DOCSLIB.ORG

WSC 11-12 Conf 14 Layout

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WSC 11-12 Conf 14 Layout Joint Pathology Center Veterinary Pathology Services WEDNESDAY SLIDE CONFERENCE 2011-2012 Conference 14 25 January 2012 CASE I: NADC MVP-2 (JPC 3065874). Gross Pathology: The deer was of normal body condition with adequate deposits of body fat. There Signalment: 5-month-old female white-tailed deer was crusty exudate around the eyes. Multifocal areas (Odocoileus virginianus). of hemorrhage were seen in the heart (epicardial and endocardial), lungs, kidney, adrenal glands, spleen, History: Observed depressed, listless. Physical exam small and large intestines (mucosal and serosal revealed fever (102.5 F), mild dehydration, normal surfaces) and along the mesenteric border, mesenteric auscultation of heart and lungs, no evidence of lymph nodes and iliopsoas muscles. Multifocal ulcers diarrhea. Treated with IV fluids, antibiotics and a non- were present in the pyloric region of the abomasum. steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Deer died within 5 hours. Laboratory Results: PCR for OvHV-2: positive PCR for EHV: negative PCR for Bluetongue virus: negative PCR for BVD: negative Contributor’s Histopathologic Description: Within the section of myocardium there is accentuation of medium to large arteries due to the infiltration of the vascular wall and perivascular spaces by inflammatory cells. Numerous lymphocytes and fewer neutrophils invade, and in some cases, efface the vessel wall. Fibrinoid degeneration and partially occluding fibrinocellular thrombi are present in the most severely affected vessels. Less affected vessels are characterized by large, rounded endothelial cells and intramural lymphocytes and neutrophils. Within the myocardium are multifocal areas of hemorrhage and scattered infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages. 1-1. Heart, white-tailed deer. Necrotizing arteritis characterized by Contributor’s Morphologic Diagnosis: marked expansion of the wall by brightly eosinophilic protein, numerous inflammatory cells, and cellular debris (fibrinoid necrosis). (HE 67X) Myocardium: Arteritis and periarteritis, fibrinonecrotic, 1 WSC 2011-2012 1-2. Heart, white-tailed deer. Higher magnification of affected myocardial artery with effacement of the muscular wall by abundant clinical disease in white-tailed deer8, and an MCF virus subintimal proein, neutrophils, macrophages, and cellular debris (fibrinoid necrosis). (HE 172X) endemic in goats, provisionally known as caprine herpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) has been associated with chronic alopecia in sika and white-tailed deer.5,6 The lymphocytic, multifocal, acute, moderate to severe, literature on MCF contains descriptions of various with fibrinoid degeneration, thrombosis and manifestations of disease with diverse organ myocardial hemorrhage, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus involvement. The variable nature of disease virginianus). expression is thought to result from multiple regulatory genes in gammaherpesviruses acquired during Contributor’s Comment: Malignant catarrhal fever evolution. Cell type as well as host species may alter (MCF) is the clinical manifestation of the infection of the expression of these genes.6 certain ruminant species with one of a group of pathogenic gammaherpesviruses known as MCF Deer infected with OvHV-2 can have a variety of viruses. Most domestic cattle and numerous exotic clinical signs. Typically, the affected animal is species of ruminants are susceptible to clinical disease lethargic, febrile with diarrhea that is often watery or that may be sporadic or occasionally epidemic in contains blood. Death usually occurs within 48 hours. nature. Clinical disease can range from peracute to Animals that live longer may have excessive watery to chronic and has been reported in various species of mucous discharge from the eyes, mouth and nose. cervidae including white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, Mucosal erosions or ulceration may be present in the mule deer, reindeer, muntjac deer, sika deer, Shira’s nose, oral cavity or anywhere in the gastrointestinal moose, Pere David’s deer, swamp deer, rusa deer, and tract. Corneal opacity may lead to blindness in one or red deer.1,2,4,6,7,13,14,15 The disease is characterized both eyes. Compared to cattle, MCF in deer is usually primarily by lymphoproliferation, mucosal an acute disease with animals showing few clinical inflammation and vasculitis. Historically, 2 MCF signs before death. Lesions are more hemorrhagic and viruses have been associated with clinical disease, one involve the viscera of the gastrointestinal tract. MCF endemic in wildebeest, known as alcephaline in cattle is less acute and the severity of visceral herpesvirus –1 (AIHV-1), and the other endemic in lesions is decreased. Clinical signs in cattle are sheep, ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) known as sheep- variable. Grossly, MCF in cattle produces enlarged associated MCF (SA-MCF). Only AIHV-1 has been lymph nodes, corneal edema, cutaneous crusts and propagated in vitro and partially characterized. hyperemia, oral hyperemia and ulceration, OvHV-2 is the major MCF virus worldwide. Recently, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and erosive or however, 2 additional members of the MCF virus ulcerative lesions throughout the digestive system. group have been associated with clinical disease in deer. An MCF virus of unknown origin that causes Deer acquire the infection through direct or indirect 2 WSC 2011-2012 contact with the reservoir species, most commonly The most common sites for vascular lesions are the sheep. Reservoir species remain infected with the brain and leptomeninges, carotid rete, kidney, liver, virus but do not show any clinical signs. Research adrenal capsule and medulla, salivary gland, and any suggests that deer with MCF do not transmit the virus section of skin or alimentary tract with gross lesions. to other deer. Sheep between the ages of 6 and 9 Lymphocytic infiltrates are also present in the kidneys, months of age shed much more virus than do sheep of periportal areas of the liver, gastrointestinal mucosa, other ages and therefore are considered most dermis, meninges, and heart. Microscopic lesions seen dangerous to deer and other susceptible species.9,10 in other areas are an active proliferation of Nasal secretions are the predominant vehicle by which lymphoblasts in lymph nodes, especially in T cell- virus is spread from sheep to other species.9,10 There is dependent areas of interfollicular and paracortical some evidence that MCF viruses may be spread by zones; and lymphocytic uveitis with exudate from aerosol over significant distances. Research on MCF ciliary processes into the filtration angle, resulting in in bison has documented transmission over distances corneal opacity of the eye.3,12,17 of 2.5 to 3 miles, against prevailing winds and in the absence of common water sources suggesting that In MCF, the virus is usually associated with some mechanisms of transmission remain undefined. lymphocytes in adults, and primary viral replication occurs in small and medium-sized lymphocytes. T- Recent research suggests that some susceptible species lymphocyte proliferation is likely secondary to may be latently infected with virus and that there may infection of large granular lymphocytes, which have T- be recrudescence of disease during periods of stress. suppressor cells and natural killer cell activity. Viral Much remains unknown concerning latent infections in infection and dysfunction of these cells causes susceptible species. The incubation period (time from lymphoproliferation, T-suppressor cell dysfunction, infection to the manifestation of clinical disease) is and necrosis. Thevasculitis is presumed to be immune- unclear and can be quite variable, ranging from a few mediated, but demonstration of immunoglobulin and days to several months. In some species clinical signs complement components has been inconsistent.16 have been seen as late as 8 months after exposure to infected sheep. In the present case deer were housed Contributor: National Animal Disease Center on a pasture that was within 50 yards of a pasture 2300 Dayton Avenue containing sheep. Lambing had occurred on the Ames, IA 50010 pasture approximately 6 months earlier. Six-month-old www.nadc.ars.usda.gov lambs were still present on the sheep pasture. References: Differential diagnosis for diseases that cause ulceration 1. Beatson NS. Field observations of malignant and necrosis of the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa catarrhal fever in red deer in New Zealand. Biol of and hemorrhage in deer and other ruminants include Deer Prod. 1985;22:135-137. epizootic hemorrhagic disease in deer, bluetongue, 2. Brown CC, Bloss LL. An epizootic of malignant bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease, rinderpest, and catarrhal fever in a large captive herd of white-tailed vesicular diseases. Important vesicular diseases to deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildl Dis. 1992;28(2): consider are foot and mouth disease and vesicular 301-305. stomatitis, which are grossly indistinguishable from 3. Gelberg HB. Alimentary system and the peritoneum, one another. omentum, mesentery, and peritoneal cavity. In: McGavin MD, Zachary JF, eds. Pathologic Basis of JPC Diagnosis: Heart: Arteritis, necrotizing and Veterinary Disease. 4th ed. vol. 1. St. Louis, MO: proliferative, multifocal, severe, with thrombosis and Elsevier; 2012:1078, 1118. mild multifocal myocarditis. 4. Jessup DA. Malignant catarrhal fever in a free- ranging black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus Conference Comment: Histologically, malignant columbianus) in California. J Wildl Dis. 1985;21(2): catarrhal fever (MCF) typically presents
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cervid TB DPP Testing August 2017
    Cervid TB DPP Testing August 2017 Elisabeth Patton, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM Veterinary Program Manager Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection Division of Animal Health Why Use the Serologic Test? Employ newer, accurate diagnostic test technology Minimizes capture and handling events for animal safety Expected to promote additional cervid TB testing • Requested by USAHA and cervid industry Comparable sensitivity and specificity to skin tests 2 Historical Timeline 3 Stat-Pak licensed for elk and red deer, 2009 White-tailed and fallow deer, 2010-11 2010 - USAHA resolution - USDA evaluate Stat-Pak as official TB test 2011 – Project to evaluate TB serologic tests in cervids (Cervid Serology Project); USAHA resolution to approve Oct 2012 – USDA licenses the Dual-Path Platform (DPP) secondary test for elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, and fallow deer Improved specificity compared to Stat-Pak Oct 2012 – USDA approves the Stat-Pak (primary) and DPP (secondary) as official bovine TB tests in elk, red deer, white- tailed deer, fallow deer and reindeer Recent Actions Stat-Pak is no longer in production 9 CFR 77.20 has been amended to approve the DPP as official TB program test. An interim rule was published on 9 January 2013 USDA APHIS created a Guidance Document (6701.2) to provide instructions for using the tests https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_ diseases/tuberculosis/downloads/vs_guidance_670 1.2_dpp_testing.pdf 4 Cervid Serology Project Objective 5 Evaluate TB detection tests for official bovine tuberculosis (TB) program use in captive and free- ranging cervids North American elk (Cervus canadensis) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Primary/screening test AND Secondary Test: Dual Path Platform (DPP) Rapid immunochromatographic lateral-flow serology test Detect antibodies to M.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Eight Sudanese Camel Contagious Ecthyma Viruses Based on B2L Gene Sequence Abdelmalik I
    Khalafalla et al. Virology Journal (2015) 12:124 DOI 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7 RESEARCH Open Access Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla1,2* , Ibrahim M. El-Sabagh3,4, Khalid A. Al-Busada5, Abdullah I. Al-Mubarak6 and Yahia H. Ali7 Abstract Background: Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed. Methods and results: PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan. Conclusion: The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Bison and Elk in Yellowstone National Park - Linking Ecosystem, Animal Nutrition, and Population Processes
    Bison and Elk in Yellowstone National Park - Linking Ecosystem, Animal Nutrition, and Population Processes Part 3 - Final Report to U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division Bozeman, MT Project: Spatial-Dynamic Modeling of Bison Carrying Capacity in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Bison Movements, Population Dynamics, and Interactions with Vegetation Michael B. Coughenour Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado December 2005 INTRODUCTION Over the last three decades bison in Yellowstone National Park have increased in numbers and expanded their ranges inside the park up to and beyond the park boundaries (Meagher 1989a,b, Taper et al. 2000, Meagher et al. 2003). Potentially, they have reached, if not exceeded the capacity of the park to support them. The bison are infected with brucellosis, and it is feared that the disease will be readily transmitted to domestic cattle, with widespread economic repercussions. Brucellosis is an extremely damaging disease for livestock, causing abortions and impaired calf growth. After a long campaign beginning in 1934 and costing over $1.3 billion (Thorne et al. 1991), brucellosis has been virtually eliminated from cattle and bison everywhere in the conterminous United States except in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Infection of any livestock in Montana, Idaho, or Wyoming would result in that state losing its brucellosis-free status, leading to considerable economic hardships resulting from intensified surveillance, testing, and control (Thorne et al. 1991). Management alternatives that have been considered include hazing animals back into the park, the live capture and holding of animals that leave the park, and culling or removal from within the park.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herbivore Digestive System Buffalo Zebra
    The Herbivore Digestive System Name__________________________ Buffalo Ruminant: The purpose of the digestion system is to ______________________________ _____________________________. Bacteria help because they can digest __________________, a sugar found in the cell walls of________________. Zebra Non- Ruminant: What is the name for the largest section of Organ Color Key a ruminant’s Mouth stomach? Esophagus __________ Stomach Small Intestine Cecum Large Intestine Background Information for the Teacher Two Strategies of Digestion in Hoofed Mammals Ruminant Non‐ruminant Representative species Buffalo, cows, sheep, goats, antelope, camels, Zebra, pigs, horses, asses, hippopotamus, rhinoceros giraffes, deer Does the animal Yes, regurgitation No regurgitation regurgitate its cud to Grass is better prepared for digestion, as grinding Bacteria can not completely digest cell walls as chew material again? motion forms small particles fit for bacteria. material passes quickly through, so stool is fibrous. Where in the system do At the beginning, in the rumen Near the end, in the cecum you find the bacteria This first chamber of its four‐part stomach is In this sac between the two intestines, bacteria digest that digest cellulose? large, and serves to store food between plant material, the products of which pass to the rumination and as site of digestion by bacteria. bloodstream. How would you Higher Nutrition Lower Nutrition compare the nutrition Reaps benefits of immediately absorbing the The digestive products made by the bacteria are obtained via digestion? products of bacterial digestion, such as sugars produced nearer the end of the line, after the small and vitamins, via the small intestine. intestine, the classic organ of nutrient absorption.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Habitat Selection by Moose and Elk in the Besa-Prophet Area of Northern British Columbia
    ALCES VOL. 44, 2008 GILLINGHAM AND PARKER – HABITAT SELECTION BY MOOSE AND ELK DIFFERENTIAL HABITAT SELECTION BY MOOSE AND ELK IN THE BESA-PROPHET AREA OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA Michael P. Gillingham and Katherine L. Parker Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9, email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Elk (Cervus elaphus) populations are increasing in the Besa-Prophet area of northern British Columbia, coinciding with the use of prescribed burns to increase quality of habitat for ungu- lates. Moose (Alces alces) and elk are now the 2 large-biomass species in this multi-ungulate, multi- predator system. Using global positioning satellite (GPS) collars on 14 female moose and 13 female elk, remote-sensing imagery of vegetation, and assessments of predation risk for wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), we examined habitat use and selection. Seasonal ranges were typi- cally smallest for moose during calving and for elk during winter and late winter. Both species used largest ranges in summer. Moose and elk moved to lower elevations from winter to late winter, but subsequent calving strategies differed. During calving, moose moved to lowest elevations of the year, whereas elk moved back to higher elevations. Moose generally selected for mid-elevations and against steep slopes; for Stunted spruce habitat in late winter; for Pine-spruce in summer; and for Subalpine during fall and winter. Most recorded moose locations were in Pine-spruce during late winter, calv- ing, and summer, and in Subalpine during fall and winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Deer, Elk, Bear, Moose, Lynx, Bobcat, Waterfowl
    Hunt ID: 1501-CA-AL-G-L-MDeerWDeerElkBBearMooseLynxBobcatWaterfowl-M1SR-O1G-N2EGE Great Economy Deer and Moose Hunts south of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada American Hunters trekking to Canada for low cost moose, along with big Mule Deer and Whitetail and been pleasantly surprised by the weather and temperatures that they were greeted by when they hunted British Columbia, located in Canada, north of Washington State. Canada should be and is cold but there are exceptions, if you know where to go. In BC if you stay on the western Side of the Rocky Mountains the weather is quite mild because it is warmed by the Pacific Ocean. If you hunt east of the Rocky Mountains, what I call the Canadian Interior it can be as much as 50 degrees colder depending on the time of the year. The area has now preference point requirements, the Outfitter has his allotted vouchers so you can get a reasonably priced license and, in most cases, less than you can get for the same animal in the US as a non-resident. You don’t even buy the voucher from the Outfitter it is part of his hunt cost because without it you could not get a license anyway. Travel is easy and the residents are friendly. Like anywhere outside the US you will need a easy to acquire Passport if you don’t have one, just don’t wait until the last minute to get one for $10 from your local Post office by where you live. The one thing in Canada is if you have a felony on your record Canada will not allow you into their safe Country.
    [Show full text]
  • Mule Deer and Antelope Staff Specialist Peregrine Wolff, Wildlife Health Specialist
    STATE OF NEVADA Steve Sisolak, Governor DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE Tony Wasley, Director GAME DIVISION Brian F. Wakeling, Chief Mike Cox, Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goat Staff Specialist Pat Jackson, Predator Management Staff Specialist Cody McKee, Elk Staff Biologist Cody Schroeder, Mule Deer and Antelope Staff Specialist Peregrine Wolff, Wildlife Health Specialist Western Region Southern Region Eastern Region Regional Supervisors Mike Scott Steve Kimble Tom Donham Big Game Biologists Chris Hampson Joe Bennett Travis Allen Carl Lackey Pat Cummings Clint Garrett Kyle Neill Cooper Munson Sarah Hale Ed Partee Kari Huebner Jason Salisbury Matt Jeffress Kody Menghini Tyler Nall Scott Roberts This publication will be made available in an alternative format upon request. Nevada Department of Wildlife receives funding through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Federal Laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex, or disability. If you believe you’ve been discriminated against in any NDOW program, activity, or facility, please write to the following: Diversity Program Manager or Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Department of Wildlife 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mailstop: 7072-43 6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Suite 120 Arlington, VA 22203 Reno, Nevada 8911-2237 Individuals with hearing impairments may contact the Department via telecommunications device at our Headquarters at 775-688-1500 via a text telephone (TTY) telecommunications device by first calling the State of Nevada Relay Operator at 1-800-326-6868. NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE 2018-2019 BIG GAME STATUS This program is supported by Federal financial assistance titled “Statewide Game Management” submitted to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Serengeti: Nature's Living Laboratory Transcript
    Serengeti: Nature’s Living Laboratory Transcript Short Film [crickets] [footsteps] [cymbal plays] [chime] [music plays] [TONY SINCLAIR:] I arrived as an undergraduate. This was the beginning of July of 1965. I got a lift down from Nairobi with the chief park warden. Next day, one of the drivers picked me up and took me out on a 3-day trip around the Serengeti to measure the rain gauges. And in that 3 days, I got to see the whole park, and I was blown away. [music plays] I of course grew up in East Africa, so I’d seen various parks, but there was nothing that came anywhere close to this place. Serengeti, I think, epitomizes Africa because it has everything, but grander, but louder, but smellier. [music plays] It’s just more of everything. [music plays] What struck me most was not just the huge numbers of antelopes, and the wildebeest in particular, but the diversity of habitats, from plains to mountains, forests and the hills, the rivers, and all the other species. The booming of the lions in the distance, the moaning of the hyenas. Why was the Serengeti the way it was? I realized I was going to spend the rest of my life looking at that. [NARRATOR:] Little did he know, but Tony had arrived in the Serengeti during a period of dramatic change. The transformation it would soon undergo would make this wilderness a living laboratory for understanding not only the Serengeti, but how ecosystems operate across the planet. This is the story of how the Serengeti showed us how nature works.
    [Show full text]
  • Muskox Management Report Alaska Dept of Fish and Game Wildlife
    Muskox Management Report of survey-inventory activities 1 July 1998–30 June 2000 Mary V. Hicks, Editor Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation December 2001 ADF&G Please note that population and harvest data in this report are estimates and may be refined at a later date. If this report is used in its entirety, please reference as: Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2001. Muskox management report of survey-inventory activities 1 July 1998–30 June 2000. M.V. Hicks, editor. Juneau, Alaska. If used in part, the reference would include the author’s name, unit number, and page numbers. Authors’ names can be found at the end of each unit section. Funded in part through Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Proj. 16, Grants W-27-2 and W-27-3. LOCATION 2 GAME MANAGEMENT UNIT: 18 (41,159 mi ) GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION: Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta BACKGROUND NUNIVAK ISLAND Muskoxen were once widely distributed in northern and western Alaska but were extirpated by the middle or late 1800s. In 1929, with the support of the Alaska Territorial Legislature, the US Congress initiated a program to reintroduce muskoxen in Alaska. Thirty-one muskoxen were introduced from Greenland to Nunivak Island in Unit 18 during 1935–1936, as a first step toward reintroducing this species to Alaska. The Nunivak Island population grew slowly until approximately 1958 and then began a period of rapid growth. The first hunting season was opened in 1975, and the population has since fluctuated between 400 and 750 animals, exhibiting considerable reproductive potential, even under heavy harvest regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • BISON Workshop Slides
    Bison Workshop Implicit, parallel, fully-coupled nuclear fuel performance analysis Computational Mechanics and Materials Department Idaho National Laboratory Table of ContentsI Bison Overview . 4 Getting Started with Bison . 19 Git...........................................................20 Building Bison . 28 Cloning to a New Machine . 30 Contributing to Bison. .31 External Users. .35 Thermomechanics Basics . 37 Heat Conduction . 40 Solid Mechanics . 55 Contact . 66 Fuels Specific Models . 80 Example Problem . 89 Mesh Generation. .132 Running Bison . 147 Postprocessing. .159 Best Practices and Solver Options (Advanced Topic) . 224 Adding a New Material Model to Bison . 239 2 / 277 Table of ContentsII Adding a Regression Test to bison/test . 261 Additional Information . 273 References . 276 3 / 277 Bison Overview Bison Team Members • Rich Williamson • Al Casagranda – [email protected] – [email protected] • Steve Novascone • Stephanie Pitts – [email protected] – [email protected] • Jason Hales • Adam Zabriskie – [email protected] – [email protected] • Ben Spencer • Wenfeng Liu – [email protected] – [email protected] • Giovanni Pastore • Ahn Mai – [email protected] – [email protected] • Danielle Petersen • Jack Galloway – [email protected] – [email protected] • Russell Gardner • Christopher Matthews – [email protected] – [email protected] • Kyle Gamble – [email protected] 5 / 277 Fuel Behavior: Introduction At beginning of life, a fuel element is quite simple... Michel et al., Eng. Frac. Mech., 75, 3581 (2008) Olander, p. 323 (1978) =) Fuel Fracture Fission Gas but irradiation brings about substantial complexity... Olander, p. 584 (1978) Bentejac et al., PCI Seminar (2004) Multidimensional Contact and Stress Corrosion Deformation Cracking Cladding Nakajima et al., Nuc.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Guide How Many of These Have You Spotted in the Forest?
    FOREST OF DEAN / SAVERNAKE FOREST / SNOWDONIA Wildlife GuidE How many of these have you spotted in the forest? SPECIES FOREST OF DEAN Sheep The Forest of Dean is famous for its large population of free roaming sheep derived from many breeds and include welsh mountain, speckled faced or cheviots with the occasional kerry or ryeland. The sheep have been around for hundreds of years and are likely to continue to be part of the Forest scenery. Best time to see sheep: All year round Deer In Norman times, the Forest was protected as a games reserve where red, roe and fallow deer and wild boar were hunted. Today, it is only fallow or roe deer that can be found. Early morning or dusk is the time when you are most likely to see deer in the Forest. Best time to see Fallow deer: All year round Wild Boar Wild boar were once common in England, but were hunted to extinction at least 300 years ago. In recent years, small populations of wild boar have become established again in the wild, with the Forest of Dean's wild boar poppulation now the largest that exists in England. Boars are best spotted early morning or in the evenings in the Forest of Dean. Best time to see Wild Boar: All year round SAVERNAKE FOREST A small bird of prey, the Sparrowhawk is perfectly adpated for hunting birds in small enclosed woodlands. Listen out for the alarm calls of smaller birds as they spot a Sparrowhawk, alerting other birds in the area to the danger.
    [Show full text]
  • Horned Animals
    Horned Animals In This Issue In this issue of Wild Wonders you will discover the differences between horns and antlers, learn about the different animals in Alaska who have horns, compare and contrast their adaptations, and discover how humans use horns to make useful and decorative items. Horns and antlers are available from local ADF&G offices or the ARLIS library for teachers to borrow. Learn more online at: alaska.gov/go/HVNC Contents Horns or Antlers! What’s the Difference? 2 Traditional Uses of Horns 3 Bison and Muskoxen 4-5 Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats 6-7 Test Your Knowledge 8 Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 2018 Issue 8 1 Sometimes people use the terms horns and antlers in the wrong manner. They may say “moose horns” when they mean moose antlers! “What’s the difference?” they may ask. Let’s take a closer look and find out how antlers and horns are different from each other. After you read the information below, try to match the animals with the correct description. Horns Antlers • Made out of bone and covered with a • Made out of bone. keratin layer (the same material as our • Grow and fall off every year. fingernails and hair). • Are grown only by male members of the • Are permanent - they do not fall off every Cervid family (hoofed animals such as year like antlers do. deer), except for female caribou who also • Both male and female members in the grow antlers! Bovid family (cloven-hoofed animals such • Usually branched.
    [Show full text]