KasetsartKasetsart Journal Journal of ofSocial Social Sciences Sciences 41 (2020) 329–335 e 40 (2019) 1 9 Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences journal homepage: http://kjss.kasetsart.org ConstructionForecasting equilibrium of social space quantity in Thai and hill price tribe on ethnic the world groups in Kamphaengnatural rubber Phet market province a, * * b OgamaSuratwadee Jakae Arunwarakorn, Prasong Tanpichai, , Kamonchanok Apichart Jai-aree Suthiwartnarueput , c, 1 DepartmentPongsa ofPornchaiwiseskul Human and Community Resource Development, Faculty of Education and Development Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand a Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand b Department of Commerce, Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand c Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Articlearticle Info info AbstractABSTRACT ArticleArticle history: Info TheAbstract main purposes of this research were to study the migration, marginalization and Received 25 October 2017 construction of social space of the Thai hill tribe ethnic groups in Kamphaeng Phet Revised 30 April 2018 Article history: province.Natural rubber The keyon informantsthe world market were 70has peoplehad small who wereincreases mainlyin demand Hmong,and Mien,big Karen,increases Lahu,in Accepted 24 July 2018 Received 27 March 2017 LiSu, and Lua, with five government officers and five from the Thai lowland. The research Available online 9 August 2018 supply. Therefore, demand and supply are imbalanced and this impacts the natural rubber Revised 2 July 2017 employedprice of the a world qualitative market methodology, causing a decline. using This an interpretationstudy aimed: (1) paradigm. to develop Data de-mand were ob-and Accepted 25 July 2017 tained from interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations. A Keywords: supply models to predict the world natural rubber quantity using simultaneous equations; Available online phenomenological presentation was used to conceptualize emigration, marginalized ethnic identity, (2) to predict all explanatory variables in the demand and supply models using the simple 1 2017 people,moving andaverage the technique; construction and of (3) social to estimate space.It the was equilibrium found that quantity the Thai and hill price tribe for ethnic world marginalization,Keywords: September groupsnatural emigratedrubber during from Yunnan2017e2026. province First, to in Laos, theMyanmar, demand andmodel, Thailand. there Eventually,was a positive the migration,equilibrium price, governmentrelationship didof the not explanatory allow them tovariables live in theof world forests natural and they rubber were production moved to lowlandsquantity, socialequilibrium space construction,quantity, withoutsynthetic proper rubbermanagement. price, percentage There, year they of year lacked (%YOY) some of of gross basic domestic human needs,product had (GDP), no Thainatural hill rubber, tribe agriculturaland the exchange land, andrate,their while dignity the negative was compromised. relationship variable However, was they natural joined rubber in the price. con- In simultaneous equation structionthe supply of model, social spacesthe positive by using relationship a new dimension variables by were being natural good citizens.rubber price, These mature social spacesarea, rainfall, include and social crude and oil cultural, price, economic,while the educational,negative relationship political, andvariables natural were resource world andnatural environmental rubber stock dimensions. and urea Despite price. adversity,Second, the the predicted Thai hill tribevariables ethnic indicated groups could that constructproduction, their %YOY social of GDP, space exchange by adapting rate, their amount new of identity stock, and in the the context mature of area Thai tended society. to gradually increase, while ©the2018 synthetic Kasetsart rubber University. price, urea Publishing price, rainfall, services and by crude Elsevier oil price B.V. tended to slowly decrease from 2017 to 2026. Finally, the equilibrium quantity forecast tended to gradually increase from 953.75 to 957.15 thousand tonnes, and the equilibrium price tended to fluctuate and decrease from 169.78 to 162.05 thousand yen from 2017 to 2026. Consequently, this study may be helpful to the governments of the world's impor- tant natural rubber producing countries to plan policies to reduce natural rubber pro- fi Introduction duction costs and stabilizegovernment the natural rubber of cers price consider in the future, deforestation such as by assetting destroying suitable areas of world natural rubberthe upstream plantationforest in each or country, burning and the defi forest.ning appropriate Thus, ethnic and Free Economy Development is the mainsustainable power driving alternative cropbias areas came in each about, country. and a law was created to protect the Thai society to face the rapid, dynamic, and complex forest© 2017 and Kasetsart it was University. declared Publishing as National services Parks. by As Elsevier a result, B.V. social and cultural changes due to globalization. How- the Thai hill tribe ethnic groups, who were living in the ever, the majority of people could not adjust to change forest, migrated from the area (Dutta, 2008, p. 66). The (Kanchanaphanta, 2008, p. 6). About one million people troubling issue of the Thai hill tribe ethnic group was live in the northern and western country which is the dismissed in Kamphaeng Phet province. They were mountain zone. Forest management using land rotation evicted from the forest areas to the lowlands by the or short planting is applied in cropping. Most people and government. The migration of people was not taken care Introduction of by the government, which caused the Thai hill tribe ethnic group to become marginalized. As a result, The natural rubber market of the world is primarily ** CorrespondingCorresponding author.author. changes in society, traditions and culture, education, E-mailmail address:addresses:[email protected]@gmail.com, [email protected] concentrated in China, Europe, India, USA, and Japan, E- (A. Jai-aree). economy, government, and environment posed threats to (S.Peer Arunwarakorn) review under. responsibility of Kasetsart University. respectively, which were the top five countries of natural Peer review under responsibility of Kasetsart University. them. The differences in power relations between the rubber consumption in 2015 (International Rubber Study 1 Co-first authors. Thai hill tribe ethnic group and the government led to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2018.07.019 2452-3151/© 2018 Kasetsart University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.07.013 2452-3151/© 2017 Kasetsart University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. 330 O. Jakae et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 329–335 marginalization, displaced situations, and insufficient nationalism, tribalism, and ethnicity. These concepts had to agricultural land. Some of their basic needs were not met. be seen under the political context about its identity which They do not have agricultural lands, and their dignity is the migrants from minority groups that had nationality, compromised. They do not have fundamental rights and ethnicity, race. They can use their identity for the con- freedom. They cannot apply for administrative jobs in the struction of social space by narrative, culture and their lowland area because they do not have ID cards. They lack memories (Chareonsin-olan, 2000; Santasombat, 2005). In stability in life. addition, their rites were in the construction of a new This research focused on studying the Thai hill tribe identity and social space by practicing and adaptation for ethnic groups who were affected by the Thai government overwhelming and marginalizing (Feungfusakul, 2003; policies and the pressures they faced, such as creating their La-ongpliew, 2003; Mitchell, 1994). social space, and developing their economy and culture. The construction of social space for a new life and released Methods marginalization becoming cohabitation in the multicul- turalism style and can stay with human dignity are The participants in the study were members of Thai hill necessary to live a stable life. The purpose of this research tribe ethnic groups living in Khlong Lan district in Kam- was to study the migration and marginalization of the Thai phaeng Phet province. They had been pushed from the hill tribe ethnic groups and the construction of social space highlands to the lowlands by the government. Despite their of the Thai hill tribe ethnic groups in Khlong Lan district in marginalization, these people could still construct their Kamphaeng Phet province. own social space. Literature Review Key Informants Immigration Theory There were 70 key informants: 60 were members of ethnic groups (Hmong, Mien, Karen, Lahu, LiSu and Lua); Transnational migration is the movement of a large five were not members of the ethnic groups but were number of people across the border from a country in which government officers that had a role in the development of they are citizens to reside in another country to live for a long the Thai hill tribe ethnic groups in Klong Lan district; and time such as one year or more (Chantavanit, 2000, p. 14). five were not members of the ethnic groups from Thai Migration