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Māori Land and Land Tenure in New Zealand: 150 Years of the Māori Land Court
77 MĀORI LAND AND LAND TENURE IN NEW ZEALAND: 150 YEARS OF THE MĀORI LAND COURT R P Boast* This is a general historical survey of New Zealand's Native/Māori Land Court written for those without a specialist background in Māori land law or New Zealand legal history. The Court was established in its present form in 1865, and is still in operation today as the Māori Land Court. This Court is one of the most important judicial institutions in New Zealand and is the subject of an extensive literature, nearly all of it very critical. There have been many changes to Māori land law in New Zealand since 1865, but the Māori Land Court, responsible for investigating titles, partitioning land blocks, and various other functions (some of which have later been transferred to other bodies) has always been a central part of the Māori land system. The article assesses the extent to which shifts in ideologies relating to land tenure, indigenous cultures, and customary law affected the development of the law in New Zealand. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the current Māori Land Bill, which had as one of its main goals a significant reduction of the powers of the Māori Land Court. Recent political developments in New Zealand, to some extent caused by the government's and the New Zealand Māori Party's support for the 2017 Bill, have meant that the Bill will not be enacted in its 2017 form. Current developments show once again the importance of Māori land issues in New Zealand political life. -
Portrait Gallery of Australian Monarchs
Portrait Gallery of Australian Monarchs Images and the names of the coin designers compiled by Peter Lane, Honorary Numismatist, Art Gallery of South Australia To celebrate the Queen’s Birthday 2020 The Queen’s birthday 8 June NSW, SA, NT, ACT, Tasmania and Victoria celebrate her birthday on 8 June WA on 28 September and Queensland 5 October The first King’s birthday toast in Australia was held on 4 June 1788 George III (1738-1820) King from 1760 to 1820 (Regency 1811-1820). His reign covers the period of Captain Cook, First Fleet, the establishment of Sydney, Norfolk Island and Van Diemen’s Land. 1 2 3 4 5 1) Lewis Pingo b. 1743, probably in London, d. 1832 Camberwell, nationality British. 2) Conrad Heinrich Küchler b. C 1740 Flanders, 1793 arrived in Birmingham, d. 1810 Handsworth near Birmingham, nationality German. 3) Not known – struck at the Tower Mint London 4) Thomas Wyon the younger b. 1792 Birmingham, d. 1817 Hastings, nationality British. 5) Benedetto Pistrucci b. 1783 Rome, migrated to London 1815, d. 1855 near Windsor, nationality Italian 1 George IV (1762-1830) Regent from 1811 to 1820, and king from 1820 to 1830. Penal settlements established at Moreton Bay, Macquarie Harbour and Port Macquarie. Crossing the Blue Mountains. Van Diemen’s Land made a separate colony. Settlement established at Swan River Settlement. The name ‘Australia’ officially adopted. 1 2 3 4 1) Benedetto Pistrucci b. 1783 Rome, moved to London 1815, d. 1855 near Windsor, nationality Italian. 2) Ditto. 3) William Wyon RA b. 1795 Birmingham, d. -
James Macandrew of Otago Slippery Jim Or a Leader Staunch and True?
JAMES MACANDREW OF OTAGO SLIPPERY JIM OR A LEADER STAUNCH AND TRUE? BY RODERICK JOHN BUNCE A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2013 iii ABSTRACT James Macandrew, a Scotsman who migrated to Dunedin in 1851, was variously a businessman, twice Superintendent of Otago Province, an imprisoned bankrupt and a Minister of the Crown. He was an active participant in provincial and colonial politics for 36 years and was associated with most of the major political events in New Zealand during that time. Macandrew was a passionate and persuasive advocate for the speedy development of New Zealand’s infrastructure to stimulate the expansion of settlement. He initiated a steamer service between New Zealand and Australia in 1858 but was bankrupt by 1860. While Superintendent of Otago in 1860 and 1867–76 he was able to advance major harbour, transport and educational projects. As Minister of Public Works in George Grey’s Ministry from 1878–79 he promoted an extensive expansion of the country’s railway system. In Parliament, he was a staunch advocate of easier access to land for all settlers, and a promoter of liberal social legislation which was enacted a decade later by the Seddon Government. His life was interwoven with three influential settlers, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Julius Vogel and George Grey, who variously dominated the political landscape. Macandrew has been portrayed as an opportunist who exploited these relationships, but this study will demonstrate that while he often served these men as a subordinate, as a mentor he influenced their political beliefs and behaviour. -
CAMDEN STREET NAMES and Their Origins
CAMDEN STREET NAMES and their origins © David A. Hayes and Camden History Society, 2020 Introduction Listed alphabetically are In 1853, in London as a whole, there were o all present-day street names in, or partly 25 Albert Streets, 25 Victoria, 37 King, 27 Queen, within, the London Borough of Camden 22 Princes, 17 Duke, 34 York and 23 Gloucester (created in 1965); Streets; not to mention the countless similarly named Places, Roads, Squares, Terraces, Lanes, o abolished names of streets, terraces, Walks, Courts, Alleys, Mews, Yards, Rents, Rows, alleyways, courts, yards and mews, which Gardens and Buildings. have existed since c.1800 in the former boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn and St Encouraged by the General Post Office, a street Pancras (formed in 1900) or the civil renaming scheme was started in 1857 by the parishes they replaced; newly-formed Metropolitan Board of Works o some named footpaths. (MBW), and administered by its ‘Street Nomenclature Office’. The project was continued Under each heading, extant street names are after 1889 under its successor body, the London itemised first, in bold face. These are followed, in County Council (LCC), with a final spate of name normal type, by names superseded through changes in 1936-39. renaming, and those of wholly vanished streets. Key to symbols used: The naming of streets → renamed as …, with the new name ← renamed from …, with the old Early street names would be chosen by the name and year of renaming if known developer or builder, or the owner of the land. Since the mid-19th century, names have required Many roads were initially lined by individually local-authority approval, initially from parish named Terraces, Rows or Places, with houses Vestries, and then from the Metropolitan Board of numbered within them. -
Closer Settlement in the Early Liberal Era
123 WOE UNTO THEM THAT LAY FIELD TO FIELD: CLOSER SETTLEMENT IN THE EARLY LIBERAL ERA Monique van Alphen Fyfe* This article undertakes a re-examination of the origins, construction and application of the Land for Settlements legislation in the early Liberal era. The Liberal's commitment to closer settlement reveals part of the story of highly contested land policy in colonial New Zealand. Land for Settlements legislation of the 1890s, aimed at "bursting up" the great estates, was predominantly the product of settlers' ideological aspirations and two determined politicians: John Ballance and John McKenzie. When measured against the rhetoric used to promote it, however, the policy was not necessarily effective: it was complicated by practical realities and a narrow vision of New Zealand as a vigorous Arcadian paradise. When contrasted with the treatment of Māori land, yet more of the complexity of the land issue and the frailties of the actors facing it are revealed. The article concludes by proposing that Liberal policy, while flawed in execution, may have nevertheless contributed something to the consolidation of the concept of New Zealand as an agrarian ideal, a concept that remains largely intact today. I INTRODUCING AN IDEOLOGY Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey; where wealth accumulates, and men decay.1 Liberal land policy has been an evocative and much examined topic for historians of decades past. The emergence of Waitangi Tribunal histories has since tended to homogenise Crown land policy such that very real shifts in government initiatives risk becoming overlooked. Land policy was, in fact, highly contested in colonial New Zealand. -
Blood on the Coal
Blood on the Coal The origins and future of New Zealand’s Accident Compensation scheme Blood on the Coal The origins and future of New Zealand’s Accident Compensation scheme Hazel Armstrong 2008 Oh, it’s easy money stacking carcasses in the half-dark. It’s easy money dodging timber that would burst you like a tick. yes, easy as pie as a piece of cake as falling off a log. Or being felled by one. extract from The Ballad of Fifty-One by Bill Sewell Hazel Armstrong is the principal of the Wellington firm Hazel Armstrong Law, which specialises in ACC law, employment law, occupational health and safety, occupational disease, vocational rehabilitation and retraining, and employment-related education. ISBN no. 978-0-473-13461-7 Publisher: Trade Union History Project, PO Box 27-425 Wellington, www.tuhp.org.nz First edition printed 2007 Revised and expanded edition printed May 2008 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank: Social Policy Evaluation and Research Linkages (SPEARS) funding programme for the Social Policy Research Award Rob Laurs for co-authoring the first edition Hazel Armstrong Law for additional funding to undertake the research Dr Grant Duncan, Senior Lecturer in Social and Public Policy Programmes, Massey University, Albany Campus, for academic supervision Sir Owen Woodhouse, Chair, Royal Commission of Inquiry into Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand (1969) for discussing the origins of the ACC scheme Mark Derby for editing the draft text Dave Kent for design and production DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this paper should not be taken to represent the views or policy of the Social Policy Evaluation and Research Committee (‘SPEaR’). -
John Webb Singer and His Wife Sarah, Taken in the 1890S
The Story of J.W. Singer & Sons, Frome John Webb Singer and his wife Sarah, taken in the 1890s Made in Frome rom the humble beginnings of a simple request for a to Frome Museum. There are over 3,000 surviving glass pair of brass candlesticks in 1848, the J.W. Singer & Sons plate negatives and photographs, the earliest of which are F foundry at Waterloo went on to produce some of the collodion negatives dating from the 1860s when Singer most iconic statues around the British Isles and across the moved into his purpose-built foundry at Waterloo. globe, employing at its height a workforce of seven hundred. Through skill and ingenuity, John Webb Singer amassed The archive is evidence that Singer’s were also leaders in knowledge and made use of every opportunity to train their use of photography and, whilst not documented, we himself and his workforce. He was the perfect example of have to assume that this was due to John Webb Singer’s paternalistic Victorian industry and enterprise, and although knowledge and desire to harness this relatively new heavily influenced by his many trips to Europe, he was made technology. Whether it was ecclesiastical, domestic or and shaped in Frome. In turn, Singer shaped, embellished statuary, an example of every piece of work would be and enriched Frome. photographed before it departed the foundry, usually against a movable white backdrop. It is not always the The story we are able to tell here was so nearly lost to object being photographed that is of most interest to us history but for the quick thinking of Singer’s employee now, but the asides at the edge of the frame showing details Steve Francis. -
Māori Representation in a Shrunken Parliament
New Zealand Journal of History, 52, 2 (2018) Māori Representation in a Shrunken Parliament IN A REFERENDUM held in conjunction with New Zealand’s 2011 general election, Māori overwhelmingly supported the retention of the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system introduced in 1996. Māori support for MMP was significantly less equivocal than that of the general population.1 The extent of support is understandable. MMP brought many benefits for Māori voters, most obviously a large increase in Māori representation in Parliament.2 The bulk of Māori votes were no longer tied up in just four electorates where they could often be safely ignored. With all votes being equal, political parties had a heightened motivation to pay heed to Māori aspirations and to put forward Māori candidates. The benefits of MMP for Māori were increased through the retention of seats reserved for voters of Māori descent, along with the innovation of linking the number of such seats directly with the numbers enrolled to vote in them. In 1996 the number of Māori seats increased to five under the new rules, and further increased to seven in 2002.3 Previously the number of reserved Māori seats was fixed at four, and had been since 1867.4 New Zealand adopted MMP following a binding referendum held in 1993. In 1990 Ranginui Walker summarized some of the faults with the electoral system then in place, pointing to both historical and ongoing discrimination. Whereas the secret ballot applied in European electorates from 1870, it did not apply in Māori electorates until 1937.5 There were no Māori electoral rolls until 1949 and compulsory voter registration was not introduced for Māori until 1956. -
Fact Sheet from Talking Shop to Party Government
From talking shop to party government: procedural change in the New Zealand Parliament, 1854-1894 John E. Martin This paper is reproduced with permission as published in the Australasian Parliamentary Review, vol 26, no 1, Autumn 2011 This article looks at parliamentary business in the nineteenth-century New Zealand Parliament, making comparisons with the British and Australian state Parliaments. Together with its companion article for the twentieth century, also to be published in this journal, it develops further the argument of a previous paper (see Related Documents) which examined the shifting balance between Parliament and the executive in New Zealand and the rise to dominance of the executive in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 1 The two articles document changes in procedure accompanying this shifting balance. The second article will look at the strengthening of control over business of the House in the twentieth century as governments sought to pass compact legislative programmes in their entirety, followed by more recent changes which were associated with a lessening of government control in some respects. Today and for the last century almost all legislation introduced into Parliament has originated from government and was virtually certain to pass into the statute book. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century the situation differed markedly. Private members’ bills comprised about 40 per cent of all bills and a substantial proportion of bills – between one-third and a half – did not become law. There were also private and local bills to consider. Governments had to find time for their business alongside these other demands and could not expect that their legislation would necessarily go through. -
St Jamesps Park the Green Park
DUKE OF YORK ST NATIONAL Roger Stewart & Paul McEwan | www.postermaps.co.uk Nick Gibbard, by Cartography GALLERY St MARTIN’S PLACE PICCADILLY PICCADILLY CIRCUS 3.6.9.12.13.15 REGENT STREET THE RITZ 23. 88. 94.139 7 mins walk from St James’s Park HOTEL JERMYN STREET 159. 453. HAYMARKET 8.9.14.19.22.38 TRAFALGAR SQUARE CHARLES II STREET ST JAMES’S STREET ST JAMES’S GREEN PARK STREET 7 mins walk from St James’s Park SQUARE NELSON’S COLUMN CHARING CROSS RYDER 6 mins walk from St James’s Park WATERLOO PICCADILLY PLACE QUEEN’SWALK KING STREET MALL CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE GALLERIES PALL MALL ADMIRALTY ARCH THE ICA GRASPAN MEMORIAL 3.11.12. 24.58. 87 DUKE OF YORK 88.91.159.453 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE MEMORIAL JAMES COOK STATUE THE GREEN PARK NATIONAL WHITEHALL POLICE MEMORIAL OLD ADMIRALTY BUILDINGS ST JAMES’S GEORGE VI PALACE STATUE MARLBOROUGH ARTILLERY STORNAWAY HOUSE MEMORIAL HOUSE MARLBOROUGH QUEERD N ALEXANDRA HOUSEHOLD HYDE PARK MEMORIAL CAVALRY CORNER THE ROYAL MUSEUM 8 mins walk from NAVAL DIVISION St James’s Park MEMORIAL LANCASTER HORSE GUARDS ROAD HOUSE THE STOREYARD CLARENCE THE MALL AND PARK OFFICE VISCOUNT HOUSE HORSE WOLSELEY STABLE YARD RD STATUE 9.10.14.19.22 GUARDS 52.74.137.144 PARADE INN THE PARK RESTAURANT HORSE GUARDS GUARDS EARL MEMORIAL ROBERTS STATUE MARLBOROUGH LORD GATE MOUNTBATTEN LORD SWIRE FOUNTAIN STATUE KITCHENER STATUE CANADA GATE BANDSTAND 3.11.12.24.53.87 88.159.453. CONSTITUTION HILL MEMORIAL WOMEN OF GARDENS DUCK ISLAND WORLD WAR II MONUMENT SOUTH & WEST AFRICA GATES DOWNING STREET FOREIGN & COMMONWEALTH QUEEN -
Great Britain
Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World GREAT BRITAIN ====================================================================== ====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of Young head portrait of Queen Victoria by LONDON MINT William Wyon ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1838 4,158 1839 4,125 1840 4,125 1841 2,574 1842 4,125 1843 4,158 1844 4,158 1845 4,158 1846 4,158 1847 4,488 1848 4,488 1849 4,158 1850 4,158 1851 4,158 1852 4,488 1853 4,158 1854 4,158 1855 4,158 1856 4,158 1857 4,158 1858 4,158 1859 4,158 1860 4,158 1861 4,158 1862 4,158 1863 4,158 1864 4,158 4 PENCE MAUNDY -1866 - OBVERSE 1865 4,158 1866 4,158 ====================================================================== 1867 4,158 1868 4,158 1869 4,488 1870 4,569 1871 4,627 1872 4,119 1873 4,162 1874 5,578 1875 4,154 1876 4,862 1877 4,850 1878 5,735 1879 5,202 1880 5,199 1881 6,001 1882 4,146 1883 5,096 1884 3,353 1885 5,791 1886 6,785 1887 1,888 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Fourpence, twopence, and onepence, are now only struck in very small quantities as Maundy money, which, after being distributed by the Queen annually in alms, appears to find its way into numismatic cabinets or to be melted down. Money and Mechanism of Exchange by W.Stanley Jevons, Manchester, 1876. 1866 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE ====================================================================== ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREAT BRITAIN - PAGE 248 ====================================================================== ¿OV: Young head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:BRITANNIAR:REGINA F:D: (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar Regina Fidei Defensor = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the Faith) around. -
The Origins of Cook Island Migration to New Zealand, 1920-1950
The Origins of Cook Island Migration to New Zealand, 1920-1950 Rosemary Anderson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand September 2014 Abstract It is a little known fact that New Zealand was both a British colony and imperial power in the Pacific during the twentieth century. From 1901 to 1965, under the pretext of a civilising mission, New Zealand exercised moral responsibility for the Cook Islands. Beneficent overtones concealed the colony’s quest for territory and power, and political rhetoric continues to ignore the deficiencies and injustices of their former rule. As patriotic British subjects, and nominal citizens of New Zealand, the Cook Islanders looked to their colonial rulers for a pathway into the modern world. Contact with administrators, teachers, traders and missionaries instilled a sense of kinship, and mass movement to New Zealand in the post-war era is a recognised consequence of these historic ties. This migration is generally regarded as an immediate response to employment opportunities at that time. This thesis explores the social realities of New Zealand’s colonial relationship with the Cook Islands. It draws primarily on the records of the Island Territories Department to address issues of citizenship and status in relation to the Cook Islands’ people. Efforts to control population movement and monitor Cook Islanders in New Zealand bring the powers of New Zealand officials under scrutiny. This approach uncovers the nature of New Zealand rule, and exposes the political and socioeconomic forces that fostered Island discontent. Focusing on the dissemination of knowledge, this history traces the Islanders evolving awareness of the wider world from the time of European contact.