28,1279, at Merbotill (in the deanery of Teviotdale), and was buried on June 2, in the 'new church' at St. Andrews, before the altar: Se. (vi 43), which points out that the day of his burial was the anniversary of his election; but, as we have lleen, this Ja in error. Lanercost (103) agrees as to the year of his death.
1 Lanercoat (84) la wrong in placing his death in 1268, for he confirms a charter April 14, Jl71 (North Berwick, 23). Two eharten (Kal. Aug. 12411, and iv Non. Sept. 1248) make mention of Gamaliel (w) bishop or St. Andrews (R. P. S. A. I U, 174)' The dates (if genuine) are fatal to Identlrylnr GamaUel and Gameline. But one cannot bnt suspect that the charten (If not whoUy forpries) belong to the time or Gameline, and were subsequently fumllhed with dates by some ignorant scribe who wrongly expanded a contracted form or the name Gamellne. I Sc. (vi 43) says the postulation was on June 2 (iv. Non. Iunii); but we are 110 fortunate as to poIIeSl the draf\ of the letter of the chapter annonncing the election and prayinr for the Pope's confirmation (RoM. 338). There it is said that the ....nt of the kin, having been, • iusta regni conslletudinem,' lIOugbt and obtained, thoJ appointed the __ of SS. "arcellinus and Peter (which feast is on June J) 1171, beina WednC!lday, for the election. Now, the Sunday Letter for 1270-1 ~inr D, June J fell on Tuesday, which fits in correetIy with the statement of the letter or the chapter. The ~ __ri; were seftJl in n_her, six of the canons ~ineludlq John, the prior) alld the archdeacon of Lothian. Having goae aput tbQ were uoanimous in choosiQr 'W. the archdeacon or our chun:h.'
Digitized by Google NOTES AND STUDIES II7 WILLIAM FRASER, chancellor of the kingdom, dean of Glasgow. On the day of SL Nicholas (Dec. 6) 1279, WiUiam Fraser, dean of Glasgow (he does not style himself elect of St. Andrews), obliges him self for a debt of 2001b. sterling incurred by the chapter of Glasgow • pro arduis nostris negociis· in Curia Romana promovendis.' His brothers, Sir Symon Fraser, knight, and Andrew Fraser, are his 'fide jussores' (R.G. i. 193-5). We cannot but conjecture that this money was for expediting his bulls. Elected August 4, 1279 (Se. vi 44). The letter of confirmation from Pope Nicbolas Ill, dated May 21, 1280, relates that the election was per viam compromissi. The 'compromissarii' were the prior, the sub prior (the text reads probably in error C superiori '), six canons, and the archdeacon of SL Andrews, all named. They unanimously chose WiUiam, then dean of Glasgow. Proctors were sent to Rome, and, according to custom, the decree of the election was examined by three cardinals. The election was confirmed by the Pope (T. no. 276). According to Se. (vi 4) Fraser was consecrated at the Roman court by Pope Nicholas on May 19, 1280. The letter of confirmation already referred to, dated May 21, contains the expression C tibique !DUnus consecrationis nostris manilms duximus impendendum.' This is worth noticing; for sometimes the expression that a consecration was by the Pope means no more than that it was by his command or commission I. Fraser died Aug. 20, 1297, at Artuyl (in France), and was buried at Paris in the church of the Preaching Friars (Se. vi 44). His heart was brought to Scotland, and by his successor, Lamberton, was deposited in the wall of the church of St. Andrews near the tomb of bishop Gameline (ibid.) '. WILLIAM DE LAMBERTON (Lambirton, Lambyrton), then chancellor of Glasgow. Elected Nov. 5, 1297, C exclusis penitus Keldeis tunc, sicut et in duabus electionibus praecedentibus' (Se. vi 44). The election was per mam comjro11l;ssi, the C compromissarii' being the prior, the sub prior, the archdeacon, and four others, being. canons, all named. The
J He bad served as envoy to England July 10, 1277; and again Feb. 20, 1278; and agaiD April 10, 1279 (B.C. ii pp. '3, ,.., 48). Oct. 3, u89, he and others were accredited to treat with the ambassadors of the king of Norway (iWJ. ii !}6). At the end of 1290 the seven earls of Scotland and the community of the realm complain of W. bishop of St. Andrews and John Comyn as guardians (;bitJ. ii 109). He had • brother Simon (;bitJ. ii 103). • On JIarch '3, 1277, Master William Fraser, dean of Glasgow, chancellor or Alexander, king of Scotland, receives from Nicholas III a dispensation to hold one benefice with cure of souls iu addidon to the deanery and the church of Ar. (Arr)' C.P.R. i 454.
Digitized by Google I la THE JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES votes were given unanimously for Lamberton, chancellor of the church of Glasgow, who consented within the lawful time, and went to the Apostolic See, with three canons as proctors of the chapter. The election was confirmed by the Pope (Boniface VIII), who caused Lamberton to be consecrated by M[atthew J, cardinal bishop of Porto 1. The consecration would probably be shortly before the letter of the Pope dated Rome, at St. Peter's, June 17, 1298 (T. no. 362). There is no reason for questioning the accuracy of Sc. (vi 44), who gives June I, 1298, as the date of the consecration t. He is found returning from Flanders July 8, 1299 (B.C. ii 271), and was chosen to be one of the guardians of the realm, Aug. 12, 1299 (ibid. ii 525). Lamberton died (date not given) in the prior's chamber of the monastery of St. Andrews, and was buried in the great church, on the north Gf the great altar, June 7, 1328 (Sc. vi 44). The place of his grave is more particularly described by W. (viii 23). Dr. J. Maitland Thomson, Curator of the Historical Department of H.M. General Register House, Scotland, has called my attention to ExcN'luer RoUs, i 109, from which one would be led to believe that Lamberton died two days before Whit-Sunday, 1328. Whit-Sunday in that year fell on May 22. The interval between May 20 and June 7 (the day of his burial) seems long'.
I See Ciaconius (ii a65). This was Matthew de Aquasparta. He died J30'. According to a representation made by Edward 1 to the Pope, Lamberton's election was made • par force et par destresce,' to which the chapter was subjected by William Wallace and his adherents. The king also states that' Mestre WiJliam Comyn frere au Conte de Boghan [Buchan)' was elected (Palgrave's DocMmnIIs .Nd RIfOrrJs, 33a, 339). Comyn, it is true, objected to the validity of Lamberton's election, but, 10 far as appears, only on the ground that he, as provost of the church of St. Mary (in St. Andrews), ought to have been admitted to the celebra· tlon of the election, and was in fact excluded. (See the letter of BoniCace VIll, May 7, 1298, to Comyn, printed in Stevenson's Docummts ,71ustratiw 0/ tM Hi#J" 0/ ScotkJ"., ii 289.) • Like Robert Wyschart, bishop of Glasgow, he on several occasions swore fealty to Edward I, and as frequently broke his oath. He was a pri soner (in chains, by order of Edward I, Aug. 7, 1306) at the castle of Winchester (Ryrner). He apln took the oath of fealty to Edward, August n, 1308 (iIJUI.). ID PaIgran's DtKNrHnfIs .". R«onU, i pp. 322-40, the English view of his conduct is set forth at I nth. He was freed from Winchester castle to go to Rome JUDe I, 1308 (H.C. ill as)· I 11 All mpt wns made by Edward I (repeated by Edward 11) to get the Pope to appoint Thomas de Riveriis, n Franciscan, to the see of St. Andrews, which, it all g cl by Ed\ nrd I, wns vacant tIlI'ough the deposition of LambertoD, con· demned to p rp tunl imprisonment as a traitor. Edward 11 protested to Pope John on thnt Cl ment had actually conferred the see on this Thomas. Pope n Sept. 1 " 1.\';' t hat the Registers had been carefuUy searched, and (the appointment of Thomas could be found. He asks King Edward -t"""""" letters to which he had referred (T. no. 417). We beJIr
Digitized by Google NOTES AND STUDIES I19 JAMES BEN (Bene, Bane).-In one of the MSS of &olid"o"ieon (vi 45) the heading of the chapter gives the name as ' Jacobus Benedicti.' Keith (CaIa/ogw, Russel's edition, p. 23) suggests, with probability, that • Jacobus Bene dictus' in a contracted form (' Jacobus Bene diet') may have given rise to the reading)!, archdeacon of St. Andrews (Se.; W. ii 37S), canon of Aberdeen and prebendary of Croden (C.P.R. ii 286). Twelve days after the burial of Lamberton the chapter proceeded Uune 19, 1328) to an election. By calculation we find that the day was a Sunday. Some of the votes were given for James Ben, archdeacon of St. Andrews [and papal chaplain, T. 00. 47:1] j and some were given for Alexander Kininmonth, archdeacon of Lothian. As usual, the Dumber of votes for each is not recorded. Ben was at the time at the papal court, and before the news of the election reached him, he had been advanced to the see by John XXII. Alexander Kyninmonth went to Avignon to prosecute his claim j he found St. Andrews already filled up, but the Pope provided him to the see of Aberdeen (Se. vi 45). In a letter of John XXII to 'James bishop of St. Andrews' (T. no. 472) dated Avignon, Aug. I, 1328, the Pope states that during the life of William de Lamberton he had resolved to reserve the see of St. Andrews to his own provision. There is no reference to an election by the chapter. James is appointed, and the Pope had taused him to be consecrated by Bertrand, bishop of Tusculum I. A letter of the Pope to King Robert I, dated Octo 15, 1328, com mending Ben, is printed by T. (no. 473). After the battle of Dupplyn (Aug. 12, 1332) in fear of the English he bade farewell to the prior and canons of St. Andrews, and sailed for Flanders. He arrived shortly afterwards at Broges, and died Sept. 22, 1332 (Se. l t.). The date of his death is confirmed by the inscription on his monument in the church of the canons regular of Eckchot (AItewod. Se.). He is styled in the epitaph • Iacobus, dominus de Biurt (lie), episcopus S. Andreae in Scotia, nostrae religionis.' Keith (from a mtmoir belonging to the Scots College in Paris). His death was known to the Pope before Nov. 3, 1332 (C.P.R. H 384)1.
110 more of thia. Particulars as to the excommunication of the bishops of St. Andrews, Moray, Dunkeld, and Aberdeen by the Pope will be found in C.P.R. ii 191, 193, 1\19. 1 Some late writers, thus misled, caU him • James Bennet.' I This cardinal was a French Franciscan, of great repute for learning, and known as Doctor fam_. He died in 1330, or, according to Luke Wadding, in 1334- Ciaconius, ii 415. I A rew other particulars as to Ben from sources unknown to Keith may here be added. On Nov. 36, 1339, the Pope appropriated to James and his succesaors in
Digitized by Google [i!J~J~Hf'IH lun lHlj~hnJ~;idH~;UI~ ~~~i ij :'!al 'I~ . fI' fUll, lfB!:,,~ 'ls"~ lf~~ , fft
~ f. rf:ll'~ tH~ ~!~itSr~ uhtn~,~u ht~ re ft ~ 11 'i f ~,11. J ,~~
o ~ N· (!) a. i sifl! ~ ~: Jllt~ t 1I'[!tfil'~ili~ ~iJJ~ihHd ~ CJ I ~ ·.B.l~r ~ 'J:j"hl~ ~ fS e".5~ - o ~ b il (\) , i ~H{~H fth~~ .l,hi lrt ~rHP!tH8 - ~ ] [tU!h uaftrhu! ! ~~ iI f9hhh;\fh NOTES AND STUDIES 121 recommendations of William that had been sent to him by the prior and chapter (T. no. 550 ) 1. Bower (Se. vi 45) gives the date of William's appointment as Feb. 18, thus exactly corresponding with the date of the papal letter. The letter is addressed to William as C elect' (i. e. as chosen by the Pope) which shows that he was not then consecrated. Se. (ibid.) gives the date of his consecration as March 1·7. And this falls in well with the Pope's mandate to William, dated March 18, to betake himself to his diocese, having been consecrated by Peter, bishop of Palestrina (C.P.R. ii 557) I. He died in the monastery of St. Andrew's, 1385, Sept. 23 (in festo Sancte Tecle, virginis), Se. vi 461j and was buried in the floor of the great church before the door of the vestibule (that is, the vestry or sacristy), ibid. • STEPHEN .DE PA (Pai, Pay, W. iii 26), prior of St. Andrews, was elected by the chapter after the death of Landells, presumably in October, 1385. Carrying the decree of his election and letters commendatory from the king of Scots, he was taken prisoner at sea 'by pirates,' and carried captive to England. Shrinking from burdening the monastery with the cost of his ransom, more particularly because of the expenses involved through the burning of the church of St. Andrews seven years previously, he preferred to remain in England. He was soon after taken ill at Alnwick, and there died (Se .. vi 46) on March 2, 1385 (i. e. 1385-6). Sc. vi 53.· WALTER TRAIL (Trayl, Treyle). In 1378 he was official of Glasgow, M.A, and a licentiate in canon and civil law (C.P.R. Ptt. rol i 540). In 1380 he was a doctor of canon and civil law, papal chaplain and auditor (ibid. 555). In 1382 he was treasurer of Glasgow (i!Jid.564). His petition for the deanery of Dunkeld was granted by Clement VII (anti-Pope) in November, 1380 (ibid. 555).
I Bower (Sc. vi 45) mentions that he had been strongly recommended to the Pope by the kings of SCGtland and France, as well as by the chapter of St. Andrews. I Peter de Prato, a Frenchman, created cardinal bishop of Praeneste (Palestrina) by John XXII. He died in 1361. Ciaconius, ii 416. • Keith, in error, makes S. Thecla's day to be Oct. IS. But there can he no doubt what day is intended, for the Cupar MS. of Sc. reads' in festo S. Tec1e sive Adamnoli.· In Scotland the feast of S. Adamnan rather overshadowed the com memoration of S. Thecla on Sept. 23. See the Kalendar of l'Jissal, tU ArlIuthnoll (ai), and Brwi.,;"," Abmlo",mw (pars estiv. Propr. Sanct.fol. aiiii 11_). • Keith gives many references to evidence from charters.. There are many notes of papal writs to this bishop in C.P.R. vols. iii, iv. They chiefly relate to adminis tration and discipline. In 1381 Oune 3) he is described as feeble and broken with ace. and ill granted an indult by Clement VII (anti-Pope) to use 0fIis IJ ,";bUS/ibtl leditiItiil twice or thrice daily in Lent and other fasts. His confessor is also lIIowed to commute his life-long vow to fast on Wednesdays into other works of pittJ. C.P.R. iv :143-
Digitized by Google r. THE JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES There i. a /aeuna here in the papal registers. Bower says bis appointment was of the spontaneous provision of Clement VII (anti Pope), adding that Trail was graiWse INUn expetlihlS (Se. vi 46). But we do not pouess any decisive statement as to the date of his appoint. ment. Dr. Maitland Thomson has pointed out to the editor that I From the account of the custumers of St. Andrews for the period, March 16, 1384-5, to March 31, 1386 (ExeA. Rolls, iii 137-8), it appears that the see had become vacant during that period.' This falls in well with the date assigned above to the death of Pay. We find Trail bishop of St. Andrews Feb. 15, 1386, when he was granted a faculty to hear and decide first appeals to Rome (C.P.R. iv 252). This shows that Pay must have resigned his claim, or that his claim was disregarded by the Pope. But Bower (Se. vi 46) assigning Trail's death to the year 1401, teDs us he sat as bishop sixteen years. The election by the chapter after Trail's death was, according to Wyntoun (ill 79), July I, 1401. Supposing that Trail died early in June, this would give us Trail's appointment as in June, 1385. Tbis is obviously too early by some months, at least. We find Waiter as conservator of the privileges and rights of the Scottish Church on July 18, 1388 (R.M. p. 350). An inquisition about the • scolarlandis' of EDon made before Waiter in 1387 (neither month nor day is recorded) Jea'fe5 no doubt that Waiter had been bishop for a year before the inquisition was made (R.A. i 177-8). Trail died in the castle of St. Andrews, which he bad built from the foundation, 1401 (Se. vi 46; Pluscarden x t 7; Wyntoun ill 79), and some time before July I, when the election (by the chapter) of his SUtteSSOl' was held (Wyntoun 1.1'.). He was buried in the cathedral dose to the great altar to the north;1fInI (? iIefra)JtIIIihtlll (Se. vi 46)'. On the death of Trail. THOMAS STEWART, uchdeacon of St. Andrews. an illegitimate son of Robert 11. was elected on July I. ,,,01 'be concord eltttioune' (W. iii So); but though the election was • admitted' (i. e. probably by the king). wben the decree of the election was about to he transmitted to the Pope. he renounced his rights (Sc. yi '17)'. Tk hI* NiIiMs \10 YOl. i) haft some notices of Thomas Stt-wart.. ID 1380 the Pope. Oemeot Y1l. prorides Thomas Stewart. Datura! SOD cl the king'cl Scotland. to the ucbdeacomy of , ~ .. Sew... u ... .,. toW ~7 dIte ~ CQptjpeatgr oltlae lifts IN ...... :~iII... of y~ ,RaiM M .. lot'. Uztu. VI appoiatad aD St. AIIdnws ~~ N".u. ~Qf.·Y~'" .. __ rwde-wd b ~ ud ~ ".t$$\ no. 'IfIM'•• " __ of ~ iwA:&ie.. Nmle, far d1ree ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ " ,»,'. ---' _. parisIi priat" '-aiD.. • W. \Ui Sol ~ lk ~. W\Uiua &Q-. 1;$ '-'tIiIrc ~ carried '-...... IIi .....~tV'A~
Digitized by Google NOTES AND STUDIES 123 Sl Andrews and to the canonry and prebend of Stobo in Glasgow cathedral (p. 551). In 1389 the king petitions for the deanery of Dunkeld for his son Thomas, and for a dispensation to hold it together with the archdeaconry. This petition was granted (p. 574). In 1393 Thomas petitions that he may hold a canonry of Brechin with his other preferments. Granted (p. 577). In 1395 Thomas Stewart, natural IOn of the late Robert, king of Scotland, bachelor of canon law at Paris, and archdeacon of St. Andrews, petitions that while he is at the university he may visit his archdeaconry by deputy, and receive money procurations for five years (p. 592). Wyntoun (iii 80) also speaks of him as a bachelor of canon law. JOHN DOWDEN. (To 6e conti"rud.)
THE CHRISTOLOGY OF CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (c. 150-215) was no doubt one of the greatest writers and theologians of the early Church; the place which he holds among the divines of the first centuries is at once eminent and peculiar. The aim of his studies .was not only to explain the Christian doctrine, hut also to reconcile it with the tenets of philosophy. He endeavoured therefore to link together faith and science, revelation and reason, theology and philosophy. Faith, in his judgement, ought to be scientific, and sci~nce, in its turn, ought to be faithful. It is of course well known that he maintains, with both acuteness and earnest ness, the view that philosophy leads the human mind to the Christian " religion, and that the believer alone is the true scholar, or 'Y"Q)aT, ..dr. In the present note I do not of course aim at a complete exposition of Clement's Christology, but merely at such an outline as may exhibit its fundamental principles and its main positions. From this point of view his Christology may be considered in certain divisions which form, so to say, the heads of the subject. J. Matter is Kood. Clement starts upon his course by showing that matter, and bodies as well as souls, were created by God: they are IGod's work and therefore good. In this way he sets aside at once an antecedent objection to the possibility of the Incarnation. The objection may be stated thus: • Matter is evil: but God cannot unite Himself to any evil thing, since evil and good are incompatible; there fOIe the Incarnation of the Word is impossible.' This argument Clement Overthrows by maintaining that matter, as a work of God, is good; for God cannot do evil. The human body. in particular, is the crown and highest perfection of the corporeal world: it is in truth a masterpiece of
Digitized by Google 124 THE JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
the power and wisdom of God, because it was the work of his own hands 1: soul is, indeed, the most excellent element of man, but body \ is itself quite perfect in its ·kind God has granted to it a wonderful organization, and an upright form, fitting it to look towards heaven s. . Its nature, then, places no impossibility in the way of the Incarnation of the eternal Word. 2. TIze Word tooll Iluman jlesll. Human flesh not being evil, the Word could assume it. This is a leading principle. But the Word took human flesh in order to purify and sanctify it. Thus human flesh became the abode of the Divine Word. To speak precisely, our Lord, the incarnate Word, was God in the form of man ". The Word bore a visible body'. He took our passible flesh' and our actual nature, to the end that we may imitate His examples and keep His precepts'. He took a humble and lowly form, lest His disciples might be led by their contemplation of fairness- and beauty set before their sight to forget His teaching and the things that are not seen 1. Thus Clement stoutly defends the reality of our Lord's body against the Docetists. Some scholars have indeed maintaiDed that Clement was in a measure allied with the Docetists, since he says at times that our Lord took human shape in order. to fulfil the drama of Redemption'. But such an objection has no solidity, for on the one hand Docetism is ranked in Clement's teaching as a mere heresy'; and on the other
J ElKMOIS' &pa tpl>..or cJ lript»nt T;; e.;;, 1nl nl r>.MJIII dToii 'tIT. nl n1,w. IANa , ftA.hw ~I'O/f nn&,... , "a.. a~ hfponro.. le' almW Ix"p0t5P'r'ltl' ml T' cMii ra._ .... ~.s".".... Pud. i 3 (PG. tom. viii, col. 257). '0 lript»rOr &pa, a.. tmrol"... cl 816r, a,' aUra,. alptT6r 'tITIP (iWl.). • oGKOW ri~ 01 nTaTp4XOI'Tfr ~ flMt1IOlS' n1,,_COI"ff "a,tliilJIII· ~ fIWOpOwrn n)r nTGtlltf1II)r Toii d.J,'pOtrOIl c\pIJ) .. flp.lr n)r o~oii 'lu .,.. o"mp" &ral T? ,.." ~ a'AI" cJfJ"IGJ'OflOltu .,.n oyNia ... tllll'Tfl.. OIII7"., TIi T' plA'I nl ".11"1 JI~r orO nA6.. , ~ .,as ~ ...H.Ta. Strom. iv 26 (PG. tom. viii, col 1372-73). , • e.clr'" d.fpMrOl1 ariJIIIT'. PM. i 2 (PG. tom. viii, col. 252). • 'EI'T,iiI.. Jlp6a_ .rP'fTat Toii Da7'p.lr cJ TI6r, al~tI_ fI.mle, tIG~ ~ ~... or 6 AIrpn.cJ Toii rtaT,,;o1l ~ IW,JIIITor. StrrnH. v 6. (PG. tom. ix, col 57). • ••• n)r aDpltG n)r '~nlii ~afl "1wo"m,.. d.N.AaIJ- ".T.A. StroM. vii :a (PG. tom. ix, col 4J:a). • 06 -,dp,a fr, ToWo ~ Tolt xClll'iiaat pr, 3wa".l.. OIr Ilea,.., drill'". rijr ~ al~ a~ ~ tlGpn, Tcl 3wa'" d.fp4trotr ...Td ,.., ~ ,.." moAMo lltE- fLtJ"."o (ibid.). [1 follow the correction adoptetf.;by Hort and Mayor.] , AwEn 6 Jli6pcos ~ ".aT'/" "'''10.'117 ... ,W.AR XJ+rariat a&JfM1TOf PO"", r.a ~ T'~ '" lopaiw 'IRU __ Tcl.a.v.or luu".aC-. 4fH.fIT'9TGI TQ", Af"tO/Aw_, _ TOir aaTGA ..__ pIrotr Jlpoaulx_. dftTlP'lrat TOw rOflTGw. StrrnH. vi 17 (PG. tom. ix, col 381). • For instance ••• oW w. orO d.fpMroll JlpotIDIII.ro .. d..&&AatJW .. aaptrl dNJtAaft ~ror, ,.cl nnilJlOl' apa.,. Tilr d.fptn6'rf/T01 m"plrfTo, ~.tf. CM. fMl p. 10 (PG. tom. viii, col. 228). • AI a~ [TOw alp4a_] aft Ioy".aT"'" lIlcaC.w-.., cLr .. TOw A_nU. nl AIfM1TrrDw. Strom. vii 17 (PG. tom. ix, coL 553).
Digitized by Google NOTES AND STUDIES 125 band the phrase Tc\ d.8p/tntov trpocrllolfftioJ,· is opposed, in the passage cited in the note, not to reality of body but to the eternal existence of the Word in heaven. Clement, however, though holding, as against the Docetists, the reality and materiality of Christ's body, does not fully preserve the orthodox belief on the subject of that body. He ens as to its nature and needs. He teaches that it did not by reason of its nature need sleep or nourishment. Christ did, it is true, sleep, eat and drink: but this was not the result of need, but because He desired to preserve those of His own time from the Docetist error 1. Probably, though the point is not clear, Clement also teaches that the passible flesh assumed by the Word afterwards became impassible by its union with Divinity I. 3. ne Wonl of God tooR complete lulman nature. This is closely connected with the actual purpose of the Incarnation, which was the redemption of the whole of mankind. The Word of God became man to redeem and to deliver the posterity of Adam. Clement affirms, as against false theories, that the Word took not only human body but human soul. He was therefore perfect man, compound at once of body and souL Clement several times distinctly speaks of the Saviour. as God and Man·; he refers to His human soul·; and the existence of this human soul he supposes in speaking of our Lord's descent into hell I. He draws, moreover, the consequence that the body is not evil from the position that otherwise our Saviour, in healing as He did both body and sou~ would have· increased the opposition between the two'. 4- The Atonement. Jesus Christ was the Redeemer of mankind.
1 'AAA' .tri 1'0 Ten; :EGorrijpor n) QJUS AnaT.a. cIrr AI"" TCU d.wyKalar ",",,.,,lar .Ir ~, -,lAM a. .f". ~ -,Gp" acll n) "0,,,,,, a-il'fl tIW.x6ptlfO" A-rl,' dU' "~m. "..,,6J1Tar Wlllr n,K awen; .ptWfa. 6n,.IA'Ol· IHrnp 4,.11.11 ;IFT.fHW aoq"" ""~r alrrcl" ff~'pGlriGl. wlAallw. Sa-. vi 9 (PG. tom. ix, col. 292). I ~ ,.., h6 T,"or Jt30,,;;r ...pamJ'flfOr, IIClTGAtlffOl ffOT' a" n)" UI,.,.,." qllt".tu· lit 'Y' n1 TI}fI "dpItiG n)r ',,-"1 4>W., "twopl""" 4,,1IAaBIW fir It,,, _'fiar bulllf1HJfJI. Strom. vii 2 (PG. tom. ix, coL 412). [I agaiu fonow the correctiou accepted by Hort aDd Mayor.] I For instance: d pbor .,.. 8ttSr T. n1 "'ptIftIOS, 4..a",..", 4".j, alT'or A"tfI8Gw. CM. tMl gmI. I (PG. tom. viii, col. 61): see also PM. ill I cited below. • 'EounJI ~ d IJaa/la'FPr 4""'" c1na"1ts bptir, Ti IIaT,K Clwen; Ti 8'i, ohlp ,,,,.,,, Tlft d.apAPf"ITGr, u.ftA'IffTGr, Keal 4~r n)r rfNxfIr' 81ft ", Ulp/lrou crxItfll.lT' I.)(parror, flGTfJllfi ,.A,,,,,T' 3IdKoror, AVyo, 8.ft d ,,, Ti Da'f'pl, d 'K 1Jtt,o", ,.en; lJaTp6r, • _ Ti crxItfll.lT' 8.M. ~Tor 4".j, .lInW 4 4qAl1llllTo,· T.My 1IIIJI'J'1 ril"" fffl(IIJTIOJl I£o".w. n)r ~rl". PM. i :a (PG. tom. viii, col. :152). I Cf. SIrrmI. vi 6 (PG. tom. ix, col. 265-76). • Tt 114; oV)cl d ~p, IHI ..p n)r 1fNxIrr, om" II~ n1 Tcl er;;',. liTO _ "'''''''; oM a. 11, "'x'pi!4 ript 4" riir ~xiir, 'nmXIIC." dTji n)r lx'fIIU' 11,' "".lar 'ftlrKwGC_. Strom. ill 17 (PG. tom. viii, col. 1208). [I (onow Dindor('. correction,]
Digitized by Google 136 THE JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
He offered to His Father a true saaifice for oar sins and our fawts : He paid to God an adequate satisfaction for our debts. Among the many passages of Oement which maintain this point and declare ~e satisfactory character of our Lord's Redemption, it may perhaps suffice to indicate by eumples the chief features of his treatment of the subject. Oement calls our Lord the Mediator (,...n"fS) between God. and man 1. Our Lord was the founder of a new covenant, the Reconciler. and Saviour' (.. ..a..'Il ••, ~ G'-¥). He was also the great High Priest (,.;,as ~) of God'i the sacrifice (~~ s.;,..) offered to God for us'; He it was Who offered Himself for our ransom '; He laid down His life for each one of us '. His satisfactory work consists in His death on the Cross, which was an atonement for the sins of mankind '. He is Saviour and Lord, because He is Lord and Saviour of all.men: in a word, He died (01' all '. V. ERlIOMI.
I AIrt- ~ Drds, ,....,-+,. ... I,.,.,u- &Hr g~ • .. " ...,.,.. hlr al" ~,.. TW IIaJoft , IMf'w. Un.\.. -" ,..m,. -,i," A&-r-, ,,-" .,...,. .,... p" Tick, ~~ Ii ...,-., ... yW,., w-, .... 11, _ .. ,.... p.-. ii 1 (PG. tom. viii, col. 557). • -a.. n ",.mis," If for, la' .. 1ItJeE... ~ ..,...... " ...... 1ofO~ - ~ .. .-.. t"- AIrt-. -m ,-Os. ."..... hi riP " ...... T1s'rir x.o/lA'OS" la' &P. oh Ins .ma, nl -- 41; n.w,.s..p,...... ,.,..,. CM. _~ 10 (PG. loa. viii, col. uS). • 'an-_-. ,...,.&, ",.r,-~ ... n Wr yW doni .. ~ W~ ...... dxna" ...,....~ CM. -~. la (PG..,.., rii, caI. 2.41). • 'Oh", ... .,., hY ... -...... "x,..nr. SbvM." 11 (PG• .... is. col. 108)- • ~ nWro _ dTQr ~ W nom. hi'"'"'.....",. W nWro nl w,.._ "...... 0..,. ~ I},.m,-...... -.... nu,- ~"..., .,...,.k ~-- ...... ~. 1UIl",;u- .....Iwdaa ... ~ -... bIIaWr, ~ .,., ...... ~ g.u".n. 37 (PG to.. iz, cal.. 'tl). • "!'ft, t,.- Icoinw __...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ,.. eM. \ ....). [I folio. Separ's _datioo of ...... fOl' ...... ] t 90 ...,..... ~ ftaAnw,."" Eipo-...... Ii ..,.,... .. , k TW ..,...... "-.,..' .. haaois~...... -'vI· - CM._&-I.1I (PG. a-. riD. col uS-J9\ • ~ r ., 0., ~~ .. ~ .z '" ""-~ .. 1[.... ; SIN.. vii • (PG. Ill.- is. caI. 4U). [I follow DiDdorf"s couecca...:
Digitized by Google