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Gender, Subjectivity and the Female Surfer in Britain

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Gender, Subjectivity and the Female Surfer in Britain FEMINISM IN NEW SPORTING SPACES: GENDER, SUBJECTIVITY AND THE FEMALE SURFER IN BRITAIN GEORGINA ROY A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2013 The University of Brighton Feminism in New Sporting Spaces: Gender, Subjectivity and the Female Surfer in Britain Georgina Roy, University of Brighton, 2013 Abstract The popularity of ‘lifestyle’ sports like surfing has risen exponentially since the 1990s (Booth, 2004; Wheaton, 2010). The female interest in surfing has been a particularly pronounced feature of this growth; evident not only in terms of participation, but in terms of consumption and visibility across forms of popular culture worldwide (Comer, 2010). This so-called ‘boom’ of interest in surfing amongst women in Britain is an important topic for feminist analysis. In its contemporary form, the sport has particularly strong links to standards of white heteronormativity, and the heterosexy image of the 'surfer girl' is a central aspect of surfing's commercial mainstreaming. At the same time, surfing is still a relatively ‘new', and so-called 'alternative' sporting space, particularly amongst women in Britain. As such, it has the potential to challenge dominant discourses of femininity. Taking a post-structural feminist perspective, this research focuses on the ways in which females who surf are experiencing, negotiating and challenging issues of gender, sexuality and subjectivity in British surfing spaces. I draw on 32 in-depth interviews with females who surf, and ethnographic fieldwork conducted in four coastal locations; Brighton, Newquay, Newcastle and South Wales. I also offer self-reflexive insights as part of this ethnographic journey. The theoretical approach adopted is informed by the philosophical ideas of Deleuze /and Guattari1, post-structural and post-modern feminisms and some aspects of queer theory. This ‘meshwork’ of influences makes for a unique epistemological and ontological perspective which I argue facilitates different and emergent ways of thinking about sport and space. In this thesis I weave these theoretical influences into an analysis of the lived experiences of females who surf in Britain. What emerges from the stories of the women and girls in this research is that surfing and surfing culture does in many ways reproduce the narrowly defined cultural norms connected to gender and sexuality. Importantly however, there are also various ways in which female surfers are disrupting these norms. This is made evident in the ways that female surfers are interpreting (sub)cultural values, emotionally negotiating surfing spaces, experiencing feminine body ideals, challenging spatial heteronormativity, and creating ‘female-only’ 1 I use Deleuze/ and Guattari to signify my engagement with both Deleuzian works, and work co-authored by Deleuze and Guattari 2 spaces. My research demonstrates that gendered power relations in surfing remain contested, and that challenges to dominant power relations are often transient and subtle in nature. However, I argue that because surfing is not as spatially and temporally located as most other sports, the power relations which infuse surfing spaces are less fixed, and thus remain open to more mobile and subtle forms of political agency. It is my contention that women and girls who surf in Britain are actively instigating ruptures in the heteronormalising of spaces, and that ‘paddling out’ is emerging as a powerful and potentially feminist way of exploring, experiencing and embodying female subjectivities. 3 Feminism in New Sporting Spaces: Gender, Subjectivity and the Female Surfer in Britain Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………..…2 Table of Contents…...…………………………………………………………………………4 Publications ………………………………………………………………………………..….8 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………...…………10 Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………11 Proem………………………………………………………………………………....……....12 Introduction…………….………………………………………………………………...…..17 Chapter 1. The Cultural Status of Women’s Surfing: Popularity and Paradox…..….25 A Brief History of Gender in Surfing’s Cultural Spaces Surfboards and Sexism Feminism Paddles Out: The ‘coming to light’ of the Female Surfer Generation Xtreme: the 1990s The Mediated 'moment' of the Surfer Girl Summarising thoughts Chapter 2. Feminism and the 'Surfer Girl': In and Out of the Waves……..…………41 Theorising the ‘Surf Girl’: Is third-wave dropping in? The Problems and Possibilities of the Surfer Girl Implications for Surf Research In the Waves: Feminist Work Beyond the Textual Turning to Deleuze: Feminism and the Sporting Body Making Waves: towards a ‘new’ feminist approach Chapter 3. Theoretical influences: Taking Deleuze Surfing ………………………..…54 3.1 The Philosophy of Immanence: Deleuzian Concepts and Controversies Thinking differently: The Rhizome 4 Seeing Subjectivities differently: Becoming 3.2 Queering the differences between Deleuze and Queer-Feminism Performativity and the ‘Theatre of Repetition’ Performative Surprise and Dis/identifying the Body without Organs 3.3 Theorising with Deleuze: Bodies, Affects and Emotions 3.4 Theorising with Deleuze: Space and Subjectivity The Fold Nomadic Spaces and Places 3.5 Taking Deleuze Surfing: Implications for (Feminist) Research Finding Deleuze in Surf Research ‘Sliding’ into Research Chapter 4. Exploring Female Surf Space: A Critically Feminist Methodology………76 4.1 Approaching Research: Epistemological, Theoretical Influences Informing the Social Research Process: What makes feminist research feminist? Feminist Research and Postmodern thinking Queer theory: asking questions 4.2 Ethnography as a Strategy for (Sports) Research Ethnography and Interviewing in the Collection of ‘data’ 4.3 Entering into Research: Positionality, ‘Finding the Field’, Sampling and Access A short biography Catching Waves and ‘the female surfer’ "Paddling around”: Issues of 'Sampling' and Access Surfing the Internet Interview Procedure and Ethical Protocols 4.4 Thinking through Fieldwork: Queerying Research Relations ‘Queering’ the Field Inside/Out: ‘Researcher’ and ‘Researched’ Folding, Friendship and Fieldwork 4.5 The ‘Art’ of Interpretation and Analysis Thinking and Writing 5 Into the ‘Field’: Going Surfing Chapter 5. Feeling the Field: Surfers, Spaces and Places…………………..…...……108 5.1 South East England: Brighton/Shoreham, East Sussex The Brighton Participants 5.2 South West England: Newquay, Cornwall The Newquay Participants 5.3 North East England: Newcastle/Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear The Newcastle Participants 5.4 South Wales: Porthcawl-Port Talbot-Gower, South and West Glamorgan The South Wales Participants Feeling (my way) through Research Chapter 6. Paddling Out: Emotionally Negotiating Becoming-Surfer………………129 Thinking about Feeling; Affect and Emotion Exploring Emotion, Affect and Gender in Surfing Spaces The ‘Line up’: Feeling Fear and Gendered Space Shared Feelings and Showing Emotion Becoming-surfer: Embodying Spaces and Feeling Freedom Dropping in: Spatial Tensions and Feeling Anger Feeling Feminist?: Concluding thoughts Chapter 7. Seeing the Surfer: The Surfing Body, without Organs…………..………156 Theorising the British Surf Body In/Visibilities: Seeing (through) the Ideal Becoming In/visible: Embodied Shame and Feeling 'Fat' "Did you see my wave?": Being Seen and the Body without Organs Desiring the body-that-surfs: Feeling Wetsuited Bodies 'Differently' Seeing and Feeling the Surfing Body: Concluding thoughts Chapter 8. Jostling for Position: 'Territorialised' Surfers and Nomadology………. 183 in Place Theorising Surf Space and Place 6 Theorising 'Localism': Place-based Politics and Territorialisation En-gendering the 'Local': Experiencing Gender 'in place' Exploring 'Other' Ways of Perceiving Place Newquay 'Nomads': Deterritorialising the Local 'From the Sea': Motion, Mobility and Nomadic Surfing Subjectivities Opening up space?: Concluding thoughts Chapter 9. Riding Rhizomes: Surfing the Networks and ‘Female-only’ ………...….211 Community in Surf Space "Surfing" the (Inter)Net-works: Female-only and Normatively gendered? Surf Senioritas Brighton Board Girls Challenging Heteronormativity? Non-normative Networks The Complexity and Community of 'Female-only'ness Riding Rhizomes: Difference and Identities in Surf Communities Connection: The Constitutive Power of Affect Heterogeneity: Revealing Connections through Difference Multiplicity: Intersecting, Connecting, Difference Rhizomatically Feminist? Concluding thoughts Conclusions………………………………………………………………….………………239 Coda…………………..………………………………………………………..……………248 Bibliography………………………...………………………………………………………252 7 Record of Publications Peer-Reviewed Publications Roy, G. and Caudwell, J. (Forthcoming 2014) ‘Women and surfing spaces: Newquay, UK’, in Anderson, E. and Hargreaves, J. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Sport, Gender and Sexualities, London, Oxford, Routledge Roy, G. (2013) ‘'Taking emotions seriously': Feeling female and becoming-surfer through UK Surf Space’, Emotion, Space and Society, xxx: 1-8 Roy, G. (2013) ‘Women in wetsuits: Revolting bodies in lesbian surf culture’, Journal of Lesbian Studies, 17, 320–334 Roy, G. (2011) ‘Book review: Surfer girls in the new world order’, by Krista Comer, Sociology of Sport Journal, 28: 4, 497-500 Roy, G. (2011) ‘Exploring the feminist potential of the female surfer: Surfing, spaces and subjectivities’, in B. Watson and J. Harpin (Eds.) Diversity and Equality in Leisure, Sport and Tourism: Identities, Cultures and Voices. Eastbourne:
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