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Electromagnetic Environment in Payload Fairing Cavities University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Electromagnetic Environment In Payload Fairing Cavities Dawn Trout University of Central Florida Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Trout, Dawn, "Electromagnetic Environment In Payload Fairing Cavities" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2164. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2164 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT IN PAYLOAD FAIRING CAVITIES by DAWN TROUT B.S.E.E Memphis State University, 1989 M.S.E University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1995 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2012 Major Professor: Parveen Wahid ABSTRACT An accurate determination of a spacecraft’s radio frequency electromagnetic field environment during launch and flight is critical for mission success. Typical fairing structures consist of a parabolic nose and a cylindrical core with diameters of 1 to 5 meters resulting in electrically large dimensions for typical operational sources at S, C and X band where the free space wavelength varies from 0.15 m to 0.03 m. These electrically large size and complex structures at present have internal fairing electromagnetic field evaluation that is limited to general approximation methods and some test data. Though many of today’s computational electromagnetic tools can model increasingly complex and large structures, they still have many limitations when used for field determination in electrically large cavities. In this dissertation, a series of test anchored, full wave computational electromagnetic models along with a novel application of the equivalent material property technique are presented to address the electrical, geometrical, and boundary constraints for electromagnetic field determination in composite fairing cavity structures and fairings with acoustic blanketing layers. Both external and internal excitations for these fairing configurations are examined for continuous wave and transient sources. A novel modification of the Nicholson Ross Weir technique is successfully applied to both blanketed aluminum and composite fairing structures and a significant improvement in computational efficiency over the multilayered model approach is obtained. The advantages and disadvantages of using commercially available tools by incorporating Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) and higher order method of moments (HO MoM) to extend their application of MoM to electrically large objects is examined for each continuous wave transmission case. The results obtained with these models are ii compared with those obtained using approximation techniques based on the Q factor, commonly utilized in the industry, and a significant improvement is seen in a prediction of the fields in these large cavity structures. A statistical distribution of data points within the fairing cavity is examined to study the nature of the fairing cavity field distribution and the effect of the presence of a spacecraft load on these fields is also discussed. In addition, a model with external application of Green’s function is examined to address the shielding effectiveness of honeycomb panels in a fairing cavity. Accurate data for lightning induced effects within a fairing structure is not available and hence in this dissertation, a transmission line matrix method model is used to examine induced lightning effects inside a graphite composite fairing structure. The simulated results are compared with test data and show good agreement. ii ©2012 Dawn H. Trout iii To my daughter Abigail with love iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Wahid for her direction, support, thoroughness, and patiently sharing her considerable experience. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Wu, Dr. Gong and Dr. Tang for their valuable time. I am thankful to the Kennedy Space Center Graduate Fellowship Program (KGFP) for supporting this graduate degree. I would also like to thank the managers at KSC who supported my pursuit of this graduate degree. I would especially like to thank Paul Schallhorn, my branch chief, for his unending support and undaunted pursuit of new technology for space applications. I would like to thank Mike Carney for his support, even in the midst of a challenging launch schedule, and Ray Lugo for his encouragement. I would also like to thank the Launch Services Program (LSP) study review board for funding the fairing cavity studies presented here, with a special thanks to the ingenuity of the LSP studies manager, Daisy Mueller. In addition, I would like to thank the entire LSP electromagnetic compatibility team for stepping in to cover the team lead function in the year that I was away. I would especially like to thank Tung Doan and Janessa Burford for the test and CAD tool support. A special thanks also to the electromagnetic test laboratory for the shielding effectiveness test support. I would also like to thank Dr. James Stanley who was my co- investigator in some of the early work in this study and who encouraged me to pursue this degree. I would also like to thank my dear friend and colleague, Ayman Abdallah, for his endless encouragement and support. Finally, I would like to thank my family for supporting these efforts. I thank God for His Light. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................... 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Fields in the Fairing Cavity due to Internal Sources .................. 2 1.1.1 Approximation Techniques ................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Reverberation Chambers ....................................................................................... 6 1.2 Modeling of Layered Materials within a Fairing Cavity....................................... 8 1.3 Modeling of EM Fields within a Composite Fairing Cavity ................................. 9 1.3.1 Penetration of a Composite Fairing Cavity by Magnetic External Transient Fields ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Modeling RF Sources within Composite Cavities .............................................. 14 1.4 Summary ............................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS........ 17 2.1 Method of Moments (MoM) ............................................................................... 19 2.1.1 MoM applied to Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering ............................................. 21 2.1.2 Rao, Wilton and Glisson (RWG) Basis Functions .............................................. 27 2.1.3 Lower Upper (LU) decomposition ...................................................................... 29 2.2 Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) ................................................... 30 vi 2.2.1 MLFMM applied to EM Scattering .................................................................... 34 2.2.2 Krylov Iterative Methods .................................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Preconditioning Techniques ................................................................................ 40 2.2.4 MLFMM implementation in FEKO summary .................................................... 43 2.3 Higher Order Basis Functions ............................................................................. 44 2.4 Physical Optics .................................................................................................... 49 2.5 Approximation/Statistical Prediction comparison Techniques ........................... 49 2.6 Transmission Line Matrix Method or Transmission Line Modeling (TLM) ...... 53 2.7 Equivalent Impedance Techniques...................................................................... 55 2.7.1 Surface Impedance Sheet .................................................................................... 56 2.7.2 Distributed loading .............................................................................................. 57 2.7.3 Hallet Redell Method .......................................................................................... 58 2.7.4 Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) Technique ........................................................... 60 2.8 Summary ............................................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER 3. METALLIC FAIRING - INTERNAL SOURCE ................................. 64 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................
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