Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University

RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

No. 04 (v. 08) 2015 GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY 2 GES 04|2015 Russia University, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State Moscow Kasimov Nikolay S. Faculty ofScience, Czech Republic University, Masaryk Konečný Milan ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, A. Kolosov Vladimir Geology, Sweden Physical Geography andQuaternary of University,Stockholm Department Jarsjö Jerker and Digital ofRemote Sensing Institute Chinese Academy ofSciences, Guo Huadong ofOceanology,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Gulev Sergey K. ofSocialSciences, UK Department Oxford BrookesUniversity, Haigh Martin Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Dobrolubov Sergey A. ofGeography,Department Belgium Ghent University, De Maeyer Philippe Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Chubarova Natalya E. ofPlymouth,University UK Brian Chalkley Pacific ofGeography, Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, PetrBaklanov Ya. Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute, AlexanderBaklanov Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Tikunov Vladimir S. Tikunov Vladimir EDITORSINCHIEF: EDITORIAL BOARD Earth, Earth, China

(Secretary-General) Russia ofGeography,Institute Russian Academy ofSciences KotlyakovM. Vladimir Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute, Zilitinkevich Sergey S. Natural Resources Research, China ofGeographical Sciencesand Institute Chinese Academy ofSciences, Wuyi Wang ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Tishkov A. Arkady ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, OlgaN. Solomina Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Sokratov Sergei A. Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbia AcademySerbian of SciencesandArts, Radovanovic Milan The Netherlands Wageningen University, Pedroli Bas ofBehavioral Sciences,Institute USA ofColoradoUniversity atBoulder, O’Loughlin John ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Nefedova TatyanaG. South Africa of Environmental andGeographical Sciences ofCape University Town, Department Meadows E. Michael Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Malkhazova Svetlana M. Sciences,Atmospheric Finland Divisionof ofHelsinki, University Kulmala Markku The Netherlands Sciences, ofAppliedEarth Department of University Delft Technology Kroonenberg Salomon Belgium Université Libre deBruxelles, Vandermotten Christian Tatiana A.Trifonova, A.Martsev Anton Tatiana V. Dikareva, Vadim Yu. Rumiantse Svetlana M.Malkhazova, Natalya V. Shartova, A.Timonin Sergei Svetlana M.Malkhazova, Varvara A.Mironova Taniana A.Trifonova Giovanni Santis De R.Chalov,Sergey VladimirA.Kolosov R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Senaul AakritiGrover Wuyi Wang, Yonghua Li,HairongJiangpingYu, LinshengYang, LiWang Liudmila O. Sereda A.Kurolap,Semen OlegV. Klepikov, Pavel M.Vinogradov, Tatyana I.Prozhorina, Altangerel Enkhjargal, Badrakhyn Burmaajav NEWS AND REVIEWS SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY CONTENTS OF ULAANBAATAROF . . . . .RESIDENTS ...... MEDICALGEOGRAPHICAL ATLASMEDICALGEOGRAPHICALRUSSIA OF “NATURALFOCALDISEASES” ...... 90 . . . HEALTH MANAGEMENT.PERSPECTIVE GEOGRAPHICAL .MEDICAL .A ...... 85 . . . EARTH GEOGRAPHY,FUTURE .OUR .FOR .CULTURE, . . .SOCIETY .AND ...... 82 . . . CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS .SUSTAINABILITY .URBAN ...... 64 . . . DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HEALTH IN KOLKATA METROPOLITAN CITY: CHINA IN LONGEVITY ENVIRONMENTALREGIONAL OF MECHANISM ...... 54 ...... RUSSIA .OF . VORONEZH . .CITY OF . THE ...... INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT AND GISMAPPING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE IMPACT OF THE AMBIENT AIR PM N . . .RUSSIA .IN . PLANTS . .ALLERGENIC .OF .DISTRIBUTION ...... 18 . . . SPATIALPATTERNS . .HEALTH .PUBLIC RUSSIA .OF .IN ...... 7 ...... RESEARCH ...... HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT: THE URGENT PROBLEM OF MODERN INTERDISCIPLINARY A T U R A L  F O C A L

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3 GES 04|2015 4 GES 04|2015 Geographical Union: Moscow, 2015. Moscow, Union: 516–556. –pp. Geographical International 2015. 2015 IGU Abstracts, the of –35 p.and Book 13–16 Ecology, Human 2015, Vladimir, August Russia. Vladimir, and Geography Medical on Meeting Pre-Conference ment Environ- and Health on Commission (IGU) Union Geographical environmental anthropology conferences. andat numerous medico-geographical these research have efforts beenpresented of “emerging” diseases, etc. The results of migration, appearanceofanewgroup natural environment, increased population the lastdecades, namely, globalchangeof has increased asaresult ofnewchallenges of of healthcare, etc. The interest to thisproblem infectious andparasiticdiseases, organization background promoting factors thespread of population healthofurbanizedterritories, of regional changesoftheenvironment, consequences factors, medico-geographical research onnaturalandanthropogenic risk includes theoretical andexperimental and scientistsofotherdisciplines. The scope of medicalgeographers, anthropologists, increasingly urgent, whichisreflected instudies humans andtheenvironment isbecoming The problem oftherelationships between 1 the hostingcountry. The 2015seminarwas the congresses orregional conferences in which organizes to themimmediately prior long-standing traditionoftheCommission of in thecity Vladimir. are Suchworkshops a on medicalgeography andhumanecology seminar ascientificandpractical conducted Commission “Health andEnvironment” Prior to theRegional Conference, theIGU and 7poster presentations from 12countries. and Environment.” hosted 28oral The section was devoted entirely to theissueof “Health inAugustUnion (IGU)heldinMoscow of2015 Conference Geographical oftheInternational oftheRegionalOne ofthesections INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH THE URGENT PROBLEM OF MODERN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT: The review is based on the Book of Abstracts of International International of Abstracts of Book the on isbased review The 1 common problems ofthepopulation of Allergy haslongbeenone ofthemost Eldarova. on healthinChechnya were analyzed byH. Local geographical andtheirimpact factors mainly to poorenvironmental conditions. age groups, which theauthorsattributed the incidencerate inthepopulationsofall there hasbeenacontinuousincrease in et al.). The studynoted thatin recent years example ofthe Vladimir region (Trifonova industrialized area wasdemonstrated onthe on the populationhealthofanfactors ofacomplexenvironmentalInfluence Y. asanexample. Mongolia XiausingInner tumorswasdiscussedby the spread ofskin water) in (the content ofarsenicindrinking Semina etal. The role ofgeochemicalfactors Natural hazards inEurope were analyzed byE. Ciominaetal.). in theKubanregion (E.Carvajal Semina etal.; M. Trubina) andonheatwaves regionsand theNorth-Western ofRussia(E. conditions intheCentral (E.Kulagina etal.) andmeteorologicalon thebio-climatic factor. The presentations included works of thisfieldstudies–themeteorological issues addressed oneofthemostimportant their combinedeffects. Many researchers the role oftheindividualcomponentsand on thepopulationhealth,whichcovers both environmentalthe effect ofvarious factors One ofthemaintraditionalresearch areas is problems. were modern related to themostimportant were made;thethemesofpresentations 19oraland11poster presentationscountries; seminar wasattended by45scientistsfrom 7 and N.G.Stoletov Vladimir State University. The ofBiologyandEcologyA.G. Department Lomonosov State andthe University Moscow organized bytheFaculty ofGeography ofthe 1 and healthprotection measures. to improveauthorities thepopulationpolicy theinformation available to publicmaking of research isthecreation offorecasts and etal.).by B. Koeppen ofthiskind The purpose problems inEurope (for example, Luxembourg also discussedtheresults ofstudiesonsimilar phenomenon. longevity The conference was analyzed ofthefactors asafactor an example. The influenceofenvironmental one oftheworld’s largest cities, Beijing, as are considered byS. Yang, Q. Zhuwhoused of thehealtholderpeopleinbigcities W. Wang etal.; L. Wang etal. Spatialaspects lifestyle for healthy aging isemphasized by developed socialinfrastructure. The role of are inareas withamildclimate andawell- role: agreater percentage ofolderpeople play factors thesignificant socio-economic drugs, food. andhigherquality Naturaland greater ofmedicalcare, availability medical 65 ismuchhigherinlarge cities, dueto the areas, oflife whilethequality for peopleover inrural populationisobserved of theelderly growth rate (Y. Chengetal.). Afaster growth differentiation populationandits ofelderly policy. There isnowasubstantialterritorial demographicbecause ofthegovernment the share oftheolderpopulationisgrowing been studiedrelatively well inChina,where the problem ofpopulationaging. This issuehas is agenda atthebeginning oftheXXI century One oftheproblems ofhumanecology onthe areas. indifferent experts of cooperationbetween human healthgeography, are agoodexample methods ofbiogeography, ecology, and studies, basedontraditional interdisciplinary G.Jaybhaye, I.Gatkul). (Ravindra Bhaskar These Indiaof thepopulationinMaharashtra, communities wasdiscussedontheexample of Guinea. The useoffolk remedies bylocal intheRepublic intoxication from snake-bites by O. etal. wasdevoted Konstantinova to Apresentation oftheirdistribution. pattern Rumyantsev) whostudiedthemain (Dikareva, rangeofplants-allergensdistribution inRussia wasdemonstratedfactors inthestudyon developed countries. The role ofbiotic S.M.Malkhazova, V.A.Mironova

HEALTH AND received (the economy, bysociety health identification of thebenefitsthatmay be maintenance ofgreen spaces, etc.) allows ecosystems (climateurban regulation, valuesprovided bysocio-economic Asses factors. natural andsocio-economic andcontemporary the influenceofhistorical made anattempt to explainthedifferences by S.Malkhazova. by N.Shartova, The authors were identified and lowest valuesofmortality by S. Timonin. The regions withthehighest in theRussianFederation were considered differences ofthisindicator inthedistribution the state ofpublichealth. The territorial indicators of isoneofthekey Mortality this issueremains understood. poorly physical andpsychological state, however, environmentThe urban onthe hasanimpact psychological adaptation(Y. etal.). Scoryk focused onproblems ofphysical and cultural andethnographic characteristics regions withdifferent climaticconditionsand the studentswhocometo studyfrom various inSt.PetersburgA studyconducted among large cities. health care programs for thepopulationsof and canbeusedindevelopment oflong-term of spatialdifferentiation ofdiseaseincidence technology isareliable tool for presentation scientists demonstrated thattheuseofGIS Russia) were discussedbyS. Kurolap etal. The of a large center (thecity industrial Voronezh, forthe locationoflarge enterprises industrial populationgroupsincidence invarious and Huiping Liu. The relationships disease between Wuyi etal. (Y. Chengetal. andXiaofeng Gao, dependent diseaseswere presented by Wang ofairpollutiononenvironmentally-impact health. The results ofassessmentthe of therelationship oftheenvironment and studies have focused ondifferent aspects discussed by Wang Wuyi etal. Conventional population growth inlarge citiesinChinawere health.Spatialandtemporal of patterns urban on medicalgeography andhumanecologyis research topic inmodern Another important ENVIRONMENT: THE sment ofenvironmental and URGENT PROBLEM...

5 GES 04|2015 6 GES 04|2015 on thegeography ofdiseasescausedbylive Traditionally, medicalgeography hasfocused et al.; A.Cruceanuetal.; L.Dumitracheetal.). K. Wilson, L.K.P. Prem, A.Banerjee;K. Wilson (M.Rosenberg, ofhealthcarework services used to considerregional ofthe specificity Romania, andotherEuropean were countries) from different Canada, (India, countries E.Pilot, Krafft, health) (T. Wang Li).Examples strategyinternational for for“health all” (Global ofthepopulation,and categories various care system, accessto healthcare for the organizationto theterritorial ofhealth A significant numberofstudieswere devoted the populationcausedbydifferences inlifestyle. the spatialdifferentiation inthelevel ofhealth inRomaniabyA.M. conducted Talos showed IIdiabetes, (E. type andobesity West). Astudy leading to thespread ofcardiovascular disease, andpoordiet, i.e., insufficientphysical activity causes ofillhealthinpost-industrial countries, Studies intheUShave identifiedthemain factors. on healthandtheidentificationofrisk research oflifestyle isthestudyofimpact directioninenvironmental new anthropology A the population(D. etal.). Dushkova environment andhealthwell-being of for ofthe improving thequality importance allowscitiestoframework assesstheir elementsoftheecologicalas thestructural functions service Identification ofthekey capital withoutadditionalinvestment. the environment from theuseofnatural and well-being ofthepopulation)and GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 health. processes thelevel thatdetermine ofpublic naturalandsocio-economic the modern oflifethe quality andto better understand need to be addressed inorder to improve to thearea “Health –Environment,” which problems relatedecology allowsprioritizing medicalgeographyof modern andhuman Scientific discussionofthemosturgent issues etal.). (S. Malkhazova on t on theirimpact in Russiawere considered inacasestudy of thegeography ofnaturalfocal diseases E. Soldatova, V. Appliedaspects Mironova. wasdiscussedby Uzbekistan of southern regionalization ontheexample conducted of methodologies oflandscape-malaria etal. Improvementby S.Malkhazova natural focal diseaseinRussiawaspresented methods to studythepropagation of andtheuseofcartographic by B.I. Gatkul; waspresenteddiseases (acasestudyofIndia) R. Yue; astudyonthespread ofwaterborne spread ofplagueinEurope waspresented by by T. Vatlina; aretrospective analysisofthe the Smolenskregion (Russia)were presented modelingoftularemia inand cartographic analysis. Thus, theresults ofmathematical of existingmethodsspatial-temporal and dev diseasesorentire groups of certain ofdiseases ofdistribution aimed atidentifyingpatterns agents. disease-causing These studiesare elopment of new orimprovementelopment ofnew Svetlana M.Malkhazova, Varvara A.Mironova ourism activities 1 3 2 Svetlana M.Malkhazova * Geography, Lomonosov [email protected] Moscow State University; [email protected] University; existing level of mortality ofthepopulation. existing level ofmortality inorder wasconducted factors to explainthe analysis ofenvironmental andsocio-economic of regions withspecificstatusofpublichealthwere isolated andanalyzed. Cross-spectrum Publicinfant mortality. healthtrends were with1990–2001.Five identifiedincomparison groups ofmenandwomen, aswell as life considering of Russiain2002–2012conducted expectancy level of biological responses (physiological implies, as a rule, thepopulation-based [Bentley, 2013]. The assessmentcriterion not removed from it,butnotatitscenter ofanecosystem,treats apersonaspart “environmental publichealth.” This concept undergoing transformation into themodelof 2013]. Currently, themodelofpublicheal is region [Prokhorov,a particular Shmakov, theenvironmentalcharacterizes statusof sphere oflife andthe socio-economic Public healthquite reflects objectively systems ofthebodyasingleperson. health isacombinationofalltheindividual and public(population)health.Individual individual health between clear distinction to draw a isnecessary Health..., 2011].It [Environment…, and 1979;Urbanization oftheenvironmentindicator ofthequality itsstatusisan disability; temporary lifemortality, expectancy, disability, and demographic indicators asmorbidity, regions. bysuchhealth ischaracterized It forcriteria thesustainabledevelopment of Health ofthepopulationisonemain correlation analysis. ABSTRACT. KEY WORDS: INTRODUCTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN RUSSIA SPATIAL PATTERNS Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, andSoil ofLandscapeGeochemistry Department Faculty of ofBiogeography,Department Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State Institute ofDemography,Institute ofEconomics; [email protected] School Higher Corresponding author

The paper presents the characteristics ofthestatuspublichealthinregionsThe paperpresents thecharacteristics public health in Russia, mortality, lifepublic healthinRussia,mortality, differentiation, expectancy, territorial 1 , Natalya V. Shartova environmental inthestatus ofpublic factors communicable diseasesandtherole of Subsequently, of non- theimportance effective [Guest,1923]. very implemented basedonthisresearch were measureswere andsanitary quite correct, ofHealthforCommissariat such work the statisticaldataprovided bythePeople’s Nations EpidemicCommission noted that of healthmonitoring, etc. The League of and therailways andriverroutes, thequality and relationship thesediseases between of typhoid,smallpox, inRussia andmalaria involved identificationofthedistribution spread ofinfectious diseases. These studies and identificationofthecauses mainly includedassessmentofincidence publichealthresearchof theXX century), inRussia(the beginningproblem. Initially The studyofpublichealthisamultifaceted Tikhonov, 2004]. environmental changes[Revich,Avaliani, responses, to morbidity, andmortality) PROBLEM STATEMENT 2* , Sergei A. Timonin 3

7 GEOGRAPHY 8 GEOGRAPHY status of public health [Malkhazova etal.,status ofpublic health[Malkhazova thepossible causesofthespecific determine economic indicators have beenanalyzed to Several majorenvironmental and socio- identify itstrends compared to 1990–2001. health to reflectthecurrent situationandto 2012 basedononeoftheindices ofpublic for 2002– assessment oftheRussianterritory This paperpresents amedical-geographic Malhazova, Koroleva,2011;Agenor, 2012]. [Bulletin..., 2009; age per1000oflive births ofchildrenrate, under1year of i.e., mortality for menandwomen, theinfantmortality Organization, currently includelife expectancy the recommendations ofthe World Health health statusofthepopulation,according to et al., 2015]. ofthe The maincharacteristic health have beendeveloped [Rothenberg Dozens ofindicesandindicators ofpublic for thelife ofthepopulation. ofnaturalconditionstheregionscomfort of contaminationtheenvironment andthe health, theeconomicsituation,andlevels oftheregionalcomparison statusofpublic areThese works basedonacomprehensive Prokhorov, Tikunov, 2005;Prokhorov, 2009]. 2007; Prokhorov, Gorshkova, Tarasova, 2003; published [Prokhorov, 2000;Public Health... public healthinRussiagreat detailwere analyzingthestatusofnumber ofworks thebeginning oftheXXIBy century, a McKee, Tkachenko, Tsouros, 2000]. usually notanalyzed indepth[Heilig, 1999; Russia were identified, however, theywere thehealthofpopulationindetermine Soviet period, whenmany that ofthefactors ofthelater, oftheworks also typical post- is 1956;Mazique, 1961].It [Brockington, social stratificationetc., hadbeenconducted factors, housing andsanitationconditions, andmorbidity, environmentalmortality present comprehensive information on nostudiesthatwouldin Russia,virtually onmedicalanddemographicworks situation despite the significant numberof “descriptive” However, bythemiddleofXX century, health were becomingincreasingly apparent. GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 and the lowest life expectancy); and thelowest life expectancy); the entire (maximuminfant mortality period situationover parameter) outofalloccurring the parameter thatdeviates the mostfrom the a whole); under consideration(83regions andRussia as where performed for 2002–2012. performed for thecalculations (3). The calculationswere formula: system oftheinitialparameters withthe ofthe thatincludesnormalizing algorithm calculation isbasedonanassessment Its men andwomen [Prokhorov Tikunov, 2005]. for andlife expectancy of infantmortality Health (IPH)whichcombinescoefficients was used, specifically, theindexofPublic Russia byitsregions, anintegrated parameter For comparative assessmentofpublichealthin and “Healthcare inRussia” for 2003–2013. of thePopulation oftheRussianFederation” Russia” andbulletins NaturalMovement “The of Russia” and “Demographic Yearbook of volumespublished inthecollected “Regions the Federal (Rosstat), State StatisticsService bycauses)from populationmortality urban indicators (life expectancy, the infantmortality, usingdemographicof Russiaconducted assessmentoftheregions Medical-geographic Materials andmethods 1999; Pascal etal., 2013]. to environmental change[Addington, Weiss, population may have responses more distinct inthecities, becauseurban life expectancy and women bythecausesofdeathand ofmen includedthemortality factors risk analysis andidentificationofthepotential The indicators ofpublichealthusedinthe Krainove,2015]. Malhazova, 2014; Shartova, injm X x o == ij values; ,,,.. ;123 ., . ..., 1,2,3, ; ..., 1,2,3, = a /min max x o

m xx is theworst conditions(for each n jj ij is the is the number of territorial units is thenumberofterritorial − xx o jj −

number ofindicators used o , max/min x is with the 0.95 confidence interval wasused. with the0.95confidenceinterval correlation coefficient Spearman parametric of thedatausedincalculation,non- (Table. 1).Based onthenature ofthedistribution economy, healthcare system, andsocialservices parameters thestate thatcharacterize ofthe The secondgroup includessocio-economic pollution. ofatmospheric characteristics certain group includesecological parameters, e.g., asenvironmentalselected factors. The first thousand. Two groups ofparameters were Russian citieswithapopulationofover 100 usingthe2010–2012dataforconducted 168 health andenvironmental was factors. It relationships thestatusofpublic between Correlation analysiswasusedto identifythe women were utilized intheanalysis(Table. 2). analysis. Atotal of24parameters for menand ofpublichealthinthe used asacharacteristic wascauses ofdeathandlife expectancy ofmenandwomen by the The mortality S.M. M Table 1. Ecological and socio-economic indicators socio-economic and Table 1. Ecological ubro otr per10000people Number ofrecorded crimes facilities Number ofsports ofoutpatientclinics Capacity Number ofdoctors iigae e n esn m rouble people/ha Living area peroneperson Average monthlywage ofworkers Number ofretirees due tomigration Increase (decrease) ofpopulation Population density including: sources,Release from stationary organic compounds hydrocarbons andvolatile oxidenitric monoxidecarbon sulfur dioxide solids alkhazova, N.V.Shartova, Indicators Socio-economic Socio-economic Environmental S.A. T of measurement per 1000people per 1000people thousand tones/yr Units imonin 2 SPATIAL PATTERNS OFPUBLICHEALTH INRUSSIA change ofbasic healthanddemographic situation inRussia are accompaniedbya andpolitical Changes inthe socio-economic Results anddiscussion and age [Denisenko, Kalmykova, 2007]. and age[Denisenko, Kalmykova, 100 000populationofthecorresponding sex to theEuropean standard andpresented per rates were standardized accordingMortality Life expectancy for men/womenLife expectancy Overall mortality for men/womenOverall mortality Cerebrovascular diseases Murders (assault,rape) Tuberculosis, allforms Suicides causedbyalcohol Deaths Event intent ofundetermined Pneumonia Neoplasms diseases artery Coronary organs Malignant neoplasmsofdigestive tract nary Malignant neoplasmsoftheuri- system spiratory Malignant neoplasmsofthere- genital organs Malignant neoplasmsofmale genital organs Malignant neoplasmsoffemale Malignant neoplasmsofbreast Malignant melanomaoftheskin somal abnormalities fects), deformations, andchromo- de- Congenital anomalies(birth causesofdeath External nodeﬁ virus(HIV) ciency Disease causedbyhumanimmu- system Diseases ofthecirculatory Diseases ofthedigestive system system Diseases oftherespiratory men/women by causeofdeath for Mortality Table 2. Public health indicators health Public Table 2. Indicators of measurement per 100000people per 1000people Units years

9 GEOGRAPHY 10 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 minimum for subsequentyears, thisperiod. In decrease of IPH whichreached theabsolute 2006, itworsened, whichwasreflected inthe (Fig.health inRussiavaried 3).From 2002to Overall, in2002–2012,thestatusofpublic (Fig.end ofthefirstdecadeXXI century 2). atthe as aconsequenceoftheeconomic crisis however, hasstalledsomewhatin2012,probably a significant which, reductionininfantmortality, that have occurred inrecent years, there isalso Among thepositive changesinhealth outcomes yrs in2002–2006.). hasremained low(lower than60 expectancy reaching 69.5years in2012,whilemalelife hassteadilyaverage increased, life expectancy situation inthecountry, the socio-economic 65 yrs(Fig. 1). With theimprovement ofthe was minimalanduntil2005didnotexceed inRussia of1998,thelifecrisis expectancy indicators. thefinancialandeconomic After Fig. 2. Infant mortality in Russia in 2002 Fig. Infant mortality 2. Fig. 1. Life expectancy in Russia in 2002 The accordingcategories to theranking. a result, theregions were grouped into five comparativeoverall analysis. for As further public healthfor eachyear andfor 11years regions ofthecountry’s of interms ranking IPH calculationfor eachyear hasallowed in average ispresented onthemap(Fig. 4). The statusofpublichealthfor the2002–2012 which took placesince2011. registration, ininfantmortality of live births dueto changesinthestatisticalcriteria partly public healthdeclinedagain,whichmay be However, years, two inthenext thestatusof 2010, theIPHvaluereached thelevel of2002. and demographic situation,andin2009– there wasagradual improvement inmedical Republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Republics ofDagestan, Ingushetia, Tatarstan, 1 to 8(IPH1.0–0.8)–Belgorod Oblast,the from statusofhealth:ranking satisfactory first group – – 2012. 2012. includes8regions witha over decades showsrelative the pasttwo trendThe inthe majorregional IPHpara meters Oblast. Altai Republic, andtheAmurskaya Autonomous Districts, Jewish andChukotka lower than0.4):theRepublicof Tyva, the from 79tohealth indicators 83;IPH (ranking The Oblast. andtheMagadan of Khakassia, Trans-Baikal theRepublic Krais, andKhabarovsk IPH 0.6–0.5);thestatusisespeciallylowin from 65to 78; lowhealthstatus (ranking very The K and Ryazan El,IPH valuesare the intheRepublicofMari Chuvashia, andthe Tambov Oblast. The lowest theRepublicsofAdygea Krai, and the Krasnodar group, thehigheststatusofpublichealthisin differ substantiallyamong themselves. this In IPH above the average for Russia;however, they status. Almostallregions in thisgroup have (IPH 0.8–0.7)withasomewhatworse health ofconsists 41 reg The andSt.Petersburg.Moscow and Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, The the Republicof Yakutia. and Krai, Oblasts,Murmansk theKrasnoyarsk Leningrad,Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kostroma, and 64; IPH0.7–0.6). This group includes Tula, from 50toa lowhealthstatus(ranking S.M. M fifth group second group fourth group fourth third group alkhazova, N.V.Shartova, aluga Oblasts, andtheAltaiKrai. includes5regions with critical includes15regions with consistsof15regions with isthemostextensiveand ions (ranking from 9to 49 ions (ranking Fig. 3. The status of public health in Russia in 2002 S.A. T imonin SPATIAL PATTERNS OFPUBLICHEALTH INRUSSIA large numberofworks. regional level are considered in arelatively et al., 2014; Trifonova, 2015]atthe Shirkin etal., 2014;Chubirko [Vandenheede factors well ofsocio-economic asto theimpact al., 2015; Yakovenko, Kravchenko, 2015],as 2006; Lukjanova, Popova, 2011;Revichet 2004; Zemlyanalya, Solenova, Kislitsyn, et al., 2004;Reshetin,Kazazyan, [Gurvich to exposure to pollutants intheatmosphere assessment ofRussia’s populationinrelation [Addington, Weiss, 1999].Issuesofhealthrisk pathologies from certain and mortality status andhighlevels of morbidity lowsocio-economic association between et al., 2013].Anumberofstudiesfound an [Pascal andlower mortality life expectancy in theatmosphere to isexpected increase matter andozonecontent ofparticulate of publichealth. Thus, ofthe reduction a majorrole thestatus indetermining cities showsthatairpollutionisstillplaying factors. For example, analysisof25European population, isinfluencedbyenvironmental Public health, especiallytheurban situation hasimproved. including Moscow andonlyin13administrative units,District); AutonomousOblast andtheChukotka has worsened (especiallyintheAmur not changed;in10regions, thesituation positionsover 20years haveIPH ranking oftheRussianFederation,83 subjects the in mostregions ofRussia:in56outthe ofhealthanddemographic ind stability – 2012. and St.Petersburg, the icators

11 GEOGRAPHY 12 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015

Fig. 4. Assessment of the status of public health in Russia in 2002–2012. that astatisticallysignificant correlation wasnotestablished. sample ofcitieswithapopulation100thousandto 11millionwithaconfi of0.95;dashindicates dence interval 800 thousandwithaconfi indicate of0.95;valueswithoutanasterisk correlation coeffi dence interval Note. the regions ofRussiaandtheconsidered thestatus ofpublichealthinbetween statistically significant correlation coefficients The calculationsshowed low extremely [Pascal etal., etal., 2014]. Shaposhnikov effects ofairpollutiononhumanhealth are consistent withotherstudies onthe pollutants andsulfurdioxide. The findings of thedigestive system andrelease ofsolid of solidpollutants, diseases andbetween system andreleasecancer oftherespiratory fromrelationship female between mortality has beenestablished. the Noteworthy of nitrogen oxidesmonoxide andcarbon diseasesandemissionsfrom respiratory ofmen A correlation themortality between of solidpollutantsinto theatmosphere. statistically strong associationwithrelease system, hastumors oftherespiratory including pneumonia,aswell asmalignant diseases, from respiratory example, mortality coefficients are presented in Table 3.For health parameters. The mostsignificant environmental parameters andpublic correlation the coefficientsbetween territory ofRussia territory forThe analysisconducted the entire S.M. M Table 3. Signifi Causes ofdeath eprtr iess oe .6––_ – – – 0.36* 0.36 0.36* 0.40/0.41* – 0.38* system, men tory Malignant neoplasmoftherespira- diseases, women Respiratory diseases, men Respiratory ietv iess oe .5 0.36* _ – _ _ 0.36* – _ 0.37* 0.35* _ – – 0.37* 0.36* Digestive diseases, women system, women Malignant neoplasmoftheurinary Pneumonia, women Pneumonia, men system, women tory Malignant neoplasmoftherespira- An asterisk indicates Anasterisk correlation coeffi alkhazova, N.V.Shartova, cant correlation coeffi correlation cant Environmental produced ratherlow indicators S.A. T cients (R) between the causes of death and environmental indicators environmental and death of causes the (R)between cients stationary soruces stationary pollutants from atmosphere of cients for 100and thesampleofcitieswithapopulationbetween imonin Release into .5_03 _ – 0.36 _ 0.35 .6 .7__ _ _ _ 0.37 0.36* _ 0.36/0.36* _ _ SPATIAL PATTERNS OFPUBLICHEALTH INRUSSIA Trends inthestatusofpublichealth for the – Republics); (Altai and Siberia Oblast) andSouthern Tyva Amur JewishAutonomous District, District, in theFar Autonomous East(Chukotka statusisobserved acritical life expectancy; andfirst andforemost, on infantmortality differ ofpublichealth, substantiallyinterms – oftheRussian FederationThe subjects conclusions: regions ofRussiaandto reach thefollowing the medicalanddemographic situationinthe of theintegral IPHhasallowed us to evaluate rates andthecalculation and infantmortality indicesoflifeAnalysis oflong-term expectancy Conclusion additional research. parameters, whichrequiresocio-economic

pollutants Autonomous District); in Moscow and St. inMoscow Autonomous District); the Far East(Amur Oblast,Chukotka in occurredthe deterioration primarily status ofpublichealthhasnot changed; mostregionsthe situation.In ofRussia, the 1990–2012 indicate arelative of stability solid nitrogen oxide including: monoxide carbon cients for the dioxide sulfur

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15 GEOGRAPHY 16 GEOGRAPHY eevd0.021 Accepted 06.11.2015 Received 05.10.2015 3. Jakov 33. Vandenheede H., S.,Pajak O.,Vikhireva H.,KubinovaR.,Malyutina A., Pikhart Tamosiunas 32. andvulnerable populations. andhealth:Healthequity Casestudiesfrom Urbanization 31. Trifonova T.A., L.A.(2015) Shirkin The analysisofcumulative ofenvi- influenceoffactors 30. M., E.,McKee Tsouros Tkachenko A.D. (2000)Public healthinRussia:theviewfrom 29. N.V., Shartova Krajnov V.N., S.M.(2015) Malkhazova Tekhnologiya integral’noj otsenki 28. D., Shaposhnikov RevichB., Bellander T., BedadaG.B., BottaiM.,Lind T., Pershagen G., 27. Rothenberg R.,StauberC., Weaver S.,DaiD., healthin- M.(2015)Urban Prasad A.,Kano 26. RevichB.A.,D.A., Shaposhnikov Avaliani S.L.,Lezina E.G.(2015)Izmen- E.A.,Semutnikova 25. RevichB.A., Avaliani epidemiologiya: S.L., Ucheb- G.I.(2004)Ekologicheskaya Tikhonova 24. GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 method)) //Gigiena №1.S.64–68. isanitarija. from mobilesources emissions(applicationofthecalculation (Air pollutionofIrkutsk raschetnoj metodiki) (primeneniye vybrosami istochnikov otperedvizhnykh g. Irkutska Health. Vol. 68.№4.pp. 297–303.DOI:10.1136/jech-2013-203057. the 2000s:findingsfrom ofEpidemiologyandCommunity theHAPIEEStudy//Journal intheCzech Republic, Russia, Poland mortality andLithuaniain inequalities inall-cause A., Peasey A.,Simonova, G., Topor-Madry M.,BobakM.(2014)Socioeconomic R.,Marmot –35p.terranean. Region (2011).– Mediterranean the Eastern forWHO Regional Medi- theEastern Office Health Science. Vol. 7.№3.pp. 309–316. ronment onthestatusofhealthpopulation Vladimir region of //GlobalJournal heapol/15.2.164 the inside//Healthy Policy andPlanning. Vol. 15.Issue2.pp. 164–169. DOI:10.1093/ areas)in urban ipromyshlennost’ //Ekologiya Rossii.№1.S.24–29. ofintegrated (Methodology andairpollution assessmentofbioclimatic comfort toriyakh terri- naurbanizirovannykh vozdukha izagryaznennosti komfortnosti bioklimaticheskoj pp. 359–364. heatwavetion withtheMoscow andwildfire of2010//Epidemiology. Vol. 25.№3. Kharkova T., related to airpollu- KvashaE.,Lezina E.(2014)Mortality E.,Semutnikova 015-1827-x dicators andindices–current status//BMCPublic Health.15:494.DOI:10.1186/s12889- Problemy imodelirovaniya monitoringa № 1.S.91–122. ekosistem. ekologicheskogo // in2006–2012andpublichealthrisks) inMoscow naseleniya (Changesinairquality dlyazdorov’ja v2006–2012gg. iriski atmosfernogo vMoskve vozdukha eniye kachestva M.:Izdatel’skijEducational Institutions). tcentr “Akademija”. 384s. ucheb.nik dlyavyssh. zavedenij. (Environmental Epidemiology: Textbook for Higher enko O.N., N.A.(2015)Zag enko Kravchenko ryazneniye atmosfernogo ryazneniye vozdukha vozdukha S.M. M alkhazova, N.V.Shartova, Sergei A. Timonin Natalya V. Shartova Svetlana M.Malkhazova the authorof35scientificpublications. populationhealth.Sheis problems ecologyandurban ofurban geography andhumanecology,inrelation to the particularly State University. Hermainresearch interests are inmedical and SoilGeography, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow Scientific Researcher, ofLandscapeGeochemistry Department environmental atlases. including 10books, several textbooks, andmedical geography. Sheistheauthorofover 250scientificpublications, research interests relate to biogeography, ecology, andmedical Geography, Lomonosov State University. Moscow Hermain Professor, ofBiogeography, HeadoftheDepartment Faculty of and GIS. diseases, from spatialdemography, non-communicable mortality maininterestsEconomics. His are associated withlife expectancy, Associate Schoolof ofDemography attheInstitute oftheHigher S.A. T imonin SPATIAL PATTERNS OFPUBLICHEALTH INRUSSIA hasPh. D. degree inGeography. HeisResearch hasPh. D. degree inGeography. Sheis is Doctor ofGeographical Sciences, isDoctor

17 GEOGRAPHY 18 GEOGRAPHY 2 Tatiana V.Dikareva 1 Leninskie gory,Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +7 9060823239, * Corresponding author: gory,Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +7 9060823239 10–20 pollengranules per1cubicmeter ofair. isaccepted thatthe dangerousvalues. limitis It concentration in theairreaches thethreshold Pollinosis symptoms appearwhenpollen better insuchweather. andallergythe pollenripening sufferers feel weather, slowdown whilerainanddryness sunny thewarm in theairoccursduring sufferers. concentration ofpollen Maximum this timeisthemostdangerous for allergy thatiswhy morning; amount ofpollenearly Allergenic plants produce thelargestknown. More than700speciesofallergenic plants are inhabitant ofourplanet. – of allergy isplantpollen.Plant pollenallergy countries. Oneofthecauses in theindustrial became oneofthemostwidespread diseases allergy theendofXXthBy century source for allergologists andallergy sufferers. Oblast. Autonomous andtheMagadan Okrug, asareferenceChukotka The mapsmay serve regions and appeared to betheRyazan Voronezh Oblasts, whilethelessdangerous –the ofthenumberallergenic terms speciesandbythe In “allergenic index,” themostdangerous and summerseasons,spring respectively, andtheoverall allergen thewholeyear. dangerduring thewholeyear,the total during numberofspeciesflowering theoverall allergen dangerduring species,compiled: thenumberofspring-flowering thenumberofsummer-flowering species, number ofallergenic plantsintheregion andthe “allergenic index”. ofmapswas Aseries in GISMapinfo. For eachregion ofRussianFederation, indiceswere two calculated: thetotal allergenic were plantsinRussia.Allmaterials organized asdatabaseandattachedto themap ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: PLANTS IN RUSSIA DISTRIBUTION OF ALLERGENIC Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; pollinosis –isthediseaseofeachfourth

We analyzed, for thefirsttimeever, thegeographical ofthemain distribution

allergenic plants, 1 *, Vadim Yu.Rumiantsev e-mail: [email protected] e-mail:

pollinosis, allergenic index,cross allergy, mapsofdistribution. bronchial asthma attack. theformmay ofbronchospasm take and eyes, itch, andredness ofeyes. Allergy feeling inthethroat, aswell aswatering discharge from nose, cough,andtickling the symptoms ofrunny nosewithclear andcauses andconjunctivitis rhinitis Pollen theform allergy ofallergenic takes last approximately onemonth. plants; thatiswhy theseasonalexacerbations react to thebloomingofnotone butseveral August –weeds). Usuallytheallergy sufferers from theendofJunethrough theendof –cereal grassesand summer(June-July and throughof April themiddleofJune–trees) (from –spring-summer thebeginning periods two occurduring pollinosis exacerbations different bloomduring andThey periods groups –trees, cereal grass, and weeds. allergenic plants are dividedinto three allergenic medicalliterature plants. In There are more than700speciesof 2

[email protected] (middle ofJune –beginning ofSeptember). – beginning ofJune) andsummer-flowering into groups: two (April-May spring-flowering species. specieswereThe selected divided available dataofpollenproductionselected websites andon the the above-mentioned ofestimation wasbasedonthe materials dangerous (3),medium(2)andweak (1). This scale: danger wasestimated onathree-grade For eachspecies, thedegree ofallergenic plantings (for example, ash-leaved maple). plants thatoverstep thelimitsofartificial included into thislistonlythosedecorative allergy sufferers period. flowering during We amount ofpollen–themostdangerous for or thespeciesthatproduce thelargest We themostwidespread selected species al, 2001]. some additionalliterature sources [Eschet allergology.ru, www.pollenlibrary.com], and resources internet [www. this workbook, families)are(often named. We followed dangerous speciesandgroups ofspecies 2010],themostPoriadok okazaniya…, [Allergologiya iimmunologiya…, 2009; for allergologists theworkbook in Russia.In is nogenerallyrecognized listofsuchplants Even thisoperationwasdifficultbecausethere We for selected analysis119allergenic species. inRussia. plants distribution of geographical analysisofthemainallergenic presentedThe work herein isthefirstattempt species inallstates andlarge settlements. anddangerforflowering all300allergic [www.pollenlibrary.com], whichshowsdaily al. 2011]. There isthewebsite intheUSA [May,XXth century Smith,2008;Rondónet issue indetailbeginning from theendof allergologists have beenaddressing this those plantshasnotbeenanalyzed. Foreign butthegeographickestine.ru], of distribution calendars ofallergic [www. plantsflowering on humanorganism. Onecanfindthe ofpollenimpact aspects is paidto various RussianmedicalliteratureIn muchattention T.V. Dikareva, V.Yu. RumiantsevDISTRIBUTIONOFALLERGENICPLANTS INRISSIA MATERIALS AND METHODS vertebrates [Rumiantsev,vertebrates Danilenko, 1998] for thedatabase oftheRussianterrestrial the methodology developed bytheauthors Mapinfo. The database wascreated using the RFwasmappedwith helpofGIS ofand theassociationwith subjects wasorganizedThe material as database allergy sufferers. of thepopulationincludingallergologists and approach iswell understood byalarge section mapping oftaxonomic entities. Butsuch isnotwell accepted inbiogeographicalIt oftheRussianFederationthe subjects (RF). species wasthenassociatedof selected with Agroatlas [www.agroatlas.ru]. The distribution 1987–2003]andfromSibiri, thedatabase Dal’negoSovetskogo Vostoka, 1996; Flora [Gubanov, etal., 1995;Sosudistierasteniya obtained from theplantsguide-books Data ontheallergenic speciesrangeswere (see of Russia(ETR) Table 1). species widespread intheEuropean territory dangerousperiod, we 6weakly selected allforeignpractically literature. For thesummer but isfrequently mentionedasallergenic in isanexampleofrare The baldcypress species the widespread species(commonjuniper). beech)and(common beechandoriental the dominantspeciesincommunities dangerous species.4 weakly Those are: For period, we only thespring selected is given in Table 1. offlowering and period the dangercategory The numberofanalyzed species according to Table 1. Number of analyzed allergenic species by species allergenic analyzed of Table 1. Number oa 05 2119 52 57 34 10 18 33 Total 24 Summer 6 4 Spring Flowering period categories of danger and terms of fl of terms and danger of categories weak (1) Categories ofallergenic medium danger (2) dange rous (3) owering Total 73 46

19 GEOGRAPHY 20 GEOGRAPHY be explained by the fact that during spring spring thatduring be explainedbythefact Oblast. andtheMagadan Okrug This can Autonomous is thelowest intheChukotka decreases south,andeast towards north, the centralregions oftheETR. The number (Fig. spring that flower during 1)isfound in The maximumnumberofallergenic species compiled mapsare presented below. The results obtainedthrough analysisofthe allergenic thewholeyear danger during (Fig. 6). (Fig. 5)seasons, respectively, andtheoverall (Fig. spring danger during 4)andsummer the wholeyear (Fig. 3),theoverall allergenic total during numberofspeciesflowering the number ofsummer-flowering species(Fig. 2), species(Fig.of spring-flowering 1),the ofmapswereA series designed: thenumber applications Visual FoxPro andStatistika. scale. For estimationwe usedthesoftware the sumofallergenic dangergrades inthe plants intheregion and “allergenic index” – calculated: thetotal numberofallergenic For eachregion indiceswere oftheRFtwo GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 –10 andless(3), Fig. 1. Number of allergenic plant species flowering during spring: (In administrative brackets of –number within therange). units 2 –11–15 (6), 3 –16–20 (39), anthropogenic impact onvegetation,anthropogenic thus, impact weeds aswell, whichare of theproduct forest-steppe zone. Allergenic speciesinclude the greatest inthebroadleaved forest and incommunities,species diversity whichis ofallergenic speciesreflectsthetotal variety are considered. The secondreason isthatthe andonlylocal species oftheETR the territory that allergy isstudied andregistered mostlyin and Crimea. This canbeexplainedbythefact Kray, Oblast,theKarsnodar the Kaliningrad maximal inthecentralregions oftheETR, (Fig. offlowering the wholeperiod 3)is The total numberofallergenic speciesfor maximal inthezone ofbroadleaved forests. trees –tillet. The numberofsuchspeciesis pigweed, nettle, plantainetc., andfor the wormwoods, and “weeds” –goose-foot, of Ciscaucasia. The speciesare: cereal grasses, forests, forest-steppe, steppe, andtheforests regions.southern Those are broadleaved summer(Fig.that flower during 2)isinthe The maximumnumberofallergenic species oftheforest part zone.southern some coniferous trees are inthe distributed flower, theallergenic deciduoustrees and 4 –21–25 (11), 5 –26–30 (12), 6 –31 (11). andmore T.V. Dikareva, V.Yu. RumiantsevDISTRIBUTIONOFALLERGENICPLANTS INRISSIA with onemore factor. The allergy morbidity canbeassociatedcentral regions oftheETR The concentrationofallergenic speciesinthe regions oftheETR. ismaximalinthewell-developed the impact Fig. 3. Number of allergenic plant species flowering during the whole vegetation period: period: vegetation whole the during flowering species plant allergenic of Number 3. Fig. 1 1 –34andless(15), –30andless(3), Fig. 2. Number of allergenic plant species flowering during summer: (In administrative brackets of –number within therange). units (In administrative brackets of –number withintherange). units 2 2 –31–40 (3), –35–39 (12), 3 3 –41–50 (8), – 40–44 (1), –40–44 organism more sensitive to pollen. Thus, [Romaniuk, the socalled “cross” allergenic response higher. The highlevel ofpollutionstimulates indices ofair, water, andfood pollutionare rate ishigherinthoseregions where the 4 –51–60 (14), 4 – 45–49 (31), –45–49

2010], which makes human2010], whichmakes 5 –61–70 (21), 5 – 50–54 (16), –50–54 6 –71 (33). andmore 6 –55 (7). andmore

21 GEOGRAPHY 22 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 spring (Fig.spring 4)isdetected inthecentral The highestoverall allergy dangerduring reason, polluted regions ofRussia. developedindustrially and, becauseofthis the allergenic speciesare concentrated in 1 – 40 andless(2), –40 1 –30andless(4), (In administrative brackets of –number withintherange). units 2 (In administrative brackets of –number within therange). units –41–60 (7), Fig. 5. Summarized “allergenic index” in summer: 2 Fig. 4. Summarized “allergenic in index” spring: –31–40 (11), 3 –61–80 (6), 3 –41–50 (29), 4 –81–100 (13), can beexplainedbythehighallergy danger and theJewishAutonomous Oblast). This fact Kray, Kray, theKhabarovsk theAmurOblast, (but notmuch)intheFar East(thePrimorsky ishigher it decreases to thesouthandeast.It Oblast; andtheKaliningrad regions of the ETR 4 –51–60 (15), 5 –101–120 (42), 5 –61–70 (2), 6 6 –71 (21). andmore –121 (12). andmore T.V. Dikareva, V.Yu. RumiantsevDISTRIBUTIONOFALLERGENICPLANTS INRISSIA this period). during Krays and theKhabarovsk Kamchatka Oblasts, the andthe Sakhalin the Magadan and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, the Nenets, Republic, theChukotka, Sakha andtheFarthe northern Eastregions (the flowering. of The minimumdangeristypical forests, mostlybecauseofthecereal species of broadleaved, smalleaved, andmixed 2004]. Arelatively highdangeristypical abundant intheRussiansteppes [Dikareva, of mostcereal andwormwood species, canbeexplainedbyhigh allergenic danger It Kray, andtheRepublicofAdygeya. Crimea, as theStavropol andtheKrasnodar Kray andthePenzathe Lipetsk, Oblasts, aswell the Voronezh, theSaratov, theSamara, sufferers summer(Fig. during 5):theKursk, are themostdangerousETR for allergy Forest-steppe and steppe regions ofthe this period. as well asintheCiscaucasianrepublics during Kray, Oblast,andtheKamchatka the Magadan Autonomous Okrug, Republic, theChukotka East. The allergy dangerisminimalintheSakha and oaksinthebroadleaved forests oftheFar resulting from thepredominance ofwillows 1 –70 and less (3), Fig. 6. Summarized “allergenic in index” the whole vegetation period: 2 –71–100 (5), (In administrative brackets of –number withintherange). units 3 –101–130 (10), Autonomous Okrug and theMagadanAutonomous Okrug and summer arespring theChukotka respectively. The leastdangerous during andthe are theRyazan Voronezh Oblasts, region andsummer spring ofRussiaduring The mostdangerous for allergy sufferers Russia. laws ofallergenic in plantsdistribution Thus, theanalysisrevealed theprincipal Oblast. Magadan andthe Autonomous Okrug are theChukotka Voronezh Oblasts, whiletheleastdangerous the mostdangerous andthe are theRyazan allergenic speciesandthe “allergenic index,” As awhole, according to thenumber of environment pollution. andhighlevel ofhave developed industry it wasmentionedabove, theseregions Oblasts andtheRepublicofMordovia. As the the Lipetsk, Tambov, andthePenza the Belgorod, the Voronezh, theRyazan, the mostdangerous regions are theKursk, For (Fig. offlowering thewholeperiod 6), CONCLUSION 4 –131–160 (24), 5 –161–190 (32), 6 –191 (8). andmore

23 GEOGRAPHY 24 GEOGRAPHY 11. Poriadok okazaniya meditsinskoy pomoshchibol’nym meditsinskoy Poriadok zabolevaniyami sallergicheskimi okazaniya 11. PollenLibrary. Available from: www.pollenlibrary.com 10. May, J.R.; Smith,P.H. (2008).”Allergic Rhinitis”. DiPiro, In 9. J.T.; Talbert, R.L.; Yee, G.C.;Matzke, K.V., GubanovI.A.,Kiseleva Novikov V.S., Tihomirov V.N. (1995).Opredelitel’ sosudistykh 8. Flora Flora]. [Siberian Sibiri. (inRussian). (1987–2003).Vv. Nauka. 1–14.Novosibirsk: 7. E.etal. (2001).Common allergenic EschRobert pollens, Fungi, AnimalsandArthropods. 6. Dikareva T.V. raznoobraziya ibotanicheskogo biotsenoticheskogo (2004).Okhrana 5. Calendar’ Available pyleniya.[Calendarofpollenproduction]. from: www.kestine.ru (in 4. Allergologiya. [Allergology]. Available from: www.allergology.ru (inRussian). 3. Allergologiya iimmunologiya: nacional’noye rukovodstvo. (2009).[Allergology andImmunol- 2. Agroecologicheskiy atlasRossiiisopredel’nykh stran.[Agroecological atlasofRussiaand 1. These mapsandthedatabasecouldbeused formaterial allergologists andallergy sufferers. asreferenceThe compiledmapscouldserve rate.results withdataonthepollinosismorbidity region isnecessary. We alsoplanto compare our pollinosis andenvironment pollutioninthe Further research between onconnection considered. least dangerous iftheentire was period bothregions wereOblast, respectively; the GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 REFERENCES i boleznyami assotsiirovannymi Ministerstva simmunodefitsitami. Prilozheniye kprikazu York: pp. McGraw-Hill. 1565–1575. G.; Wells, B.; Posey, APathophysiologic L.M.Pharmacotherapy: Approach (7thed.). New revised]. –M.:Argus. (inRussian) plants ofthecentralregions ofEuropean Russia.–2-ndedition,supplemented and ofvascular regionovrasteniy Rossii[Guide-book tsentralnykh territorii Evropeyskoy Clinical ReviewsinAllergy andImmunology. V. 21,pp. 261–292. № 22–23,pp. 69–80.(inRussian). ecosistemi ecosystems]. [Arid Aridnie Eurasian steppes ontheRussianterritory]. V. 10. Rossii[Protectionstepey Evraziinaterritorii of ofbiocoenoticandbotanicaldiversity Russian). –М.:GEOTAR-Media. nationalguidebook].–Editors R.M.Haitova, N.I.Iliena ogy: (inRussian). Availableadjacent countries]. from: www.agroatlas.ru (inRussian). in Russia” onthepublichealth impact natural factors assessmentandmappingofthe“Integral Fund for BasicResearch (№13-05-41165) andtheRussianGeographical Society The research bytheRussian wassupported ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS system. in development ofaninteractive information eevd1.021 Accepted 06.11.2015 Received 10.10.2015 rasteniya Dal’nego Sosudistye Sovetskogo plantsoftheSoviet Vostoka. (1996).[Vascular 15. Rumiantsev V.Yu., Sistema (1998).Informatsionnaya A.K. Danilenko “Naseleniye nazem- 14. RondónC.,Blanca-López J.L., N.,ArandaA.,Herrera R.,Rodriguez-Bada Canto G.,Mayorga 13. RomaniukL.I.(2010).Pollinoz iperekrestnaya pishchevaya allergiya. Problemi diagnostiki, 12. T.V. Dikareva, V.Yu. RumiantsevDISTRIBUTIONOFALLERGENICPLANTS INRISSIA Far East]. Vv. –Sankt-Petersburg: (inRussian). 1–8.–Editor S.S.Kharkevich. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 126–129.(inRussian). [Problems ofecological informatics. ofthethird Materials symposium]. international Russia”]. Problemi tretiego Materialy mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma. ecoinformatiki. Rossii” pozvonochnykh nykh [Datasystem of populationofterrestrial vertebrates “The of Allergy andClinicalImmunology. 127(4):1069–1071. immunologic preseasonal changesafter immunotherapywithgrass pollen. The Journal C., Torres M.J., CampoP., BlancaM.(2011).Local allergic allergen rhinitis: tolerance and and prevention] //Zdorovia №1,pp. 46–48.(inRussian). Ukraina. [Pollinosislecheniya iprofilaktiki. andcross food allergy. Problems ofdiagnostics, cure Federation from February 4].№60н2.(inRussian). Enclosure ofRussian to theorder ofthePublic Healthandsocialdevelopment Ministry care(2010). [Medical procedure ofallergy sufferers andpatientswithimmunodeficiency. Federatsii Rossiyskoy isocial’nogozdravookhraneniya ot4fevralya razvitiya 2010goda. Tatiana V.Dikareva Vadim Yu. Rumiantsev more than70scientificpublications. of vegetation onpublichealth.She istheauthorandaco-author of changes in ofclimate changeandimpact under theimpact aremain scientificactivities inthefieldofdynamicsvegetation vegetation, composition.Hercurrent andchangesinfloristic ofwater protection vegetation, successionsof conservation research interests includebiodiversity, managementand Geography, Lomonosov State University. Moscow Hermain ofBiogeography,Senior Researcher attheDepartment Faculty of sheets incomplex nationalandregional atlases. scientific publications, including more than90thematic map- ofmorevertebrates. than230 Heistheauthorandaco-author geoinformation of terrestrial mapping ofthedistribution of theoretical, of methodological, aspects andpractical biogeography. are current mainscientific activities inthefield His biogeographic mapping, andtheuseof GIStechnology in research interests includemammalianenvironmental geography, Geography, Lomonosov State University. Moscow main His ofBiogeography,Senior Researcher attheDepartment Faculty of has aPh. D. degree inGeography. Sheis has aPh. D. degree inGeography. Heis

25 GEOGRAPHY 26 GEOGRAPHY to particular stagesinthelife of cycle to particular in thepreceding year influenceLyme disease(Lyme borreliosis) patterns. relatedThis islikely the datashowed suchastheaverage thatclimaticfactors temperatures inJulyandSeptember promotes thetransitandlocalizationrates Correlation ofcarriers. andregression analysisof discusses therole development: itlikely oftheanthropogenic innatural-ecosystem factor the dangerofinfection causedbynatural-focal diseasesinthe Vladimir region. The paper intheregion.administrative districts Aschematicmaphasbeencompiled;thereflects ArcView 3.1(GISsoftware). ofnaturalfoci forThe activity eachzooanthroponosis between varied rates ofthesenatural-focalmorbidity diseaseshave using beendifferentiated byterritory a complexofnatural-focal diseasesinthe Vladimir region (Russia),from 1958to 2012. The 1 2 Tatiana A. Trifonova * Corresponding Author [email protected] e-mail: boundaries, infectious agents are transmitted transmissible infections) ecology. Within these control led byendotherm are formed. Natural foci are boundaries in specificterritories, where naturalfoci are localized arthropods cases, blood-sucking ofmany wildanimals and,Ranges inmany 2006]. gardening [Istomin, andoutdoor activities of becauseoftheincreasedrising popularity foci. Similarly, ofinfection hasbeen therisk system response zones invarious withnatural populations withoutanappropriate immune regions,migration to certain whichleadsto isgainingrelevancemonitoring due to active changes. Aside from that,natural-focal disease change andanthropogenic territorial relevant, ofclimate especially inthecontext focal diseasesisbecoming increasingly circulation oftheinfectious agentsofnatural- Today in thenatural thestudyofpatterns a mathematicalmodelfor thepredictionofLyme borreliosis hasbeencreated. patterns ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: IN THE VLADIMIR REGION (RUSSIA) NATURAL-FOCAL DISEASES

A.G. andN.G.Stoletov [email protected] e-mail: Vladimir State University; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty Science; ofSoil The paper describes astudythatmonitoredThe paperdescribes theepidemiological situationof Vladimir region, epidemiological situation, natural-focal diseases, predicting. 1 , Anton A.Martsev and arthr opod (in Ixodidae 2* ticks. Usingmultiplelinearregression analysis, [Utenkova, 2009]. [Utenkova, in research objectives todaypertinent groupsand defininghigh-risk are themost zoning bydegree ofepidemiological risk, rates, distribution, analyzingterritorial thatinfluencemorbidity factors Determining 2010]. [Kormilenko, rates forincrease themorbidity thesediseases ofactivity unpredictablespurts their often However, theenduranceofnaturalfoci and ofhumaninfectiousthe structure diseases. focal diseasesare relatively insignificant in ofregisteredterms rates, natural- morbidity their epidemiological manifestation. In agents ofnatural-focal diseasesandintensifies promotes thetransmissionofinfectious epizoological, andepidemiological activity, along withadeclineinconservational, onnaturalecosystems,Active humanimpact focus [Zuyeva, 2005]. infected onlywhentheyare withinanatural animals.between People onlybecome pines, andjuniperbushes andheather. The alders andaspens andsandyhillockswithtall water,turbid large wetlands overgrown with sandy ridges. There are many forest with lakes wetland area thatissometimesinterrupted by lowlands –ahomogenousandflat Meshchera oftheregion isoccupiedbythepart irregularity.minor terrain The southwestern European Plain whichhaslowelevationsand are byitslocationwithintheEast determined region. topographicThe territory’s features The studieswere inthe conducted Vladimir [Aminev, 2013,Kolominov, 2012]. been madeto create aprognostic model on statisticallysignificant data,attempts have rates.natural-focal Based diseasemorbidity that precede theepidemicseasoninfluence average monthlytemperature inthemonths such asprecipitation rates, humidity, and A numberofauthorsnote thatclimate indices 2004]. [Suntsova,is influencedbyclimaticfactors population size, whereas theinfection rate ofaregioncharacteristics influencethetick The ecological andgeographical be quite contradictory. 2004],however the datacan 2012, Utenkova, [Antov,factors 2005,Aminev, 2013,Kolominov, and climaticecological, socio-economical, zooanthroponoses and diseasepatterns Many authorsnote therelationship between situation andallowprediction. indicatecan objectively theepidemiological problems listed rates above, onlymorbidity for research. objective inmindthe Bearing obstacles sometimes impossible-to-overcome a carrier-present areas represent and serious infectious agentsofnatural-focal diseasesin of testing systems to gage the presence of Protection)Rights regional branchesand onConsumer for Surveillance Service in Rospotrebnadzor’s (theRussianFederal specialized entomologists andzoologists fundingandabsenceof A lackofnecessary T.A. Trifonova, A.A.Martsev MATERIALS AND METHODS

NATURAL-FOCAL DISEASES IN THE VLADIMIR REGION (RUSSIA) and ( field mice( and The Vladimir region isinatemperate abundance ofwetlands andlakes. meters above meansealevel andhasan Novgorodthe Nizhny region. This landis100 lowlandin merge withtheBalakhninskaya River.the Klyazma Onitswestern side, they oftheregion, bankof alongtheleft part andnortheastern located inthenorthern lowlandsare The Nerlinsko-Klyazminskaya The relative elevationsreach 40–60meters. embedded riverbeds, ravines, andgulches. isheavily bydeeply dissected The surface the mostelevated area inthe Vladimir region. absolute elevation reaches 240meters. This is andflatmorainichills.shape ofridges The ridge. Dmitrovsky the These branchestake the region consistsofbranchestheKlinsko- of Kovrov. of elevated part The northwestern oftheregion, southofthecity part eastern limestone, stretches outlongitudinally inthe Oksko-Tsninskiy composedof embankment, tundra voles ( rodents –bankvoles ( epidemiologically significant speciesare 1500 invertebrate species. The most species, 6reptile species, andapproximately 43 fishspecies, 212bird species, 10amphibian The faunaconsistsof62mammalspecies, bog soil. coniferous trees dominate withunderbrush aspens dominate clay soilandclay loam,and sandy soilandloam,firtrees and 1200 species. Pines andbirches dominate The floraisquite diverse andconsistsofabout lowest precipitations rates part. intheeastern unevenly spread throughout thearea, withthe the region issufficientlyhumid. Precipitation is defined intermediate seasons. of The majority cold winter withstablesnowcover, andwell- summer, byawarm characterized moderately work on collecting epidemiological datain oncollecting work fromThe materials theauthors’ ownfield Mus musculus Ixodidae continental climate zone, whichis Apodemus agrariusApodemus ticks– ), brown rats( Microtus oeconomusMicrotus I. ricinus Myodes glareolusMyodes Rattus norvegicus and ), housemice I. persulgatus. ), striped ), ); );

27 GEOGRAPHY 28 GEOGRAPHY nonlinear regression analysis the most byusing multiple linearandAfterwards, rate). indices oneyear backrelative to themorbidity correlation coefficient (i.e. climate byshifting into considerationwhencalculating the rates wasalsotakenyears onmorbidity indices for thecurrent andpreceding Korotkov, 1999]. The influenceofclimate from aprognostic equation[Caughley, 1979, not leadto aremoval oftheseindicators the dynamicofprocess inquestionshould about itsrole inshaping lack ofknowledge as thecorrelation isstatistically significant, a effect relations cannotbeinterpreted. As long even whencause-and- these isworthwhile like correlation coefficient.Elucidatingfactors rates (p with morbidity that were statisticallysignificantly correlated Initially, (predictors) factors were determined in theatmosphere from 1977to 2012. pressure, snowcover size, andoxygen levels with precipitation permonth,atmospheric monthly temperature, numberofdays the following indiceswere used:average rates,focal dataon diseasemorbidity hydrometeorological onthenatural- factors order toIn evaluate theinfluenceof or 3(highrisk). 2(moderate risk), 1(lowrisk), degree ofrisk: was assigned arankthatcorresponded to the summed and, basedonthetotal, eachdistrict were district zooanthroponoses inaparticular people. rates forThe morbidity eachseparate rate wascalculated per100000morbidity a pointsystem. Eachnatural-focal disease inhuman populationwasgagedusing risk The degree ofnatural-focal diseaseinfection infectious andparasiticdiseases. as from Rospotrebnadzor’s on officialreports Center for Hygiene andEpidemiology, aswell rates were from taken the Vladimir Oblast The dataonnatural-focal diseasemorbidity from 1958to 2012were usedinthisstudy. the Vladimir region, aswell asstatisticaldata GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 m 0,05),usingPearson’s regard to theirdanger to public health.In all casesofzooanthoponosis infections with we suggestamethod thatinvolves equalizing inquestion, order toIn evaluate the territory inany area. human activity forfocal planningand diseases, isnecessary infection, butfor the entire complexofnatural- degree notjustfor ofinfection risk asingle showsthatinformationExperience onthe district. to 2012were recorded intheGus-Khrustalny rates fromhighest tularemia 1958 morbidity Petushinsky, the districts; andKovrovsky 2012 were recorded in theKolchuginsky, rates fromborreliosis 2005to morbidity thehighestLymePetushinsky districts; were and recorded intheGorokhovetsky rates inthesametimeperiodmorbidity thehighestleptospirosisPolsky districts; and Gorokhovetsky, Kameshkovsky, Yuryev- from 1978to 2012were recorded inthe rates (per100000people) HFRS morbidity in theregion varies. Therefore, thehighest ofdifferentThe focal activity zooanthroponoses among allinfections. rateshas byfarthehighestmorbidity and tularemia. However, Lyme borreliosis borreliosis (orLyme disease),leptospirosis fever withrenal syndrome (HFRS),Lyme natural-focal infections: hemorrhagic isendemicto thefollowingthat territory in thisstudy. The analysisdemonstrates bythestatisticaldatagatheredis confirmed of anumbernatural-focal diseases, which for thecirculation oftheinfectious agents Vladimir region’s naturalconditionsallow were usedto compileandeditthemaps. ArcView Paint 3.1,GISsoftware, andMicrosoft correlation andregressionconduct analysis. of residuals. STATISTICA wasusedto software derived usingtheR determined. Aprognostic equationwas significant predictors were incrementally RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2 value and distribution value anddistribution T.A. Trifonova, A.A.Martsev increased by46%. rates have2005 to 2012,andthemorbidity 2005. 1211cases have been registered from rates have beenmonitoredmorbidity since the In Vladimir region, Lyme borreliosis this territory. disease were registered mostfrequently in epidemiological process, ascasesofthis that influenced theLymefactors borreliosis Furthermore, anattempt wasmadeto locate (Fig. 1). indifferentvaries intheregion districts that thenatural-focal diseaseinfection risk rates. Our analysisdemonstratesmorbidity ofthemulti-year zooanthroponosisranking the Vladimir region wascompiledbasedon fordisease infection risk thepopulationof thenatural-focalThe finalmapreflecting of Lyme borreliosis. asbecominginfectedhealth risk withacarrier oftularemia poses the samewith acarrier other words, inthismodel, becominginfected Fig. 1. Natural-focal disease infection risk in the Vladimir region. Vladimir the in risk infection disease 1.Fig. Natural-focal

NATURAL-FOCAL DISEASES IN THE VLADIMIR REGION (RUSSIA) decades ago, tick-borne infections generally ourview, attention. AfewIn deserves thisfact respectively) inthe Vladimir region. indices (r=–0.19p0.47;r –0.26p=0.33 significant theabove correlation between established thatthere is nostatistically and wetland cover were analyzed. This analysis rates; then,theinfluenceofforestmorbidity theLymeanalysis andcomparing borreliosis aspatialcorrelationanalyzed byconducting development onLyme borreliosis was First, thepotential influenceofland (Fig. 2). are more districts heavilysouthern populated the region ismostserious, even thoughthe ofepidemiological situationinthenorth the entire period. monitoring However, the during district infection intheMelenkovsky example, there hasonlybeenone caseof for throughoutdistributed theterritory: Petushinsky districts. The diseaseisunevenly recorded inthe Kovrovsky, Kolchuginsky, and rates have beenThe highestmorbidity

29 GEOGRAPHY 30 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 meadows andformer arableland. Abandoned are settled, often aswell astheir outskirts, populations.urban Forests, especially on of has alsochangedbecauseof thearrival built. ofruralsettlementsThe structure recreational zones, androads have been vacation homes, summer cottages, rural has increased andfarmore homes, suburban thus itsecological niche. Humanmobility has significantly changeditsway oflife and in thelast20–30years Russia’s population be quite isolated from oneanother. However, and landintended for development usedto thatcommercial landexplained bythefact in landscapecharacteristics. This canbe been increasing independently ofdifferences rates have morbidity changed dramatically: in suchareas. Today thesituationhas urgent needto organize medical monitoring Evidently, thatexplainswhy there wasno central oblastsoftheNonchernozem belt. populationincommon amongtheurban forested landscapes;theywere notvery affected peoplelivinginthetaigaor Fig. 2. Lyme borreliosis morbidity rates in the Vladimir region. Vladimir the in rates morbidity borreliosis Lyme 2. Fig. indices). 2004 to 2012(atotal ofabout100 different oxygen levels intheatmosphere from pressure, snowcover size, andmonthly with precipitation, humidity, atmospheric temperature, thenumberofdays permonth on Lyme borreliosis: average monthly influence ofthefollowing climate indices Our studyalsoanalyzed thepotential ecological balanceisthereal culprit. whichdisruptstheanthropogenic activity humans ofpersonalresponsibility!);rather, gained popularity, becauseitabsolves (by theway, thisexplanation hasrecently is to blamefor thespread ofLyme disease thatitisnotclimate changethat be asserted negative transformations. Evidently, itcan ecosystems are disintegrating, leadingto more orlessisolated (naturallystructured) their hosts. Therefore, of theboundaries for thecirculation ofIxodidae ticksand creating newconvenient ecological niches croplands are intensely overgrowing, equation isshown below: The finalmultiple nonlinearregression rates.correlation withmorbidity the epidemiological process, despite itshigh because itdidnothave asignificant effect on oftheprevious year inJanuary the humidity of theprevious year. ruledout The software and theaverage temperature inSeptember temperature inJulyoftheprevious year epidemiological process are theaverage most significant valuesinfluencingthe demonstrated thattheThe software ofresiduals.distribution validity wasdefinedbytheR validity and aprognostic equationwasderived. Its epidemiological predictors were determined STATISTICA software, themostsignificant nonlinear regression analysis, achieved via As aresult ofthisincremental multiple have paircorrelations witheachother). of thepreceding year (theseindicesdonot preceding year, inJanuary andthehumidity the average temperature inSeptember ofthe temperature inJulyofthepreceding year, used intheprognostic model:theaverage Ultimately, thefollowing predictors were correlations from theprognostic equation. modeling byremoving predictors withpair wasruledoutin the model. Multicollinearity epidemiological process canbeincludedin values thatprecede thebeginning ofthe process begins inlate April, onlythe Because Lyme borreliosis’ epidemiological (r =–0.94p<0.05). in theatmosphere inJulyoftheprevious year in March (r=0.94p<0.05),andoxygen levels previous year (r=0,71p<0.05), snowdepth ofthe inJanuary p <0.05),thehumidity in September oftheprevious year (r=–0.91 (r =0.77p<0.05),theaverage temperature temperature inJulyoftheprevious year and thefollowing indices:theaverage theLyme ratesbetween diseasemorbidity revealed astatisticallysignificant correlation Correlation ofindices analysisofthearray T.A. Trifonova, A.A.Martsev

2 value andthe NATURAL-FOCAL DISEASES IN THE VLADIMIR REGION (RUSSIA) to thelineandare distributed. normally demonstrates thatallthe valueslieclose residuals wasanalyzed: theplotinFig. 3 ofrecursiveequation, thedistribution To ofthederived ensure the accuracy The R is stronger. thedependenceonJuly’syear; temperatures temperature inSeptember oftheprevious July oftheprevious year andtheaverage depends ontheaverage temperature in epidemiological process ofLyme borreliosis According to theequation, year. average temperature inJulyoftheprevious in September oftheprevious x2– year; population; x1–average temperature y –Lyme rate inthe borreliosis morbidity y =–577.938–0.84(x1 0.037(x2 residuals. the predicted values, aswell asthe rate valuesand morbidity the observed The datain Table 1allows usto compare probability of99%. theepidemiologicaldescribes process witha Table 1. Predicted Values and Residuals of Multiple Multiple of Residuals and Values Table 1. Predicted 02292296.1 –2.9 0.5 212.9 200.9 –0.4 93.5 219 2.2 198 4.1 194.4 2012 94 176.8 –2 2011 91.9 194 –7.4 2010 179 129.0 2009 96 157.4 2008 127 2007 150 2006 2005 Year 2 valueallowsusto infer thatthismodel 3 ); R 2 Morbidity Morbidity Observed Observed Nonlinear Regression =0.99p<0.001 Rates 2 ) +58.538(x2)– Morbidity Morbidity Predicted Rates Residuals

31 GEOGRAPHY 32 GEOGRAPHY between Lymebetween borreliosis andtheaverage of Lyme borreliosis. The negative correlation and thusthespread ofthe infectious agent towhich contributes theticks’ development by theabundanceofhosts in thisperiod, average temperature inJulycanbeexplained correlation Lyme between borreliosis and the is statistically accurate [Trukhacheva, 2013]. is statisticallyaccurate [Trukhacheva, Therefore, theconclusionwe have reached GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 the life of cycle year. beexplainedbyThis canmostlikely temperature inSeptember oftheprevious July oftheprevious year andtheaverage depends ontheaverage temperature in epidemiological process ofLyme borreliosis modelindicatesThe derived thatthe of themodel. (Fig.the normal thevalidity 4)alsosupports ofresidualsshows thedistribution closeto The histogram ofstandard residuals that Fig. 3. Normal Probability Plot of Residuals Fig. 4. Distribution of Standard Residuals. in Multiple Nonlinear Regression. Ixodidae ticks. The positive ticks. The July andcoldSeptember. are associated withayear preceded byhot that higherLyme rates borreliosis morbidity Lyme borreliosis. The modeldemonstrates theappropriateand to steps take to fight used to predicttheepidemiological situation 4. mathematicalmodelcanbeThe derived the region. theepidemiological situationinimpacts affect theticks’ life which inturn cycle, of theprevious years) are to have likely to and theaverage temperature inSeptember temperature inJulyoftheprevious year 3. The identified climate indices(theaverage and thusthediseaseitself. and thedelocalizationofinfectious agents ofnaturalecosystemslead to thedestruction demonstrated thatanthropogenic factors to definethespread of These parameters were traditionallythought forest orwetland cover inany oftheterritories. Vladimir region isnotrelated of to theextent 2. The Lyme rate inthe borreliosis morbidity region. the Vladimir natural-focalcaused byvarious diseasesin ofinfectioncompiled mapreflectstherisk are confinedto different territories. The tularemia. The naturalfoci oftheseinfections HFRS, Lyme borreliosis, leptospirosis, and the following natural-focal infections: 1. The Vladimir region isendemicto Conclusions winter. successfully endure lowtemperatures inthe molted female ticksto enter diapauseand temperatures inSeptember causerecently and hadasufficientfood supply).Lower of theireggs(ifthefemales found ahost first frost) leadsto theirdeathandthe to search for the hosts;whichthen(after September causerecently molted females hightemperaturesin thefollowing in way: temperature inSeptember canbeinterpreted Ixodidae ticks.have We 1. Aitov, K. (2005) Prirodno-ochagovye transmissivnye kleshchevye infektsii Pribaykal’ya infektsii Aitov, transmissivnye Pribaykal’ya (2005)Prirodno-ochagovye kleshchevye K. 1. 1. Zue 11. E.O. 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Nizhny med. nauk. 24pages. tion ofPrediction Fever ofHemorrhagic withRenalSyndrome). avtoref. dis. …kand. s pochechnym sindromom (Epizootological andEpidemiogical oftheDistribu- Aspects likhoradki prognozirovaniya gemorragicheskoy ochagakh zabolevaemostivprirodnykh ofNatural-FocalMonitoring Pskov Infections). Zhurnal. Regionologichesky pages. avtoref. Members). inService Rates med. dis. naukSt.Petersburg. ...kand. Morbidity 23 Fever ofHemorrhagic teristics withRenalSyndrome on inSteppes andtheirInfluence na zabolevaemost’ (Epidemiological andEpizootological voennosluzhashchikh Charac- vliyanie iikh spochechnym sindromom landshaftakh vstepnykh likhoradki agicheskoy va, L.and Yafaev, R.(2005)Epidemiologiya (Epidemiology).St. Petersburg: Foliant. Izdatelstvo . Web. 12July2015.

NATURAL-FOCAL DISEASES IN THE VLADIMIR REGION (RUSSIA) www.dis-

33 GEOGRAPHY 34 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Anton A.Martsev Tatiana A. Trifonova medical geography. at A.G.andN.G.Stoletovs Vladimir State University. Hestudies several monographs andtextbooks. She istheauthorofover 250scientificpublications, including protection, humanecology, andenvironmental management. ofenvironmental aspects in thefieldoftheoretical andpractical N.G. Stoletovs Vladimir State University. Herresearch interests are ofBiologyandEcologyatA.G. also HeadoftheDepartment the Faculty ofSoilScience, Lomonosov State University. Sheis isagraduate student ofBiologyandEcology , D. Sc., isProfessor andSeniorResearcher at on thethird day ofexposure, 10 the secondday ofexposure, 10 pollutant ledto 0.65%increase inthehospitalizationfor ontheexposure day. CVD On 1 weakened butthereweakened remained apositive correlation. For PM2.5, 100 coldperiods. Fourduring days exposure, after thePM2.5onhospitaladmissions impact period. thanthewarm cold period The numberofadmissionsfor were CVD thehighest matter level recorded andtheparticulate in thecoldestperiod was3.7timeshigherinthe statistical tests were employed. 2011–2014,thehighestconcentrationofPM2.5 During was 2014. 2011to January Tofrom January test thedifferences oftheresults, appropriate were therecords ofalloutpatienthospitalsUlaanbaatar. The datacovered theperiod Ulaanbaatar. The samplingframeofhospitaladmissionsfor cardiovascular disease(CVD) air wassampleddailyandrecorded stationslocated bythenationalairmonitoring in in Ulaanbaatar2011–2014. The pollutiondataincludeda24-houraverage PM2.5. The defining therelationship theambientairPM2.5 between level andhospitaladmissions than 40percent ofthenation’s total populationlives inUlaanbaatar. The studyaimsat Ulaanbaatar is10–25timesgreater standards airquality (AQS). thantheMongolian More kilometers. matter (PM)The ambientannualaverage concentrationin particulate * Сorresponding author; 2 Altangerel Enkhjargal January andFebruary is –20°C,withwinterJanuary summers. dry The average temperature in climates withlong, coldwinters and short continental has extreme The country andwestern parts. surround thenorthern whilemountains parts, and eastern stretch initssouthernSteppes anddeserts land area of1,564,116square kilometers. withatotal country isalandlocked Mongolia residents wasaffected greater onthesameandthird day ofexposure. for cardiovascular system chronic diseasesare positively correlated. inUlaanbaatar CVD result ofPM2.5 exposure. This showsthatthePM2.5 exposure andhospitaladmissions registeredof CVD thecoldmonthsinUlaanbaatarlastfour during years were a casesin2011–2014Ulaanbaatar.CVD conclusion we may state In thatmostincidences hospital admissionsfor CVD, day, andatthefourth suchgrowth ledto 0.6%increase of ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: OF ULAANBAATAR RESIDENTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IMPACT OF THE AMBIENT AIR PM Ach University, Medical Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mongolian Academia Sciences,Mongolian ofMedical Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mongolia is a a is Mongolia PM2.5, exposure, CVD, Ulaanbaatarairpollution. healthimpact, 1* landlocked country withatotal landarea of1,564,116square country landlocked , Badrakhyn Burmaajav e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: μ μ g/m g/m 3 3 growth ofthepollutantledto 0.08% increase of growth ofthepollutantledto 0.66% increase; activities, which atmosphere bynatural andanthropogenic and biological substancesemitted to the ofsolid,pollution isamixture liquid, gaseous, processes.atmospheric definition,air By bybiogenic, geologic,long history and substance produced over theEarth’s The atmosphere ofgaseous isamixture (NSO 2015). night temperatures dropping to –40°C 2 has detrimental effects μ g/m 2.5 3 growth ofthe

35 ENVIRONMENT 36 ENVIRONMENT equipment to analyze airquality. method, which utilizes automated stations usedaninstrumentalquality stations located in Ulaanbaatar. The air recorded bythenationalairmonitoring stations. The air wassampleddailyand of2monitoringdata comefrom anetwork a 24-houraverage ofPM2.5. The PM2.5 Exposure data. 2014. to January 2011 fromThe datacover theperiod January 2011–2014. hospital admissioncasesofUlaanbaatarin the ambientairPM2.5between level and This studyaimsatdefiningtherelationship outcomes inMongolia. in relation to thePM2.5 level andhealth have been conductedNot many surveys negatively health(PHI2007). which impacts isatthelevel(indoor) airwithfurnaces of particles (PM of particles thecontentthe findingsofrelevant surveys, the mainsource ofairpollution.According to Particulate matter intheairofUlaanbaataris from thesepollutionsources (CNAPetal2014). capital. percent Eighty ofairpollutioncomes heating oflow-pressure steam boilersinthe approximately 3,200entitiesoperated bythe and areas ofsixcentralUlaanbaatardistricts 2014, over 184,000householdslive inthe “ger” lives inUlaanbaatar(STU2015).In Mongolia of percent ofthetotal population More thanforty annual ambient air quality standard is25 annual ambientairquality to any otherworld’s capital. The Mongolian highest recorded measurements compared standards (AQS)air quality andisamongthe is 10–25timesgreater thantheMongolian matter (PM) concentrationinUlaanbaatar The ambientannualaverage particulate (Godish, 2004). on animals, humanhealth,andeconomy GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 m MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 for PM2.5 (MNS2008).

The pollutiondataincluded 10 andPM 2.5 ) inhousehold μ g/ warmer periods (warm 34.15±20.39 (warm periods warmer thanis 3.7timeshigherincolder periods Basically, ourstudyfound thatthePM2.5 level by2.29times. coldperiods declined during average PM2.5 concentrationinambientair to Delgerzul’s comparison In survey, the by 27 2014waslower 2013tofrom April October standard). The average PM2.5 concentration airquality levelpermissible oftheMongolian level was375.09±722.6 theannualaverage PM2.5 district, Sukhbaatar (2012) ofambientairaround Ulaanbaatar’s LAccording ofDelgerzul. to thesurvey average PM2.5 level seasons. incoldand warm The following histograms showa24-hour coldtemperatures. ofraw coalduring burning becauseofhighhousehold(indoor) periods PM2.5 level wasrelatively cold highduring of PM2.5 thecoldestperiods. wasduring The 2011–2014,thehighestconcentration During measured 2013. from2012to April October was 64 matters (PM2.5), byparticulate measured ofUlaanbaatarin2014,asAir quality Ambient airPM2.5 level, 2011–2014 correlation andlinearregression were alsoused. Utests,variance, Mann-Whitney andSpearman were oneway used. analysisof Kruskal-Wallis in theresults, appropriate tests non-parametric SPSS Version 21.0.For testing thedifferences analysis. Data department. system wasusedbyeachhospital’s statistics Ulaanbaatar. diseaseclassification The ICD-10 were therecords ofalloutpatienthospitalsin admissions for cardiovascular disease(CVD) data. Morbidity cold 127.6±11 vary within thestudyareas bysize, number,vary toActually, islikely of particles themixture RESULTS AND DISCUSSION μ g/m μ g/m 3 (21%)thantheconcentration The datawere analyzed using 3 μ (2.6timeshigherthanthe g/m

The datafor hospital 3 ) (Table 1). ) (Table μ g/m 3 . μ g/m 3 , * Mann-Whitney Utest * Mann-Whitney Ha etal., 2001). health thanPM10 (Bremner etal, 1999; been found to have bigger effects on Fine (for instance, PM2.5) particles have chemical compositionandsize distribution. matter dependsonitsof particulate and chemicalcomposition. The toxicity A. Enkhjargal, B. Burmaajav iiu 421 010 59 10 230 58.0 66.5 10 230 76 43.04 68.42 43 230 2 44.56 79.63 44 59 36.17 854 54.13 0.0001 46.18 14 110 0.0001 95.81 80.08 854 88 2 22 p value* 119.51 127.60 194 Maximum 33 Minimum 20.39 34.15 IQ Range Std. Deviation Median Mean Table 1. Some descriptive statistics on the PM2.5 level and daily admission cases for CVD for cases admission daily and level PM2.5 the on statistics Table descriptive 1. Some Fig. 1. Histogram of a 24-hour average PM2.5 level in Ulaanbaatar, 2011–2014. Ulaanbaatar, in level PM2.5 average a24-hour of 1.Fig. Histogram amsao odsao Ttl amsao odsao Total Cold season Warm season Total Cold season Warm season

PM2.5 IMPACT OF THE AMBIENTAIRPM2.5 ONCARDIOVASCULAR... μ g 3 cold months(Fig 2). number ofcases wasregistered the during increased in last2years andthehighest seasonal casesofCVD. The numberofcases The following figures showtimesequenceof Cardiovascular disease admission, 2011–2014 CVD cases CVD

37 ENVIRONMENT 38 ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 CVD occurred, thesummerCVD whileduring spring, themosthospitaladmissionsforIn Table 2. Distribution of CVD incidence, by season byseason incidence, CVD of Distribution Table 2. (June 1–Aug 31) (June Summer oa 57 17 66457 41279 Total 25178 31) 1–May (Mar Spring 1–Feb(Dec 28) Winter 1–Nov 31) Autumn (Sep esn aeFml Total Female Male Seasons and gender, UB, 2011–2014 UB, gender, and Fig. 2. Daily morbidity counts of CVD, by date, Ulaanbaatar, 2011–2014. 22.8 % 32.8 % 26.9 % 17.5 % 5753 8254 6771 4400 Fig. 3. Leading causes of CVD, Ulaanbaatar, 2011–2014. 24.6 % 32.8 % 25.4 % 17.2 % 10157 13551 10480 7091 23.9 % 32.8 % 26.0 % 17.3 % 15910 21805 17251 11491 diseases were caused by pollution. Its resultdiseases were causedbypollution.Its and towns found ofMongolia thatrespiratory The research in2003majorcities conducted ofUlaanbaataron CVD residents ofambient PM2.5Impact disease(Fig. andischemic heart hypertension 3). 2011–2014werein Ulaanbaatarduring ofadmitted cases The mostcommonCVD registered (r most casesofhospitalizationfor were CVD On theotherhand, coldperiods, the during months, thenumberofadmissionsdeclined. 2 = 34.6, p = 0.00001) (Table 2). =34.6,p0.00001)(Table day ofexposure, 2.7%ofhospitalizations 2011–2014inUlaanbaatar,In onthefirst lag3:r=0.09,p0.004). p =0.00001,CVD lag2:r=0.12, lag1: r=0.21,p0.0001,CVD lag0:r=0.13,p0.0001,CVD (CVD observed exposure, aweak positive correlation was day of thefourth wasshownthatafter 3. It (Spearman’s) lag0- PM2.5 between andCVD thisstudy,In we estimated thecorrelation 2009). caused hospitalization(WВ of thepollutantledto a0.8%increase inCVD- admissions for CVD. For PM2.5, 10 a constantandstrong correlation withhospital and PM10 intheambientairofUlaanbaatarhad According to the2009 World Banksurvey, PM2.5 (r =0.34p0.013),respectively (PHI2003). (r =0.44p0.019),andnitrogen dioxide monoxide (r=0.538p0.011),sulfur dioxide moderate level relationship withcarbon diseaseshave adirect shows therespiratory A. Enkhjargal, B. Burmaajav Fig. 4. Scatter diagram of Spearman correlation between CVD lag0-3 lag0-3 CVD between correlation Spearman of diagram Scatter 4. Fig. and ambient air PM2.5 annual level. annual PM2.5 air ambient and μ g/m IMPACT OF THE AMBIENTAIRPM2.5 ONCARDIOVASCULAR... 3 growth growth second day ofexposure, 10 hospitalizations ontheexposure day. Onthe causedled to a 0.065 %increase inCVD- by reducing thecontent ofPM10 intheair Pope discovered University from that Harvard and pollution. For instance, scientistsDockery are causedbyair thatCVD studies verify Many cases(Fig.increase inCVD 4). day,admissions, andonthefourth a0.06% led to related a0.08%increase ofCVD hospital exposure,10 in hospitalizations;onthethird day of of thepollutantledto a0.066%increase For PM2.5, 10 compared to the2009 World Banksurvey. wasrelatively ofCVD lowThe impact caused hospitalizationswere 2.1%. increased day, 2.8%,andonthefourth CVD- of exposure, therate ofhospitaladmissions on thesecondday, 2.2%;onthethird day for cardiovascular diseasewasdueto PM2.5; μ μ g/m g/m 3 3 growth ofthepollutant growth ofthepollutant μ g/m 3 growth (until (until

39 ENVIRONMENT 40 ENVIRONMENT 5. Enkhjargal A.B., assessmentof Suvd Sh.(2010),Healthimpact Enkhjargal B., B., Burmaa Enkhtsetseg 5. D.W. Dockery, Pope, airpollution. C.A.III(1994).Acute effects ofparticulate respiratory 4. matter (PM10 andPM2.5) L.(2013),Airparticular influencesto Delgerzul, humanhealth, 3. CNAP, MOEGD, airpollutants, Ulaanbaatar, SICA(2014),Registration ofstationary p. 25. 2. Bremner, R.W., S.A.,Anderson, H.R.,Atkinson, A.J., McMichael, Strachan,D.P., Bland, J.M., et 1. admissions andthePM2.5 level wasincreasing matter.particular Variability ofchronic CVD increased for chronic diseaseadmissionsand p =0.02)wasobserved. Variability significantly level, onlylag0significant correlation (4.0%, the total acute admissionsandthePM2.5 onthethird day (3.9%).Forwas observed first day (8.0%)andthelowest variability onthe admissionswasobserved acute CVD thisvariability,In thehighestPM2.5 level and days of1–3(lag0–lag3),respectively.during admissions declinedfrom 8.0%to 3.9% Variability ofthePM2.5 level andacute disease analysisTime-series and PM10 is25.4. effects ofsulphurdioxide, nitrogen dioxide, while inautumn,thepercentage ofcombined 17.4 for windspeedand average temperature, РМ10 only, andthepercentage insummeris РМ10; thepercentage inautumnis5.4for temperature, humidity, nitrogen dioxide and in thewinter seasonis37.2for average combined effects oncardiovascular diseases nitrogen dioxide andРМ10; thepercentage of is 52.9for average temperature, humidity, diseasesinthewinter season on respiratory showed thepercentage ofcombinedeffects etal(2010),which byEnkhjargal conducted Similar findingswere found inasurvey Pope etal2002). etal1994; be reduced by15percent (Dockery can the standard mortality rate), CVD-related GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 REFERENCES PM10 andPM2.5 of Ulaanbaatar, Sciences, ofMedical 4:154–161. Journal Mongolian Annu RevPublic Health15:107–132. master thesis, Ulaanbaatar. Environ1992–4. Occup 56: 237–244. Med inLondon outdoor associationsbetween term airpollutionandmortality al (1999)Short first andthethird day ofexposure. Ulaanbaatar residents were higheronthe to hospitals. The hospitalizationsfor in CVD positively admissions influenceschronic CVD consideration. AmbientairPM2.5 exposure intoin Ulaanbaatarshouldbetaken air pollutantsandmeteorological factors However, ofexposure to theimpact other year were theresult ofambientairPM2.5. cold monthsinUlaanbaatarthelast4 registered incidencesofCVD Most during (lag0, 15.3%,p=0.0001). atthefirstday and thelowest wasobserved on thesecondday (lag1,19.3%,p=0.000001) 4 days. wasobserved The highestvariability andthePM2.5of chronic level CVD inall the PM10 level washigherthanvariability p =0.0001). Variability and ofchronic CVD the highestonthird day (lag3,15.0%, on thefirstday (lag0,6.5%,p=0.004)and andthePM2.5 levelCVD wasthelowest 1). (p =0.0003)(Table Variability ofchronic on thethird day, (lag3)itdecreased to 7.1% p =0.0002–lag2,11.1%,0.0002)and the secondday (lag2)(lag0,10.91%, and thePM10 level wasincreasing to Variability admissions ofchronic CVD (p =0.0003). on thethird day (lag3)itdecreased to 10.1% p =0.00001–lag2,15.9%,0.000001)and to thesecond day (lag2)(lag0,12.1%, CONCLUSION ofUB(2015),available onlineat:http://ubstat.mn/StatTable. Statisticaldepartment 13. ofHealth, Public healthinstitute,World Ministry air HealthOrganization, (2007),Indoor 12. Pope R.T., C.A.III,Burnett D.,Thun M.J., K., CalleE.E.,Krewski Ito Thurston G.D. (2002).Lung 11. PHI,MOH(2003)Hygienic assessmentofsomechemical, physical andbiological fac- risk 10. PHI,MOH(2003)Hygienic assessmentofsomechemical, physical andbiological fac- risk 9. nationalstandard, standard, Mongolian airquality (2008)Mongolian Ulaanbaatar. 8. Ha,E.H.,Hong, Y.C., Lee, B.E., Woo, J., B.H., D.C. Christiani, Schwartz, (2001).Isairpollution 7. Godish, T. (2004),Airquality, USA:Lewis 4thedition.BocaRaton, Publishers. 6. A. Enkhjargal, B. Burmaajav eevd0.121 Accepted 06.11.2015 Received 02.11.2015 assessmentofcurrent Initial World –AirpollutioninUlaanbaatar: Bank(2009),Mongolia 14. situation andeffects ofabatement measures Ulaanbaatar, (Mongolian), p. 35–52. 2015. aspx?tableID =20,15October survey, Ulaanbaatar.quality tion. J. Am.Med. Assoc. 2002;287(9):1132–1141. cancer, airpollu- exposure andlong-term mortality, to fineparticulate cardiopulmonary tors to humanhealth,Ulaanbaatar. tors to humanhealth,Ulaanbaatar. weight inSeoul?Epidemiology12:643–648. for factor a risk lowbirth Prof. Altangerel

environmental health,publichealthtechnology, andclimate hygiene, epidemiology, environmental health,children She hasbeendedicated to research andteaching in thefieldof Academy oftheMongolian sciences. ofMedical Scientific Secretary and medicalresearch administrator,policy lecturer, and General (2001).Sheisaphysician,Mongolia hygienist, researcher, health from University,(Med) theNationalMedical Ulaanbaatar, Child andAdolescent, Moscow, RussianFederation (1992);D. Sc. University,Medical (1978);Ph. Mongolia D. from of theInstitute Mongolian population. Mongolian inthefieldofpublichealth program. Sheisanexpert and the development ofthenational publichealthpolicy in environmental participated healthandpublicsurveys, sector, more andprojectmanagement. Sheconducted than20 inenvironmentalexperience health,strategic planningofhealth in publichealth/environmental health.Shehas16years of andPh.University D. ofSciencedegree student.ShehasaMaster and English,including more than70 change. Shepublished more Russian, than400papersinMongolian, Badrakhyn Burmaajav IMPACT OF THE AMBIENTAIRPM2.5 ONCARDIOVASCULAR...

Enkhjargal Enkhjargal is epidemiologist, lecturer of Ach Medical is epidemiologist, lecturerofAch Medical received herMScfrom theNational books (author or editor).

41 ENVIRONMENT 42 ENVIRONMENT OF OFTHE CITY VORONEZH (RUSSIA) Tatyana I.Prozhorina 1 is the main contributor tois themaincontributor thetotal pollutionofsoilandsnowcover. zone toThe industrial isthemaincontributor thetotal pollution ofair, zone butthetransport diseases oftheurogenital area. associated withpollutionare congenitalanomalies, neoplasms, pathologyand endocrine andtransport. The diseasesprimarily with highloadofpollutantemissionsfrom industry rate issignificantly polluteddevelopment; neighborhoods higherinindustrially childmorbidity the existence ofwoody plantssignificantly worsen, whichismanifested intheinhibitionoftheir facilitiesofthepetrochemicalindustrial profile ofthe city, sector intheleft-Bank conditionsfor withregard andvaries sector to thefeatures planninginfrastructure;nearthe ofthefunctional hasbeenidentifiedthatanthropogenic pollutionisformed bytheindustrial-transport It oftheCentral Chernozem city region).industrial woody plantsandthehealthofchildpopulation(onexample Voronezh –thelargest environment, oftheurban andquality of anthropogenic aswell astheresponse impact of according to thecriteria assessment andmappingoftheecological conditionsoftheterritory density of urban development inlarge ofurban density ofXX–XXIAt theturn centuries, increasing problems. urbanization contemporary significantlyand contribute to solutionofthe spatial planningandenvironmental safety environment toolsurban of are important and mappingoftheecological statusofthe acute ecological problems. The monitoring large citiesare Modern thecenters ofthemost environmental assessment, Voronezh. Russian Federation, tel: +7(473)2496024 of Engineering Technologies, 19,Prospekt Revolyutsii, Voronezh, 394036, * Voronezh, 394006,RussianFederation, tel: +7(473)2665654 Geoecology and Tourism, Voronezh State University, Universitetskay sq., 1, 2 A.KurolapSemen KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION MAPPING INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT AND GIS- Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Department Voronezh State University ofGeoecology andEnvironmentalDepartment Monitoring, Faculty ofGeography, Corresponding author The authorshave created ageoinformation-analytical system (GIS)for integrated geographical information pollution,healthofthepopulation, system, industrial

OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE 1* , Oleg V. Klepikov 1 , LiudmilaO. Sereda , e-mail: [email protected] , e-mail: 2 , Pavel M. Vinogradov of environmental risk supports therelevance of environmental supports risk landscapes incombination withtheconcept ofurbanenvironmental geochemistry Research ecologyand inthefieldurban has alsoincreased. ofthepopulation woody plants. Morbidity response –theinhibitionofdevelopment of environmentalThis ismanifested inacertain environment. oftheurban of thequality toand soilpollutioncontributed thedecline industrialized citiesand theincrease ofair 1 1 , of environmental, geochemical, biological, The following methodswere used: methods of over 1millionpeople. Central Chernozem region withapopulation town becauseitisamajorindustrial ofthe city technologies. Voronezh asamodel isselected geoinformationapplication ofmodern ofalarge center with industrial territory assessment oftheecological state ofthe and testing ofapproaches to integrated isdevelopmentThe aimofthiswork the population” remain insufficientlystudied. system “atmosphere –soilbiotahealthof inthe environmental assessmentoflinkages geochemical. However, ofintegrated aspects factors, particularly,air-technogenic andsoil- based ontheleadingenvironmental risk 2010]. Methodologicallythesestudieswere [Kurolap, etal.,conducted 2006, Klepikov of ontheterritory Voronezhfactors was city public healthfrom adverse environmental environmenturban assessmentfor andrisk studies ontheenvironmental zoning of of Voronezh. Earlier, anumberofanalytical centers ofRussia,includingthecity industrial These problems are relevant for many large onthebiotaand population. negative impact factors, aswell asonminimizationoftheir quantitative estimationofenvironmental risk - health,” focused onthe identification and approach to theproblem of “environment This allowed justificationofrisk-based modern etal., 2011,2014;Revich,2010]. Malkhazova etal., 2013; 1995;Kasimov gorodskikh…, [Bezuglaya etal., 1991;Ekogeokhimiya andmedicalgeographygeochemistry ecology,in thefieldofurban ecological ofnationalandforeignworks scientists problem have beendiscussedinnumerous Theoretical approaches to thestudyofthis health inlarge cities. shape theecological situationandpublic “dose-effect” for that awiderangeoffactors of quantitative evaluationofcorrelations S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... MATERIALS AND METHODS Voronezh territory for environmental ensuring inthe monitoring have developed anautomated GISsystem We environment. of theenvironmental situationoftheurban comprehensive assessment andmapping were usedasintegrating instrumentfor a Professionalin theofMapInfo 9.0environment EXCEL andSTADIA, aswell asGIStechnologies of probabilistic andstatisticalanalysisinMS forrisk thehealthofpopulation.Methods and GISresearch andassessmentofecological the city environmentalthe city managementsystem). of points for uniform coverage oftheterritory and, additionally, monitoring theselected service, thesanitary-epidemiological service, the airsystem ofthehydrometeorological including fixed andmobile control postsof environmentthe state oftheurban (75points, (12 areas); of 3)specialpoints ofmonitoring children’s2) areas ofservice clinicsinthe city the background, units); altogether 7territorial zones (6zones planningcity and 1) functional units(OTU):defined asoperationalterritorial levels ofinformation generalization were environment. oftheurban quality Three foras abasictimeperiod assessmentofthe The 5-year (2009–2013)wasselected period in Fig. 1. of thecity. oftheGISisshown The structure regional ecological agencies andmonitoring research bytheauthorsandprovided bythe Voronezh” were experimental obtained during The source datafor creating of “ECOGIS mapping. risks, andthepotential oftimelyGIS-based analysis andcalculationofenvironmental system, automatization ofprocedures ofdata to anexisting environmentallinking control organization of diverse environmental data, specialized GISare complexsystematic ofcreationThe mainprinciples ofthe ecological assessment. risk of as well asprogram-algorithmic support data, geochemical andhealth-geographical ding thestorage subsystem oftheenvironmental- (“ECOG IS Voronezh”),inclu-

43 ENVIRONMENT 44 ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 temporary watercourses); 3)residentialtemporary reservoir, and(Voronezh permanent agglomeration); 2)hydrographyurban squares, forming a “green frame” ofthe greenand suburbs-native areas, parks, thematic layers: 1)vegetation (intra-city differentiated into thefollowing basic onadigital mapof All theobjects Voronezh monitoring. most representative items ofenvironmental pollution oftheseenvironments basedonthe thepollution ofsnowcover bycomparing correlation pollutionofsoiland between atmosphere, snow, andsoil;3)analysisofthe load onconcentrationsofpollutantsinthe andtransport ofindustrial characteristics estimation ofthestatisticalinfluence of pollutantsintheatmosphere; 2) dispersion ofpollutantsontheconcentrations and directions: 1)influenceofseasonalfactors environment inseveral wasconducted main technogenic pollutionoftheurban Analysis oftheformation ofzones of urban environment state. integrated environmental assessment of the the for database the of 1. structure Fig. The potential factor. of alifetime, SF –carcinogenic mg/(kg*day); where ADDis average daily doseinthecourse CR =ADD*SF bytheformulawas determined (1): Carcinogenic risk(CR) for calculatingthelevels ofrisk. al., 2002].Formulas (1)and(2)were applied approaches et [Onishchenko, Rachmaninov for healthinaccordance withhygienic calculations ofquantitative levels risk module thatimplementsspecial software pollution wasautomated. Was designed a health associated withchemicalair the process assessment for ofrisk public Using theprogramming language MapBasic, the spatialdata. environment; thesedatawere “attached” to ontheurban andtransport of industry of traffic)wascreated to assessthe impact pollutants into theatmosphere, theintensity (emissions ofparameters oftheirimpact ofstructures) withthecharacteristics facilitiesand152transportation industrial environmentpollution oftheurban (199 of351sources oftechnogenicThe registry are asthebackground selected (“B”). areas outsideofurban territories Suburban and suburban “bedroom” micro-districts. residential area zone theurban covering major trafficstreets); 6) “R” –therecreational- including mainautomobile highways (and protection zones); 5) “Tr” –trafficareas, andtheirsanitary- enterprises industrial “Ind” zones –industrial (area occupiedby and cottageresedential4) construction); the predominantly low-rise “private sector”: 1980s –thebeginning ofthiscentury; “PS”– from inthe 9floorsandhigherconstructed buildingsmostly high-rise with modern of the1950s–1970s; “MD” –neighborhoods development and “old” 5-storey building includi “CH” ofthecity, –the Central part historical sub-zones: blocks (dividedinto 3functional ng multi-storied public-businessng multi-storied inthecourseoflife (1) concentration (mg/m 1. procedures (1)–(4). implementation ofthefollowing calculation developed. This technique includesagradual ofsourcesimpact ofairpollutionwas technique for hazard assessmentofthe pollution oftheatmosphere, an original and motor vehicle to contributors the Based onthecreated ofindustrial registry calculate thetotal airpollutionindex–K Bushueva,1979],usedtoapproach in[K.A. to the similarly wasdetermined enterprise average indexofecological danger ofthe were into account. taken The weighted calculated. The hazard classesofsubstances of emissionspollutingsubstanceswere site), thehazard (industrial indexesfacility industrial contribution. permissible concentrationofi-substance;N permissible of i-substance;MPC hazard ratio quantitatively evaluated bycalculatingthe risk Non-carcinogenic S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... percentage ofcalms, frequency %;R was applied(4): Using weight constants, thefollowing formula percent. classes; t=P/P respectively for substances1,2,3,4hazard values1;1,5;2;4is aconstantthattakes according to theformula (3): where C concentration (mg/m where HQisthehazard ratio;Ci–average HQ =Ci/RfC I =+++ ind

⎝⎠ ⎜⎟ ⎜⎟ ⎛⎞ Assessment ofthepotential hazard of P P MPC N MPC N MPC N +++ =+ 12 III I II NNN N NN 234 3 12 CC CC lc lcl cl cl cl 234 3 12 12 i istheaverage annualconcentration CCnCn 12 (HQ) o , where P–average annual bytheformula (2): K i Atm –average dailymaximum 3 3 ); RfC–reference (safe) ). (for airpollution)was = For eachindustrial . . , ... (4) n o =12.5 t atm (2) (3) , i

of emissionsfrom passengervehicles /I indexofthepotentialdetermined: danger of emissionsfrom motor vehicles were of thestreets, indicesofthepotential danger et al., 2013].Further, according to theDirectory [Yakushev into accounttheircategory taking of themainstreetswasdetermined thecity ofmovementintensity ofvehicles for each of various categories; similarly, categories; of various for trucks/I the trafficflowofvehicles through thestreets indicators accordingthey are to theranking street /I ofagiven category load bythetotal ofvehicles intensity onthe of technogenic 4. unit. areas, street slopes)within agiven territorial where (industrial i...nisthenumberofobjects 2. etal., 2002]. G.G.,Rakhmanin [Onishchenko according classificationgiven to theIARC in substances belonging to groups 1,2Aand2B considered were theemissionofcarcinogenic vehicle contribution. transport infrastructure(I transport environmental burden 3. buses /I formula (5): area clinic)by the ofthepediatric service sources ofairpollution(for example, inthe andmobileof pollutantsfrom stationary the three ofemissions mainindicators ofrisk of unit isbasedonweighting theimportance environment for any operational territorial citywide emissions(I citywide an establishedcarcinogenic effect in%of (CR) –total emissionsofsubstanceswith of emissionscarcinogenic pollutants indexSeparately therisk wasdetermined interpolation ofvalues ofindices interpolation byspatial isperformed environment. It IIII ∑

Evaluation ofpotential hazards ofmotor =++ Creation ofdigitalmapshazard Calculation ofthetotal index of ∑ i = n 1 () awt n Ratn CR ind /, andthetotal grade ofvehicle

impact , СR (5) First, theaverage ). The carcinogens ). The of industrial and ofindustrial Σ ontheurban atn ) ontheurban /. lgc grs / – /,

45 ENVIRONMENT 46 ENVIRONMENT isolines. As aresult, we calculated vehicle bythemethodof contributors environmental andmotor ofindustrial risk GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 research methods. The mostabundant pollution we have usedspecialbioindicative To assesstheresponse ofbiotato industrial emission loadispresented inFig. 2). ofthe (exampleofthespatialdistribution city of trafficthrough theresidential areas ofthe of emissionpollutantsandtheintensity Fig. 2. The index of the total emission load of pollutants from stationary sources (tons per year per 1 km per year per (tons sources stationary from pollutants of load emission total the of index The 2. Fig. areal rates

selected: birchselected: ( species ofwoody plants-bioindicators were the city werethe city evaluated asbiological criteria. these speciesindifferent zones of functional parameters ofthelamina morphometric ofdevelopment.indicator of stability Various it possibleto calculate theintegrated ofleafplates made asymmetry fluctuating the accepted techniques for analysisof This analysisoftheleaves samplesfollowing Lombardy poplar( Betula pendulaRoth Populus pyramidalis Borkh .) and 2 ). .). most massive emissionsofsubstances3and most stablerelationships bythe are marked ofthecriteria). of casesfor themajority The coefficients dominate (mostlyin55–84% number ofcorrelations, significant positive in general, alogical inthetotal pattern: abioticenvironment”sequestering hasshown, “sources –pollutiontransit environment – The analysisofcorrelations inthesystem environment. ofthe urban monitoring forinterpolation speciallyallocated items of andonformalpolyclinics territorial ofthecity with coverage ofdataontheterritorial standard correlation andregression analysis environmentthe urban were basedonthe the parameters oftechnogenic pollutionof on of thedependencechildmorbidity population health,” aswell astheevaluation system “atmosphere –snowsoilbiota inthe interactions The analysisofinternal S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... **) Statisticallysignificant correlation coeffi *) ofpositive signifiThe proportion cant correlations RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ratiooftotal vehicle dustrial and transport andtransport dustrial Table 1. Generalized indicators of the stability of correlations between the parameters of the impact impact the of parameters the between correlations of stability the of indicators Table 1. Generalized Index ofintegral in- Index einto matrt clgcladgohmclciei Correlation Ecological andgeochemicalcriteria rate * Impact Designation load (Т load (I Impact criteria (P criteria Impact атн Σ ) ) of industrial traffi i “Response” criteria ) 60.5 % 84.2 % c loads and indices of air, snow and soil pollution soil air, and of snow indices and c loads cients (r)>0 snow (NH nw(Н 0.68 0.54 0.43 snow (Cl snow (mineralization) snow (рН) the atmosphere black) (carbon h topee(abnbak 0.51 0.39 the atmosphere (К the atmosphere black) (carbon the atmosphere (formaldehyde) snow (NO ol(ezprn)0.63 0.49 0.45 0.65 0.44 soil (benzopyrene) soil (AIP) soil (рН) soil (Cd) soil (Pb) snow (Pb snow (NO . 56. – 2 + 0.51 ) 4 3 3 + – – soil there isaproved positive correlation, pollutionandindicators ofatmospheric areas, theintegral andbetween transport The mostpolluted are and theindustrial copper, andcadmium. by mobileforms metals–lead, ofheavy zinc, snow, thetotal indexofsoilcontamination the atmosphere, nitrogen compoundsin blackandformaldehydeinclude: carbon in for snow. geochemicalindicators The priority ofatmosphere andsoillesser the quality showed strongerimpact response for criteria traffic geochemical indicators ontheindustrial ofthereverse A ranking “response” of is shownin Table. 1. sources. links Afragment ofthemosttypical present intheemissionsfrom stationary ofcarcinogens,and thecontribution which largelydetermined bypassengervehicles trafficload, ofthetotalthe intensity industrial 4 classesofhazard, carcinogens, aswell as 0.32 ) 0.41 ) 0.44 ) 0.66 ) atm 0.38 ) coeffi cients P i **

47 ENVIRONMENT 48 ENVIRONMENT to purification oftheatmosphere.to purification whicharelow-lying terrain, notconducive objects,andalsoto featuresindustrial of is dueto theconcentrationthere ofmany ofthecity. part higher intheleft-bank This development from thephysiological is norm deviation oftheintegral of indexofstability the general, planning zones isshowninFig.In 3. The correlation ofbiological indicesfor functional environment.pollution oftheurban is amoderate degree ofanthropogenic deviations from conventional norms, which hastheaverage levelof thecity’s of territory sector. oftheprivate residential district Most are found intherecreation area andthe safest indicators ofenvironmental quality “Voronezhsintezkauchuk” andCHP-1. The ofthecity, sector in theleft-Bank nearJSC routes, manifested whichismostclearly plantsandmajortransport near industrial zones withadverse conditionsare located species growing conditionsshowed thatthe using ascaleto evaluate thefavorability of 1993]on thetechnique [Zakharov, Clark, Conducted bioindicative studies based of pollutants(r=0,77). aerogenic pollution ofthesoilbyinflow indicating asignificant dependenceofthe GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 *) AIP–theaggregate metals indexofsoil pollutionwithheavy akrud00800700902 .914515 .016.1 2.00 1.56 66.0 52.9 3.92 104.5 18.0 2.45 17.30 5.39 23.4 2.71 0.26 9.73 29.8 143.5 0.029 2.99 3.25 135.0 6.55 2.26 0.007 8.69 0.97 112.9 6.11 8.10 0.202 0.028 1.05 109.5 5.72 0.251 0.181 123.9 0.55 6.27 Background 0.071 0.66 0.179 6.03 0.144 Recreational (R) 0.101 0.48 Residential- 0.083 0.138 0.072 Transport (Tr) 0.069 0.081 (Ind) Industrial 0.037 0.050 Residential (PS) 0.071 Residential (CH) Residential (MD) planning zones Functional Sulfur oxide Atmosphere (substances –mg/m .3 .1 .3 .157 1. .020 12.2 2.02 5.80 116.0 5.74 0.31 0.032 0.014 0.036 Table 2. The main geochemical criteria of the ecological state state ecological the of criteria geochemical main The Table 2. IV of the functional and planning areas of Voronezh of areas planning and functional the of Formal- dehyde Phenol К atm 3 nwSoil Snow ) (about 60 % of cases), confirming the(about 60%ofcases),confirming showed prevalence ofpositive correlations oftheatmosphere,the quality snowandsoil environmental andgeochemical indicators of trafficpressureindustrial andofthe criteria ofQuantitative assessmentoftheimpact pollution sources environment. oftheurban as withthelayout ofthemainindustrial pollutantsinambientair,of various aswell available information ontheconcentrations asymmetry, are generally consistent with obtained bycalculatingfluctuating oftheenvironment,data onthequality features theconclusionthat supported statisticalanalysisofbioindicativeSelective рН of development of silver birch ( Fig. 3. The integrated indicator of stability stability of indicator integrated The 3. Fig. and ( poplar Mineraliza- tion, (mg/l) Populus pyramidalis (mg/l) NO 3 –

(mg/kg) Betula pendula Lead ). AIP* ) endocrine pathologyanddiseasesoftheendocrine diseases (congenitalanomalies, neoplasms, forgenerally higherlevels several ofmorbidity suchareas,congestion. In children have substances, especially, theindicesofroad the ratioofemissionloadcarcinogenic weight positive significant correlations) are: (for factors healthrisk common The priority technogenically-loaded areas. ofchildrenincrease livingin inmorbidity S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... Fig. 4. Integrated assessment of the ecological condition of the territory of the city of Voronezh Voronezh of city the of territory the of condition ecological the of assessment Integrated 4. Fig. (method IDW interpolation). IDW (method based on the priority risk factors; themodel factors; risk based onthepriority model(formula (6))wasbuilt A multifactorial the presence ofleadinthemeltingsnow. solids, nitrogen compounds, ionsand chloride pollutionincludethetotal dissolved transport and of snowcover generalindustrial thatreflect The indicator parameters ofchemicalpollution are reliable. urogenital area). ofcorrelations The majority

49 ENVIRONMENT 50 ENVIRONMENT levels ofcarcinogens (t/year per1km index of atmospheric pollution(K index ofatmospheric where X1–(P (6) + 545.59(Х3)4.70(Х4)8.93(Х5), Y =–88.34–25.18(Х1)+0.0037(Х2) population (multiplecorrelation R=+0.82): rate ofthechildrenon theoverall morbidity reflects thetotal factors effect ofthe5risk GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 (auto/h per1km compiled map illustrates spatialdifferences, representative points(Fig. monitoring 4). The data wasprocessed to inrespect 46ofthemost differences of environmental indices. risk The was thecreation ofamapwhichshowsgradient The finalelementoftheintegrated assessment tension ofthearea. of medico-ecological average ofscoresthedegree characterizing was obtainedbycalculatingaweighted environment andchildren health. This score indicators oftheecological state oftheurban evaluation score basedonsetofparticular in Table 2. We have calculated theintegral environmentstate oftheurban are shown oftheecological The maingeochemicalcriteria environmentally safe, comfortable). recreation andthebackground (themost of moderate contamination);c)residential (areas construction historical-compositional regardless ofthenumberfloorsand b) residential, includingallthesub-zones together (themosttechnogenic polluted); zones andtransportation a) industrial Three cluster groups were isolated: pollution andfeedback oflivingorganisms. ofthenature ofenvironmentalsimilarity areasfunctional-planning according to the led to amore accurate classificationof particular,In theuseofcluster analysishas statisticalanalysis.methods ofmultivariate To increaseofzoning, thevalidity we applied metals(SDRs). heavy X5 –thetotal indexofsoilpollutionwith the total mineralizationofsnowcover (mg/l); X2 – (T atn ) – the total traffic intensity of vehicles ) –thetotal ofvehicles trafficintensity CR 2 ) –coefficientofemission ); X3–isthecomprehensive atm ); X4is 2 ); networks byincreasing theirwidthandthenetworks the following: oftransport reconstruction Voronezh. components may include Its to improve environment theurban of to reduce environmentalpolicy and risk is aneedfor atargeted environmental urban environment. particular, In there of intensive technogenic pollutionofthe diseases ofthepopulationinconditions may reduce ofecologically therisk caused environmental programs monitoring and for thedevelopment oftargetedservices regional environmental andhygienic The identifiedtrends may beusefulfor cover. “leads” inthetotal pollutionofsoilandsnow “leads” inthetotal pollution,whiletransport of 6) theterritory Voronezh zone industrial carcinogens andindicesofroad congestion; –theratioofemissionload factors healthriskurogenital sphere; 5)thepriority pathologyanddiseasesoftheendocrine include congenitalanomalies, neoplasms, the greatest environmental dependence areas oftechnogenic load. Diseaseswith in theincidenceofchildren diseasesinthe 4)there isastatisticallyvalidincreasepoplar; ofdevelopment ofsilverstability birch and from thebackground oftheindicator of worse. This is manifested inthedeviation existence ofwoody plantsare significantly ofthecity,Bank sector conditionsfor the petrochemical intheleft- enterprises significantly smallereffect; 3)nearindustrial snow isageochemicalindicator witha response andtrafficimpacts; to industrial for soilandatmosphere give astronger criteria infrastructure;2)quality of thecity planning andfunctional sector transport 1) industrial pollutionisformed byindustrial- formulate several basicconclusions: researchThe conducted allowsusto areas ofthecity.transportation center,community aswelland astheindustrial andthe neighborhoods in affluentsuburban of upto aboutthree-fold level, indexes inrisk CONCLUSION 9. Osnovy otsenki riska dlja zdorovja naselenija pri vozdejstvii himicheskih veschestv, dljazdorovja vozdejstvii naselenijapri himicheskih za- riska otsenki Osnovy 9. S.M.,Linsheng Malkhazova Y., Wuyi W., D.S., Orlov N.V., Shartova Hairong L.,Li W. (2014). 8. S.M.,KorolevaE.G.(2011). Environment andHumanHealth:A Malkhazova Training 7. Kurolap N.P., S.A.,Mamchik pri naseleni’a zdorov’a dl’a O.V. Klepikov riska (2006)Otsenka 6. Kurolap S.A.,Eprintsev, O.V. S.A.,Klepikov andothers(2010). Voronezh: sreda obitanija 5. N.E.,Khaybrakhmanov T.S. E.M.,Kosheleva N.S.,Nikiforova Kasimov (2013).Geoinformat- 4. landscapes)(1995)/ ofurban landshaftov (Eco-geochemistry gorodskih Ecogeokhimiya 3. sostojanija zdorovja otsenki naselenja ikriterii I.S.(1979).Metody Sluchanko BushuevaK.A., 2. Bezuglaya Y.E. Rastorguev, G.P., Smirnov V.I. (1991). Chemdyshitpromyshlennyi gorod 1. more widespread useof gardening”“vertical of pollutionresistant green plantingsanda green spacewiththeintroduction urban a complete transitionto gasasfuel;larger with power generationindustry the thermal European cities;changeinthefuelbalanceof systems” inmany transportation ofurban of corridors”“transport similarto “organic creation ofroadenhancing quality surface; average speedofmovement ofvehicles and S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... REFERENCES grjaznjajauschih okruzhajuschuju sredy (Principlesgrjaznjajauschih assessment for okruzhajuschuju ofrisk healthwhen ronment. Sustainability. №4(v. 7).pp. 41–53. and Beijingagglomerations//Geography. populationinMoscow Health ofurban Envi- Manual. –M.:Geography Faculty State University. ofMoscow –180p. 220 p. 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51 ENVIRONMENT 52 ENVIRONMENT eevd0.021 Accepted 06.11.2015 Received 09.10.2015 Zakharov V.M., D.M. Clark (1993).Biotest. zdorovja Integral’naja I ekosistem otsenka 12. Yakushev, vozdejstvija otsenka A.M.(2013).Ekologicheskaja A.B., Kurolap S.A.,Karpovich, 11. RevichB.A. (2010)Environmental andhealth:vulnerableareas andpopulations priorities 10. GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 species). – M.: Moscow DEP.species). –M.:Moscow Fund Intern. Biotest. –68p. (inRussian). otdel’nyh vidov(Biotest. Integrated assessmentofhealthecosystems andindividual Chernozem region). – Voronezh: Publishing house “Scientific book.” 207p. (inRussian). onairbasinofthecitiesCentral oftransport mental assessmentoftheimpact navozdushnijavtotransporta bassejngorodov Tsentral’nogo Chernozemja (Environ- // HumanEcology. №7.pp. 3–9. ofSTATEmanin, G.G.Onishchenko. –M.:Institute andECH.–408p. (inRussian) exposed to chemicalsubstancespollutingtheenvironment) (2002)/ed. by Yu. A.Rakh- Oleg V. Klepikov Semen A.Kurolap Semen influence ofanthropogenic factors. assessmentfor andrisk monitoring) publichealthdueto the research interests are inenvironmental (ecological monitoring ofover 150scientificpapersand13monographs. co-author His ofEngineering University Technologies. Heistheauthoranda ofEngineering Ecologyof of theDepartment Voronezh State ecology andmedicalgeography. areas ofscientificinterests are ecology, urbanistic human author ofover 300scientificpapersand12monographs. The Monitoring, Voronezh State University, andtheauthoraco- ofGeoecologyandEnvironmentalof theDepartment hasaDr. Sc. degree inBiology. He isProfessor hasaDr. Sc. degree inGeography. HeisHead S.A. Kurolap, O.V. Klepikov etal. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTANDGIS-MAPPING... LiudmilaO. Sereda Tatyana I.Prozhorina Pavel M. Vinogradov of the city andmedicalgeography.of thecity environment,assessment andmappingofurban geochemistry Herresearchpapers andabstracts. interests are inenvironmental University. ofover 20scientific Sheistheauthorandaco-author Geoecology andEnvironmental Monitoring, Voronezh State treatment ofnaturalwaters. andevaluationofquality research interests are inimproving thelevel ofwastewater ofover Her 100scientificpapersandabstracts. co-author Monitoring, Voronezh State University. Sheistheauthoranda Professor ofGeoecologyandEnvironmental oftheDepartment systems. (ecologicalmonitoring andgeographic monitoring) informational researchscientific papers. His interests are inenvironmental ofover 20 Voronezh theauthorandaco-author State University; ofGeoecologyandEnvironmental Monitoring, at theDepartment is a post-graduate student, Department of isapost-graduate student,Department hasaPh. D. inGeography. HeisInstructor hasaPh. D. inChemistry. SheisAssociate

53 ENVIRONMENT 54 SUSTAINABILITY * University,Maastricht theNetherlands Beijing 100101,China. Tel: +8610 64889286 Sciences andNaturalResources Research, ChineseAcademy ofSciences, 1 2 Wuyi Wang physical, to the mentaland socialfunctions aging refers to ahealthy state ofcomplete cope withrapid aging. healthy The so-called taskto issue, butalsoanimportant important of healthy hasbecomean aging society These datasuggestthatthe construction aged 65andover hasincreased by1.91%. ofthepopulation by 2.93%,theproportion population aged60andover hasincreased ofthecensus in2000,theproportion population. Compared with lastnational people, accountingfor 8.87%ofthetotal population aged65andover is118,831,709 of thetotal populationofChina,andthe 177,648,705 people, accountingfor 13.26% the populationofagedover 60years old is nationalcensusdatain2010,to thesixth and itisintherapidaging period. According China hasentered into theaging society, ecological civilization. for thepromotion ofdevelopment ofChina’s area, longevity to of achieve theconstruction andthenaturalhumanenvironment, longevity between andprovided ascientificbasis ofvegetables.proportion The studywasthefirsttimeto reveal quantitatively therelationship environment factors, suchasphysiological health,psychological state, lightmeals andhigher concentration inCd, Cr, Cu, healthy were centenarians Ni; alsobenefited from afavorable social Ca,Zncontent, hadhigherLi,Mg, hairofcentenarians lowerfood Mn, stapleswashigher; Co, andlowCr, Mn, Cd, Pb; theconcentrationoftraceelementsbenefitfor healthinsoilsand Se, Fe, alkaline, water wasofweakly drinking Kcontent wasmoderate, highercontent ofCa, Central plainandSoutheast region, the Yangtze andPearl Delta inwhich River Delta; River areaslongevity mainly located inthesouthChinaandclustered inSichuan-Chongqing, byusingcomprehensiveconducted methodsofhealthgeography. wasfound thatChinese It ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM Department ofInternationalHealth,FacultyDepartment andLife ofHealth,Medicine Sciences, Pattern ofLandSurface ofGeographic andSimulation,Institute Key Laboratory Corresponding author

1* The integrated studyonenvironment China’s oftypical areas was longevity regional longevity, environment, centenarians, chemical elements. , o gu Li Yo nghua ; e-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: 1 , Hairong Li 1 ,

Jiangping Yu care level andpsychological factors. Among lifestyle, heredity, environmental, health as theoutcome between ofinteractions and longevity, anditcanbeconsidered Centenarians have beenasymbolofhealth al., 2008;Lv etal., 2011; Wang etal., 2014]. et the geographic inChina[Wang clustering peoplehasbeen of oflongevity distribution of regional longevity, inanotherwords, the aging inChinaandfound thephenomenon For theproblem alongtime, of we observed natural environment. physiology, psychology, with socio-economy on acomprehensive of analysisonaspects formation for longevity, especiallycarrying to reveal themechanismof necessary by fastpopulationaging. Therefore, itis would notbeexcessively influenced also meansthatthesocialdevelopment intheagingmost ofelderly society, but 1 , Linsheng Yang 1 , Li Wang 1, 2 from environmental transfer to human,and research elements on themulti-chemical s present andthechemicalelementsonlylongevity the studyonrelationship between environment; ofthelongevity factors onthedifferentjust madesimplecomparison aggregation hasbeen reached; somestudies ofregionalsatisfied explanationto longevity oflongevity,studies onthefactors butno on humanhealth.Untilnowthere are many human environment plays adecisive role consisted ofnaturalenvironment and as socialsphere. Geographical environment called thehumanitiessphere, also known constitute thespheres oftheearth’s surface, social behavior, andothers (elements). They society, economy, military, transportation, population, ethnic, settlement,politics, componentssuchasincluding various of social, culturalandproductionactivities, environment istheregional combination atmosphere andbiosphere. Human divided into thelithosphere, hydrosphere, sphere, thenaturalenvironment couldbe According to oftheearth’s theperspective integrate to form thenaturalcomplex. and othercomponents(elements),allthese soil,is consisted ofrock, water, air, biological human environment. Naturalenvironment asthenature environment parts of two and anddevelopment, istheunity on, survival earth’s depends inwhichmankind surface geographical environment refers to the geographical environment. The so-called live,gathering more influencedbythe area,longevity inwhichcentenarians of many factors. case, As the atypical istheresultlongevity from theintegration better explanation.Forming ofregion longevity for scientificandunderstanding a multiplestudyto reveal on thefactors phenomenon,whichrequiresobjective First, theregional inChinaisan longevity as thefollows: we studyregional inChinawillbe longevity inChina. oflongevity distribution The reason ruleresulted intheregionalimportant these, environment couldplay anextremely Li, Yo nghua Wang, Wuyi ingle correlation analysis, lackof

et al. ENVIRONMENTAL al. et MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA areas were alsoanalyzes, and preliminary oflongevity oftypical characteristics the humangeographical environmental could beinitiallyrevealed. Simultaneously, environment to healthand longevity the commonregular ofthenatural pattern couldbeidentified. longevity Therefore impacting the chemicalelementsspectrum could beestablished,and longevity and the relationship trace elements between and macro andtraceelementsofanalysis, of water, soil, food andhairofcentenarians, province were chosento study. sampling By Autonomous region, SanshuiinGuangdong in Hubeiprovince, Yongfu inGuangxi inHunanprovince,Mayang Zhongxiang county”,“longevity Xiayi inHenanprovince, and socialfactors,factors five typical withnatural environmentalon longevity to thedefects oftheformer studiesContrary feature population. ofaging andlongevity This article brieflydescr This article environmental region. oflongevity factors Therefore, we didacomprehensive studyon regions. degrees ofaging, anddifferent economic to ofnaturalenvironment, diversity varying aging society, andthesewould besuitable implemented for ofhealthy theconstruction provide economicandeffective way to be areas longevity could inthetypical elderly of innovative measures to protect thelocal Third, from learning thedifferent experiences challenge ofaging. will bebenefitfor respond actively to the development andeconomicgrowth, and promote environmental protection, social institutions,government, andpublicto could provide ascientificbasisfor the environmentmechanism oflongevity for buildinghealthy aging society. The environment andhumanenvironment the comprehensive features ofnatural Second, itistheneedsto summarize regions. ofthedifferentthe commoncharacteristics lack ofacomprehensive study to findout ibed thedistr ibution

55 SUSTAINABILITY 56 SUSTAINABILITY modeling methods. statistical analysis wasdonewithdifferent and Sewere byICP-MS. determined Allthe the concentrationofCd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb Li,Ni, Fe, Mo, Mg, Na,P, Mn, K, Sr, V, Znandothers, OES to analyze for thecontent ofAl, Ba,Ca, standard for control, quality andusingICP- according to themethodsofnational water, soil, food, hairsampleswere prepared and chemicalanalysiswere on. carried The andsampling indifferent counties,survey census populationdata.Before that,field using themapofChinaandsixth databaseofthecentenariansattribute software, we thespatialand constructed for ourstudies. ofArcGISWith thesupport inrecentand thestatisticalyearbooks years census ofChinain2010wasutilized mainly The demographic databaseofthesixth longevity. suggestion for promoting healthand areas;non-longevity andthenpropose and longevity between and similarities environment to findoutthedifferences the sametime, onthe usingcomparison and theirenvironmental at characteristics; featuresthe distribution areas oflongevity geography’s ideasand methods, we study The technical approach isthatwith environment. withthe oflongevity the factors areaof longevity inChina,andrevealing on theenvironmental characteristics main academicideaofthisstudyisfocused and thegeographical environment, the close relationship humanhealth between earth’s environmental quality. Basedonthe indicators of arelongevity theimportant environment.the external Healthand withand maintainsdynamicequilibrium continuing inarelatively stablestate, ofthehumanbodysystemsfunctions Human healthrefers to thestructure and county” waspresent. discussion to buildupChina’s “longevity GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 METHODOLOGY longevity areas.longevity hours higherthan 821.5hoursinthemost more than68 %,andaverage annualsunshine relatively abundantrainfall, relative humidity temperatures were 8.6–24.9 °C, between zone, climatelocated type inwarm average was found thatChina’s areas longevity mostly rological areas, datawiththelongevity it analysisonmeteo- comparison Making as secondto four. autonomous region (2.31),respectiv (2.63), Guangdongprovince (2.41)andGuangxi thefirstinChina,Shanghai is 2.89%ranking old to 90years andabove inHainanprovince referred to theratioofpopulationover 65years assecondto four.ranked index The longevity Guangdong province (3.65/100,000)respectively Sich Guangxi autonomous region (7.80/100,000), is 18.75/100,000asthehighestinChina. inHainanprovince ofcentenarians proportion municipalities astheadministrative unit,the provinces,In autonomous regions and environment factors. areaslongevity relates to naturalandhuman areas. of These showthatthedistribution the hillyandalluvialfloodplains;nonendemic Pearl region; Delta River theareas in distributed and more gathered inthe Yangtze Delta, River suchasthe distribution Yangtze River, Pearl River; region ofChina;mostalongtheriverwatershed region, Sichuan-Chongqing theCentral Plains ofChina;more climate stripe in North-South ofthe substantially onthesouthboundary mainly inthesouthofcountry, located areas inChinaare ofcentenarians distributed ratethe centenarian inChina. The gathering people, whichisthecurrent average level of rateunits withthecentenarian 2.7per100,000 administrative 1 showsthosesub-provincial is ofsignificant regional Figure characteristics. population geographical oflongevity distribution According to China’s census, the sixth in China The spatial distribution ofcentenarians RESULTS uan province (4.21/100,000)and ely ranked ely ranked ui ag Y nha Li, Yo nghua Wang, Wuyi macro- and trace elements essential for human and traceelementsessentialformacro- human ofrequired intake to totalcontribution dietary water animportant may make Drinking waterin drinking Characteristics ofchemical elements content chemical elementsonhealthand longevity. elements were analyzed of to find theimpact were andthecontents collected ofchemical soils, staplegrains andhairsofcentenarians in wasstudied. water,The samplesofdrinking chemical environment where live centenarians Guangdong province asthestudyareas, the autonomous region, in Sanshuidistrict in Hubeiprovince, Yongfu inGuangxi county inHunanprovince, county Zhongxiang city inHenanprovince,China, Xiayi county Mayang fiveSelected typical county”“longevity of in the centenarian andthe environment The correlation analysis onchemical elements Fig. 1. The distribution map of centenarians in China.

et al. ENVIRONMENTAL al. et MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA environmental alsoaffects thelevels quality isnotonlytheindicator oflocal Soil quality in soil Characteristics ofchemical elements content to factor locallongevity. important enough contents ofSe, Fe andCa,thisisthe areas are cleanandfree from pollution,andwith waters oflongevity as well thatthedrinking according to somestudies. Alltheseresults show which isbeneficialto healthandlongevity pH >7,thesewere alkaline, classedasweakly samples couldmeetthesestandards andhad water ofdrinking The results showthequality 2006 and World HealthOrganization guidelines. GB5749– waterstandards quality for drinking areas longevity were compared withthenational water samplesfrom 182drinking the collected Cr, Pb, Cu, Mo, Ni, Mn, Se, Zn,Fconcentrationsof thisstudy,elements. In thepHandNa,Fe, Ba,Cd, health andaffect thedesirablebalanceofthese

57 SUSTAINABILITY 58 SUSTAINABILITY * found: population of65years oldandabove) itwas index(numberofcentenarians/the longevity 100,000people)andthe of centenarians/per survey, index(number withthecentenarian in soilsofChinaaccording to thenational background valuesofchemicalelements themultipleregressionBy analysisonthe et al., 2013]. and thesewould bebenefitfor health[Liu Fe,Nevertheless, Se, Znare relatively affluent, areas. metalsinthesoilsoflongevity heavy as thegrade IIwhichmeansnopollutionof national soilenvironmental standard quality metalscouldmeetwellother heavy the that content ofCd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn,Ni 325soilsamples,collected theresults shown infoodof nutrients crops. analyzingthe By GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 quality. be result from thegoodsoilenvironmental indicators. could These implythatlongevity isnegatively correlatednickel withthese two index,and indexandlongevity centenarian benefit for healthare positively correlated with elements, cobaltandselenium whichare The regression equationshowsthat thetrace 0.006 Se(R +0.435Co + = 3.425–0.262Ni + 0.006Se(R +0.413Co + 1.679 –0.205Ni Y Y ein8.42321.418.6959212.1.449.44 16.64 56.69 1724. 18.35 20.26 9.2 199.6 2.445 1951. 629.5 45.90 0.679 14.42 196.9 1485. 4127. 81.60 751.2 2.024 15.74 45.65 0.878 2234. 39.54 2.332 1749. 39.13 24.15 197.1 81.64 4993. 107.1 2.895 0.259 291.3 2.464 233.0 0.369 7.558 0.125 6272. 38.54 Median Standard deviation Mean Maximum Minimum μ (longevity index)= (longevity index)= (centenarian g/kg lmn aC eKM nPZ Se* Zn P Mn Mg K Fe Cu Ca Element 2 =0.369,p<0.01). 2 =0.402,p<0.01); Table 1. The content of chemical elements in rice( in elements chemical Table of 1. content The perspective, lessthan25 content inthegrain level from thenational health andlongevity. For example, selenium chemical elementsfrom food isbeneficialto data showsthatsufficientsupplyofessential fromareas.samples collected longevity The of chemicalelementsin235staplegrain health. Table 1presents theconcentration The grains affect coulddirectly human in rice as the staple grain Characteristics ofchemical elements content 3 shows the probability ofelement content3 showstheprobability range oftheelement content inhair. Table probability inside andoutsideofthereference calculated the of theelements, sowe further featurecould notreflectthetruedistribution simple average valueofthechemicalelement Due to thepresence values, ofextreme a Zn, Seare reference withinthe normal range. low level ofCr, andFe, Cd, Ni, Cu, K, P, Pb, Sr, significantly for enriched with Ca,Li,Mg, Mn etal. 1998],centenarian’s[Miekeley hairis values. Compared withthereference value of hairare shownin Table 2withreference people, theresults ofchemicalelementlevel Collected 153samplesofhairfrom longevity in thehairofcentenarians Characteristics ofchemical elements content content goodfor health. μ the averaged 56.69 areas oflongevity is selenium content inrice is excess seleniumlevels 1989]. [Tan The is middlelevel, greater than1000 selenium deficiency, 40–70 g/kg, whichmeansmoderate selenium µ g/g) μ g/kg, the median is 49.44 g/kg, themedianis49.44 μ g/kg isthelevel of g/kg μ g/kg selenium g/kg μ g/kg ui ag Y nha Li, Yo nghua Wang, Wuyi ogu109. 0 0 . 84412. 23.9 23.2 33.2 25.6 4.1 11.2 18.6 17.9 8.0 0.58 18.4 1.73 22.6 2.24 0.2 2.7 2.62 0.46 2.6 6.8 100 15.2 18.3 4.3 100 100 19.8 100 3.1 99.2 99.8 100 99.9 100 100 100 99.5 Mayang 100 100 100 96 100 Yongfu 99.9 100 Zhongxiang 100 Xiayi Sanshui Mayang ogu008008. 727. 1643.3 71.6 73.6 57.7 77.2 60.4 72.0 82.9 73.4 42.4 85.9 0 55.1 80.6 44.6 93.1 57.0 2.1 3.2 0 23.8 89.6 0 44 16.8 10.7 0.8 0 4.0 9.7 31.4 0 0 0 1.97 4.2 20 4.0 0 2.32 0.1 Yongfu 0 0 Zhongxiang 0 0.2 0 0.1 Xiayi 0.5 Sanshui 0 0 Mayang 0 0 0 Yongfu 0 Zhongxiang 0000 Xiayi Sanshui 0000 lmn eeec Myn SnhiXaiZogin Yongfu Zhongxiang Xiayi Sanshui Mayang Reference Element V rC uN aL gM Zn Mn Mg Li Ca Ni Cu Cd Cr < RVs V rC uN aL gM Zn Mn Mg Li Ca Ni Cu Cd Cr > RVs V rC uN aL gM Zn Mn Mg Li Ca Ni Cu Cd Cr ≈ RVs n02-.51.911.042.971.143.50 0.26-0.75 Mn g4-1 8 93.76147.36 134.49 65.76 180 40-110 Mg d<. 0.1120.2140.0470.0390.046 <1.0 Cd u1-55.157.336.506.547.07 13-35 Cu n1515107 7.3151 5.8 140 170.78176.03135.15151.08 125-165 Zn b<. .76.952.661.672.77 3.47 <6.0 Pb a308017439931049 1252 630 350-860 Ca e03-. .90.580.240.390.31 0.39 0.38-0.7 Se e601 12.9531.4410.3312.7910.22 6.0-15 Fe r07-. 0.0200.8600.0460.0160.038 0.78-1.0 Cr i<. 0.0370.6530.0350.0200.034 <1.6 Ni r10764.853.275.173.822.07 1.0-7.6 Sr i00-. 1.6510.0830.6600.9630.643 0.05-0.3 Li 101017 152.38107.34112.98106.67 137 120-180 P 1-4 16.8312.2513.2911.3712.42 17-140 K Table 3. Probability inside and outside of the reference range of the element content content element the of range reference the of outside and inside Table Probability 3. Table 2. The content of chemical elements in the hair of centenarians ( centenarians of hair the in elements chemical of content The Table 2. 0000 0000

et al. ENVIRONMENTAL al. et MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA in hair of centenarians (RVs, %) 188. 348. 19.4 80.0 33.4 85.7 61.8 31.7 4.2 11.6 2.6 0.73 359. 748. 22.3 85.6 77.4 32.8 95.8 5.2 73.5 22.2 4.5 14.4 µ g/g)

59 SUSTAINABILITY 60 SUSTAINABILITY vegetable intake. a of ofmeal, light style withhigh proportion positive mentalstatus, in additiontheyhave healthy physiological but alsoin function, found peoplehave thatlongevity not only areas.longevity statisticalanalysis, By itwas of Guanxiautonomous region andother ofHenan province,county Yongfu county ofHubeiprovince,Zhongxiang city Xiayi province, ofHunanprovince, county Mayang ofGuangdong fromcollected Sanshuidistrict conducted, and2674questionnaires were peoplewere andotherelderly centenarians To to survey understandthis, theinterview are onhealthandlongevity. ofmajorimpact of dailyliving, mentalhealthstatusandlifestyle situation, physical andactivities health,self-care environmental includingfamily factors Social centenarians Life andpsychological characteristics of health ofcentenarians. exposure metalare ofheavy helpfulfor the may suggestthatsupplyofSe, Znandless lead andcadmiumisthemainfeature. This selenium, negative relation ofchromium, This showsthatpositive relation ofzincand Ѕ + 2.270Se–7.335Cd age ( analysis, centenariansUsing Stepwise-MLR for factors longevity.may betheimportant of chemicalelementscontents ofcentenarians different to otherelements. This commonality Zn, lower inCd, Cr, Cu, andnosignificant Ni content Ca, isgenerallyhigherinLi,Mg, Mn, reference valueofelementsinthehair, the As shownin Table 3,compared withthe etal. 2006;Zaichick2010]. et al. 2005;Chojnacka ofthesample. distribution [Chojnacka normal the hairwithinrangebyidentifying in GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 [Li etal. 2011],itwasfound that: element contents inhairastheindependent Y (R = 101.156–0.796Cr+0.008Zn0.034Pb + 2 =0.37;F(5,101)3.26, Y ) asthedependentvariable, withtrace P < 0.01). tackling thechallengesbrought aboutbyoldage. tackling physically to begin withand/orbetter adapted to that theseindividualswere eithermore robust much, anditsuggested very centenarians hospitalization declinedespeciallyto the Among olderagegroups, illnessand oldage. mightstop atthe very tendency more found frequency, thatthis oursurvey tended tothe elderly usehealthservices Some research indicated thatwithageincreasing, hospitalization average level of5timesperyear. respectively, considerablelower thanthenational werecentenarians years 0.71and0.76pertwo The average illnessand hospitalization timesfor most of the longevity groupmost ofthelongevity hadapositive or fearful,” and “feeling lonely”. theinterviews, In as byreporting characterized “feeling nervous I wasyoung”. Anegative mental state was adversity, andthat theyfelt “as happyaswhen they hada itbe”“let attitudewhenfacedwith that mental state, byreporting characterized groupThe longevity had arelatively positive state mental Positive sleeping accounted for 76.64%. goodand hadvery that centenarians good, good, fair, bad, andfound poorandvery into ofcentenarians asvery fivequality types of centenarians. We graded thesleeping couldensure thephysicalsufficiency recovery had more adequate sleepingtimeandits This gave usanimage thatcentenarians hadonly7.64hoursofsleepingtime.elderly had 8.33hours, and60–79years younger hours inaverage, 80to 99year oldpeople had9.6sleeping was shownthatcentenarians sleepingtimeinoursurvey,Concerning it decreasing etal. [Dew 2003]. efficiency couldbeincreased withsleeping that mortality inPittsburgh,sleeping interferers itwasshown peoplewhohadno the studyonelderly effects for healthandlongevity. According to and enoughsleepinghourare theimportant of healthfor theelderly. Fair sleepingquality Sleeping anddiseasestatusisthemainindicator Healthy physiological function accounted for more than50%(Fig. 2). for waseven centenarians higheras itbe”“let group hada itbe”“let attitude. The proportion mental state, andmore than80%oftheaging Li, Yo nghua Wang, Wuyi factors and so on. Other factors may factors include and so on.Other factors healthcarecharacteristic, system andheredity environment, custom habit,cultural effect ofmany factors, includingphysical phenomenonistheintegratedThe longevity meal accounted day. for 60%above every feature isthattheyhadlotsofvegetables for taste, notsalty, notspicy, andnotoily. The typical relatively light,plainfood whichmeansalight consumption. As showninFig. 3,theyate accounting for 90% ofallstaplefood andflourasthemajorstaplegrains,ate rice Regarding thefood habit,thecentenarians vegetables Light andhigh of dietary proportion DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Fig. 2. The mental state of centenarians and elderly. and centenarians of state mental The 2. Fig. Fig. 3. The vegetables consumption for and centenarians elderly.

et al. ENVIRONMENTAL al. et MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA environment. isalsotheresult The longevity genetic, psychological, physical andsocial of the from andmulti-condition multi-factor result isaninteractions thelongevity Second, the formation accumulation. oflong-term environment, socialandfamilyconditionsfor decades oreven inthegoodnatural centuries tolong-term maintainahealthy state inseveral Because people’s istheresult longevity of period. could notbeestablishedinashort First, islongterm formed and thelongevity mainly summarized asfour points: contains awiderangeofmeanings, canbe comprehensive indicator,The so-called which environment, society, economy andhealth. developmentharmonious intheregional region, butcontainsawealthy content ofthe incertain how muchpopulationoflongevity the county”“longevity isnotsimplyshown society-economy-health. We believe that developmentharmonious onenvironment- Longevity isthecomprehensive indicator ofthe higher ratioofvegetable. positive mentalstate, thelightmealwith the commonfeature is the ofcentenarians from afavorable socialenvironment factors, are3) healthandlongevity alsobenefited andhealth. longevity exposure metalsare ofheavy beneficialfor zinc, andcobaltintheenvironment andlow trace elementsincludingcalcium,selenium, such asmildclimate, cleanwater, sufficient 2) preferable naturalenvironment factors, andtheirDelta. River especially alongthe Yangtze basin,Pearl River aggregated roughly inthesouthofChina, are ofcentenarians 1) thedistribution findings are asfollows: natural andhumanenvironment. The main of geographical environment including mechanismfromthe longevity theprospect factor. This paperintended to explainmainly social relationships andthepsychological as life physical style, exercise, status, nutrition

61 SUSTAINABILITY 62 SUSTAINABILITY eevd0.021 Accepted 06.11.2015 Received 09.10.2015 ZaichickS., V. (2010) The effect ofageandgenderon37chemicalelementcon- 11. Wang W.Y., Yang L.S.,LiH.R.,etal. (2008) The effect ofenvironment onlongevity. China 10. Wang L., Wei B.G., Li T.H., and etal. (20140Astudyofairpollutantsinfluencinglife expectancy 9. Tan J.A. (1989)Environmental seleniumandhealth.Beijing:People’s Publishing Medical House. 8. N.,DiasCarneiro M.T.W., Miekeley Porto daSilveira C.L.(1998)Howreliable are human 7. Lv J.M., Wang W.Y., Li Y.H. (2011)Effect ofenvironmental onthelongevous factors people 6. Liu Y., Li Y.H., Jiang Y., etal. population (2013)Effects ofsoiltraceelementsonlongevity 5. Li Y.H., Yang L.S., Wang W.Y., etal. (2011) Trace elementconcentrationsinhairofhealthy 4. M.A.,HochC.C.,BuysseD.J., Dew Monk T.H., BegleyA.E.,HouckP.R. (2003)Healthy older 3. H.(2006) H., Górecki Górecka The influenceoflivinghabits andfamilyrelationships K., Chojnacka 2. in interactions H.(2005)Inter-element A.,Górecki H.,Chojnacki Górecka K., Chojnacka 1. and thecurrent situation,butitisalsothe and theenvironment bothin thepast developmentthe harmonious ofman development progress. Longevity embodies isadynamicFourth, thelongevity world.the humanandmaterial expression relations ofharmonious between Third, isthemostconcentrated thelongevity ofthesociety.protection andotheraspects education, culture improvement, environmental economic development, healthcare coverage, to continuouslyimprove thesocial security, together families andindividualsworking institutions,of government, communities, GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 REFERENCES tents inscalphairofhealthy humans. Biological Trace ElementResearch, 134:41–54. Periodical,Society 32:21–23. from inChina.Scienceofthe longevity spatialperspective Total Environment, 487: 57–64. hair reference for traceelements?Scienceofthe intervals Total Environment, 218:9–17. in China.Archives ofGerontology 53:200–205. andGeriatrics, in China.Biological Trace ElementResearch, 153:119–126. Chinese centenarians. Scienceofthe Total Environment, 409:1385–1390. Medicine, 65:63–73. at4to 19years offollow-up.adult’s mortality Psychosomatic all-cause sleeppredicts on elementconcentrationsinhumanhair. Scienceofthe Total Environment, 366:612–620. human hair. Environmental Toxicology andPharmacology, 20:368–374. no conflicts ofinterest.no conflicts 41171082). The authorsdeclared there are Natural ScienceFoundation ofChina(No. This research bytheNational wassupported development. to achieve society sustainableof longevity improve theawareness oftheconstruction society, economy andhumanhealth, regional development onenvironment, isthecomprehensivelongevity result of summary, we mustfullyunderstandthat In future development. enlightenment andrequirements for the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ui ag Y nha Li, Yo nghua Wang, Wuyi Geographical Society of China; vice chairman ofChinaAssociation ofChina;vicechairman ofGerontologyGeographical Society andGeriatrics. Geographical oftheCommittee Geography, Union(IGU);chairman ofMedical International the Sciences, Beijing, ofMaastricht. China.NowsheisattheUniversity ofGeographic SciencesandNaturalResourcesInstitute Research, Chinese Academy of Li Wang Beijing, China. of Geographic Sciences andNaturalResources Linsheng Yang, , Research Assistant, Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern andSimulation, ofLandSurface , Research Laboratory Assistant, Key Professor, Pattern andSimulation,Institute ofLandSurface Laboratory Key

et al. ENVIRONMENTAL al. et MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LONGEVITY IN CHINA YonghuaLi,

Jangping Yu, Hairong Li co-chair oftheCommission onHealthandtheEnvironment ofthe co-chair Beijing, China. Natural Resources Research, ChineseAcademy ofSciences, Pattern ofGeographic Sciencesand andSimulation,Institute Resources Research, ChineseAcademy ofSciences, Beijing, China. ofGeographic SciencesandNatural and Simulation,Institute Beijing, China. Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Pattern ofGeographic Sciencesand andSimulation,Institute Wuyi Wang and is the author of more than 200 scientific publications. He is the and istheauthorofmore than200scientificpublications. Heisthe environmental ofurban ofChina,andrisk health, and southwest parts areas suchas diseases inmostpoverty Tibet, Loess Plateau, northeast cooperativeprojects andinternational projectsrelated endemic London from 1984to 1986.HewasthePIindifferent nationalscientific College intheImperial especiallyto humanhealth.Heworked impact Wang hasengagedinthestudyofenvironmental changeandits Research, ChineseAcademy ofSciences, Beijing, China.Since1975, ofGeographic SciencesandNaturalResources Simulation, Institute , Associate Professor, ofLandSurface Laboratory Key , Professor, Pattern and ofLandSurface Laboratory Key Professor, Pattern ofLandSurface Laboratory Key Senior engineer, Key Laboratory of Land Surface Seniorengineer, ofLandSurface Laboratory Key Research, ChineseAcademy ofSciences,

63 SUSTAINABILITY 64 SUSTAINABILITY India; e-mail: [email protected]. e-mail: India; * [email protected]. e-mail: India; 3 2 R.B. Singh 1 Delhi, India; e-mail: [email protected]. e-mail: Delhi, India; is lessthanfour hoursaday andinsome access to water supply, theaverage availability has population inIndia per centofthe urban Pollution Control Board, 2013].Although89 environmental [Central challengesinIndia resources isthemost pressing ofmany offresh water and quality The availability enhanced andtheoccurrences ofdiseasesmightbeavoided. andproper ofwater sanitationcouldbe forthose, andaccessibility theavailability drinking Some suitablemeasures andDysenteries. haveInfection beenproposed whereby applying significant innumberwhere they are found to Acute beaffected withdiseaseslike Diarrhoeal hasrevealed diseasesare thatpeoplewithwater borne inKolkata (aidedbyKMC) dispensaries result diseases. water into borne poorhealthconditionwithvarious The dataondiseasesfrom andconsumptionofcontaminated water andsanitationpurposes maywater for drinking arsenicandlead.to becontaminated metalslike withheavy ofsufficient The non-availability the underground water whichisconsidered asthealternative source to thepeopleisfound water isnotsufficientasthesupplylowandinadequate. Ontheotherhand, drinking quality and healthrelated issues. ofgood theavailability The analysesofthedatareveal thatinKolkata, data thusobtainedhave beenassessedqualitatively theground to depict realityonsanitation are noteworthy. (KMC) MunicipalCorporation andKolkata Pollution The Control Board (WBPCB) sources where thepublisheddatafrombeen accessedfrom secondary various West Bengal sources ofwater contaminationandrelated healthissuesinKolkata. The relevant datahave to thepeople, andaccessibility ofitsavailability possible hasbeenassessedinterms purposes system. For thepresent andsanitation enquiry, themunicipalsupplyofwater for drinking ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: SUSTAINABILITY CONTRIBUTION TOWARDSURBAN METROPOLITAN CITY: AND HEALTH IN KOLKATA DRINKING WATER,SANITATION Corresponding author Department ofGeography,Department Swami ShraddhanandCollege, University ofDelhi, ofGeography,Department DelhiS ofGeography,Department DelhiS

1* In an urban area, anurban thewater issuppliedthroughIn centralisedmunicipaltapwater

, Md. Haque Senaul drinking water,drinking diseases, sanitation,health,water borne dispensary, KMC. 2 , Aakriti Grover, Aakriti chool ofEconomics, University ofDelhi, chool ofEconomics, University ofDelhi, requirement increases to 45–55lpcd[Bhandari (washing andcleaning) getaddedto it,the et al., 1972]. hygieneWhen otheruses like dehydration occurintropical climate [White water to sustainlife before ofdrinking intake approximately 3litres percapitaday (lpcd) 1997]. The humanbodyrequires minimum on alternate day [Asian Bank, Development areas water issuppliedonlyfor onehour 3 infect water supplies incircumstances where ofpathogens and Kifferstein, 1998].Avariety diseases[Krants toattributed waterborne at least5milliondeathsper year canbe water and thatpeople lacksafe drinking that throughout 1.5billion nearly theworld isestimatedproblems [Douglas, 1983].It sewage, healthandsanitation leadto serious suchassafe pipedwater and services city Poor livingconditions andlackofadequate Pollution Control Board, 2011]. Bengal mineralization ofwater resource [West aquifer contaminationwhichresulted into causes purposes for andindustrial irrigation water bodies. Butitsintensiveto use surface contamination andpollutionascompared Groundwater isgenerallylesssusceptibleto 2007]. [ShabanandSharma, wards ofthecity increase inthearsenicconcentrationmany water sources where itsoveruse leadsto an availability, peopledependonunderground water in theabsenceofefficientsurface in theslum[Kundu, 2003].Ontheotherhand, 2013]. The problems are acute to thoseliving Energysupply [Tata andResearch Institute, faces agrave problem water ofgoodquality abundant water initsvicinity, instead thecity of Hugliwhichmeansavailability the River Despite itslocationalongtheeastbankof theproblem issevere. Kolkata, area.urban In water to theinhabitantsinan of safe drinking a constantproblem regarding theavailability andGupta,2010]. [Bhandari There hasbeen water bodies orsubsurface proximate surface supply system thateitherdraws from largely dependsuponwater India Urban pathogen [Sobseyetal., 2003]. as themajorsource ofexposure to diarrheal diseases annually, where water isconsidered repeated episodesofinfectious diarrheal ofchildren andadultssuffermajority from developing world, 2006].In World Bank, 2001;Shreshtha, andRavallion, 2006; [Jalan conditions andmortality increasein morbidity essentialelementsresulttwo insignificant andGupta,2010], lackofthese [Bhandari essential for goodhealthasissanitation water isand Gupta,2010].Safe drinking R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... annual meantemperature is26.8°C(80°F) and longitude are 22°56 latitude 1984].Its Gazetteer ofIndia, [Imperial metres (15–20feet) above themeansealevel (86 miles)away from theseaand4.57–6.09 India. liesabout136.79kilometres The city ofEastern Delta sits withinthelower Ganga Hugli,Kolkata along theeastbankofRiver Bengal (Fig. 1).Spread roughly north-south of thecapitalcity Westcase studyofKolkata, The present bytaking studyhasconducted assess thehealthconsequences. inhabitantswereto thecity evaluated to facilities andproper disposalfacilities garbage for householdpurposes, efficientdrainage where ofsufficientwater theavailability has alsofocuses onthe sanitationproblems and consumptionofcontaminated water. It outcome dueto ofwater non-availability of water pollutionandtheresulted health affecting thewaterfactor supply, sources been covered are thesources ofwater supply, health issuesinKolkata. The majorarea has water andmunicipal supplyofdrinking with identificationofproblems related to thepresent studyisconcerned India, in urban the water related problems andhealthissues order toIn have aproper understandingof 2002]. be anunderestimate [Planning Commission, andthismight of ageannuallyto diarrhoea, loses about1.5millionchildren under 5years India inIndia. andchildmortality of morbidity diseasesareborne amongthehighestcases Sanitation Collaborative Council, 2002]. Water Supplyand and 100eggsofworms[Water 1,000parasiteviruses, cysts 1millionbacteria, single gram offaecescancontain10million water. thata This isexemplified bythefact contaminationof by viralorbacteriological Hazen, 2011]. Water diseasesare borne caused water [Anthamatten and contaminate drinking waste topoor sanitationallowsexerted with density 24,252personsperKm with density had4.5 million population [2011], Kolkata respectively. According to theCensus ofIndia STUDY AREA ′ North and 88°36 North 2 ′ .The East East

65 SUSTAINABILITY 66 SUSTAINABILITY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 study area to theground reflect of reality are substantiated with imagesfrom the ofthe researcher thatwith observation sources ofdata alongmainly secondary The studyhasbeencompleted basedon 1999]. dwellers [HasanandKhan, city and sewagewhichcreate for healthrisks the and resulted water logging, waste effluent a result, bypoordrainage itischaracterized across thecity, state andnationalborders. As to accommodate theinfluxofpeoplefrom thathasgrownan unplannedcity gradually is 2001].Kolkata Census Handbook, [District and theaverage annualtotal is1,582mm themonthofAugust occurs during (306mm) 19 °Cto rainfall 30°C(67°Fto 86°F).Maximum and monthlymeantemperatures rangesfrom DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY Fig. 1. Location of the study area. study the of 1.Fig. Location dispensaries run by to diseaseshave beenobtained from the health effects (Appendix 1). The datapertaining limitandpossible desirable andpermissible water alongwith their specification for drinking Standards (IS)the datawithIndian assessments were donethrough comparing have obtainedfr quality qualitatively. The dataongroundwater obtained have beenreviewed andassessed Census Handbooketc.District The datathus and (KMC), MunicipalCorporation Kolkata West BengalPollution Control Board (WBPCB), booksetc.reports, sources are The important of research publishedgovernment articles, the existingliteratures available intheform The relevant datahave beengathered from inhabitant. to thecity purposes and drinking of wateravailability for proper sanitation health related problems resulted from non- KMC. I KMC. om WBPCB andthe nitially, thedatawere by pollution and flooding (Table 1). by pollutionand flooding(Table the endpointis themajorproblem followed intheuseofwater resources at Inefficiency water istreated before itsfinaldumping. andmerely 20percentofthewaste services households are withthesewerage connected whereas only52percentdue to leakage per centofthesuppliedwater getswasted access to thesuppliedpipedwater. About35 that about80percentofthehouseholdshave supply andassociated problems etc. reveal treatment ofwaste water, sources ofwater at thehouseholdlevel, lossdueto leakage, thedomesticuse, covering itsaccess Kolkata ofthewater resource overview inA brief through wells private andpumps. groundwatersupply system mainlyextract toThe householdsnotconnected thewater daily uninterrupted water supplyis8.3 hours. water supplyandthattheaverage timeof are to connected piped households inKolkata found thatonly74percentofthe in India Bank (ADB) in2007onthewater utilities However, astudybytheAsian Development supplies continuouslyupto 20hoursperday. toconnected pipedwater andthewater is that 94percentofthecity’s householdsare isclaims MunicipalCorporation 2000]. Kolkata hand tubewells pumps[Segane, andprivate with groundwater from deepand various [DudleyandStolton,Ganges 2003],along water from theHuglibranchofRiver of thegreater Kolkata’s water istreated surface ofwater [Royetal.,quality 2004]. The majority anddeteriorating ofthequantity inadequacy isthethe existingwater supplynetwork Two mostcommonallegations against ofpipelines.dwellers viaacomplexnetwork water to supplywhichisdistributed thecity hasacentralisedfiltered ofKolkata The city diseases.with water borne inthetotal numberofpatients the variation at monthly datatheninterpreted bylooking into monthly format for interpretation. The format whichlateravailable converted in weekly R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti KOLKATA STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES IN

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... Source: WWF Report, 2011. Source: Report, WWF metal and consuming water with mercury metal andconsuming water withmercury isahighly toxic liquid 2).Mercury mg/l) (Table mg/l) atthelocation nearCossipore (2080 it wasbeyond limit(2000 thepermissible stationsand (500 mg/l)inallthemonitoring has found beyond thedesirablelimit (TDS) The concentrationof Total Dissolve Solid exceeded limit(0.001mg/l). thepermissible Leather Complex (0.719mg/l)haveKolkata (1.755 mg/l),Dhapa(0.932mg/l)andInside locations near Tangra (3.649mg/l),Cossipore in revealed thattheconcentrationofmercury An analysisofground inKolkata water quality [Segene, 2000]. levels ofarsenic naturally containsvarying of thebedrock andthusthegroundwater arsenicindeeper layers naturally occurring deltalieinageologicalGanges zone with andthe 2011]. Kolkata Bank, per day [World average yieldof0.6millioncubicmetres of ground water usingdeeptubewells with day. metthrough pumping This ispartially water ofabout1.18millioncubicmetres per capacity, KMA facesasupplydeficitoffiltered account theaverage utilizationoftheexisting for 1.63millioncubicmetres. Taking into cubic metres perday ofwhichKMCaccounts (KMA)Municipal Authority is2.75million The dailywater supplyneedsfor Kolkata anWtrPolm Water useineﬃ Main Water Problems water from theHugli Surface Main Water Sources 20percent Wastewater Treated Sewerage Services Household with inPipeLeakage Water Loss dueto Accesswith Water Households Water Use Domestic Table 1. Water statistics in Kolkata in Table 1. Water statistics International dispute International Ecosystem destruction Flooding Pollution hand tubewells Groundwater from deepand branch oftheGanges 52 percent 35 percent 79 percent per capita 130 litre ciency

67 SUSTAINABILITY 68 SUSTAINABILITY GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015

Table 2. Ground water quality in Kolkata

Sl. Faecal Coliform Total Coliform Total Ground Water Stations pH Nitrate Fluoride Arsenic BOD Mercury TDS No. MPN/100ml MPN/100ml Pesticide

Water Quality Criteria 6.5–8.5 45 mg/l < 2500/100ml < 5000/100ml 1.0 mg/l – 0.05 mg/l 30 mg/l 0.001 mg/l 500 mg/l

1 Tangra,Calcatta, West Bengal 7.6 0.09 2 5 0.34 0 NT 0.6 3.649 1888

2 Topsia, Calcatta, West Bengal 7.8 0.1 4 7 0.49 0 NT 1.4 0.588 1370

3 Dhapa, Calcatta, West Bengal 7.9 0.04 8 14 0.37 0 NT 0.4 0.932 1218

4 Garia, Calcatta, West Bengal 8.2 0.04 4 9 0.61 0 NT 1.4 BDL 896

5 Behala, Calcatta, West Bengal 7.8 0.1 _ _ 0.41 0 NT 1.1 BDL 826

6 Cossipure- North Kolkata 7.2 0 80 110 0.4 0 NT 0.9 1.755 2080

7 Central Kolkata 7.8 0.04 2 4 0.42 0 NT 0.9 BDL 1292

8 Inside Kolkata Leather Complex 7.8 0.11 2 13 0.37 0 NT 0.5 0.719 1036

Source: WBPCB, Annual Report 2010–11. Source: Chacraverti etal.,Source: 2011. Chacraverti network [Purkait etal., 2008]. [Purkait network The possible themunicipalsewageseepage entering industrial, water storm andbyground water of municipalwaste water are domestic, discharged general, into thesources it.In modify thewater innegative mannerget to substances withthepossibility external placewhen The contaminationofwater takes unfit for humanconsumption. exceed 1000mg/l, itisgenerallyconsidered damage. Similarly,into kidney when TDS levels contamination over many years couldresult R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti Source: Based on Chacraverti etal.,Source: 2011. BasedonChacraverti CONTAMINATION IN KOLKATA SOURCES OF WATER ecr H)Idsra ss Erosion ofnaturaldeposits;discharge from uses. Industrial (Hg) Mercury Production oflead-acidbatteries, solderand Lead (Pb) Leather tanningindustry, themanufacturing Chromium (Cr) inthezincofgalvanized pipes, water Impurity Cadmium (Cd) otmnnsSources ofContaminants inDrinking Water Contaminants Metals Hg56038014802 Cd56008004800 b5 15 84 48 43 48 8 8 8 56 51 56 Pb Cr56368364801 samples No. of Table 4. Number of samples showing of detection metal contaminants or the service connection to homes connection or theservice systems containingleadinpipes, solder, ﬁttings from presence plumbing isprimarily alloys. Its corrosion control mium metalproduction,chrome platingand glass industry, photography, chrome alloychro- of catalysts, paints, fungicides, theceramicand heaters, water coolersandtaps All samples River water samples Drinking watersamples Drinking River watersamples All samples season No. ofdetections Table 3. Possible sources of in contaminants metal water Dry Dry season Wet H USEPA WHO samples No. of

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... season serious healthhazardsserious [Ganguly, 2012]. open drains, causingpollutionandleadingto water bodiesdirectly orindirectly through of waste whichisdischarged into thenatural produceleather intheseindustries large quantities and agricultural fields. of The manufacturing polluting the environmentalcauses serious hazards through effluentsreleasedindustrial from thetanneries are Tiljala, leatherindustries located andthe near ofKolkata Tangra-Topsia- part theeastern In Industrial discharge following: are as sources ofwater pollutioninKolkata No. ofdetections Dry Dry erosion ofnaturaldeposits Corrosion ofhouseholdplumbingsystems; of naturaldeposits Discharge from steel andpulpmills;erosion run off ral deposits;discharge from metalrefi Corrosion ofgalvanized pipes;erosion ofnatu- and croplands refi runoff andfactories; neries season Wet from waste andpaints batteries bheries samples No. of (fishing pond), wetlands (fishingpond),wetlands season No. ofdetections Dry Dry from landfi lls neries; neries; season Wet

69 SUSTAINABILITY 70 SUSTAINABILITY and otherdeveloping where countries open isabigproblemdisposal ofgarbage inIndia garbage.Landfills are hugepileofcity The Leakage from the landfills detected insomeplaces. wet during seasonhas presence ofmercury chromium andcadmiumcontamination,the water althoughhasbeenfound free from the wetwater 4).Thedrinking seasons(Table during presence ofchromium hasbeennoticedinriver in bothsummerandwinter seasonswhilethe muchnoticeableinalmostallthesamples very water were lead inriverwater anddrinking and wet 3). seasons(Table of The detection different sites intheKMA boththedry during fromtaken tubewells, riverHugli andtapsat cadmium (Cd) andchromium (Cr)insamples testing the source ofcontaminantsinwater through etal. [2011],traced A studybyChacravarty GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Fig. 2. Disposal of solid waste in Kolkata: (a) Taltala (b) Hatibagan (c) Street. & (d) Park (a) (b) Taltala Hatibagan Kolkata: in waste solid of Disposal 2. Fig. the level of mercury (Hg),lead(Pb), the level ofmercury inland surface water [Mandal, 2007]. inland surface higher thanitisallowed to discharge into (COD)Demand were andchloride much (BOD),ChemicalOxygen Demand Oxygen the concentrationofsolids, Biochemical the disposalsite (Dhapa)hasshownthat ofnaturalleachate sampledfromquality ofthecity.located fringe attheeastern The themajordisposalsite i.e., Dhapais Kolkata, 1976; Kelley, 1976;Masters, 1998].In water 1969;ChainandDewalle, [Walker, subsequent contaminationofthelandand into the surrounding environment and dumping istheinfiltrationofleachate One severe problem associated withopen pollutes theundergroundleakage water. it rains,andthe thelandfillsgetleaked the adjacentenvironment (Fig. 2). When whichmayplaces are pollute practised Marquis, 2007]andany otherunorganised in front [Hoglandand oftheriverbanks dumping atroad sides, inopenspaces, al., 1998]. et metals andpathogens[Mitra, heavy like of ground water bymixingoftoxic elements of waste water causescontamination often contamination. Ontheother hand, recycling when mixwithwater bodiesleads to its toxicity [Guptaetal.,variable 1990],which sewagefed landshowsgrown inKolkata 2011]. Report, The vegetables are [WWF city about 2.8billionlitters ofsewagefrom the andtreatingthe HuglibranchofGanges 12,500 ha.ofmarshy wetlands to connected discharged intoWetlands EastKolkata (EKW); Wastewater gets generated inKolkata andGupta,2010]. [Bhandari water bodieswithoutproper treatment level isreleased into theriver andfresh waste water generated atthehousehold Research Institute, 2003].Thesewageand Energy andby domesticsewage[The water pollutionbyvolume iscaused estimated that75to 80percentofthe is 2002].It water ofIndia, [Government as rivers, lakes,ground water andcoastal water findsitsway into water system such treated before itsfinaldisposal. Untreated metropolitan cities, barely 30percentis Of the total wastewater generated in disposal water waste and Sewage 2004]. wells to becomecontaminated [Royetal., pipesandcausesshallow andcracked leaking untreated systems water through distribution water associated isoften with of drinking ofwater.the quality Faecal contamination islargelyin turn responsible for thefallin augmenting theirrustingprocess, which iron pipelinesto beidlefor longstretches, The intermittent supplyofwater leadsthe intermittent water supply[Ghosh,2002]. is more dangerous to publichealththan water flowsover vastdistances. Nothing ofpipelinesthrough whichthe the network depends to agreat degree onthestate of ofwater attheendusepointThe quality Leakage from water piped supply R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... [USEPA, 1999; Tibbettes, 2000]. of diseasescausedbywater contamination undergoing chemotherapy) are atspecialrisk compromised patients(e.g., thosewhoare such aschildren, andimmune theelderly ofpublichealth. aspect Vulnerable groups water andsanitationisanessential drinking 5).Safeits population(Table andgoodquality in meetingthewater andsanitationneedsto when compare to otheremerging countries standfarbehindOrganisation, 2009].India Health access to improved sanitation[World water’ butonlyabout28percenthave water thatcouldbeclassifiedas ‘safe drinking usedrinking that about89percentofIndians isestimated andGupta,2010]. It [Bhandari communicable diseasesandoverall morbidity prevalence and showupasinfantmortality, of therefore, continueto beadversely affected with therequirements. Healthoutcome few decades, butstillnotcommensurate ofwaterterms supplyandsanitationinlast thoughimprovesIndia it’s conditionsin year in India. Inadequate sanitationimplies Inadequate year inIndia. responsible for 4millionchilddeaths per diseases estimated to be causing diarrhoeal infection pathogens witharangeofenteric may alsomean metals[Brain,1999].It heavy compounds, such asDDT insecticides and can meanincreased exposure to carcinogenic andagricultural effluent dumping ofindustrial duetowater sewagedisposal, quality to sustenancewater oflife; isthe key poor communicable andpreventable. Although of thediseasesassociated withwaterMost are Source: World HealthOrganisation, 2009. WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH and improved sanitation in emerging economics economics emerging in sanitation improved and eio9 81 59 65 77 28 95 93 88 91 89 South Africa Mexico China Brazil India Country Table 5. Access to safe drinking water water drinking Table tosafe 5.Access (per cent) (per Drinking Drinking water Sanitation

71 SUSTAINABILITY 72 SUSTAINABILITY the issuesofgrave where healthconcern their bathatroadsides. These are someof someplacespeopleare alsoseen havingIn uncovered (Figs. drainattheirvicinity 3,4). water andpresence of their utensil indirty atthemto washas slum)whilelooking living inthecongested area (referred to reality ofinadequate sanitationfor those itcouldbeevaluated theground Kolkata, In gastroenteritis etc. 1999]. [Brian, dysentery,oral transmissionofdiarrhoea, hygiene, to thefaecal whichleadinparticular reduced levels ofpersonal anddomestic GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Fig. 4. Open drainage in Garden Reach, Kolkata. Fig. 3. Washing of utensils in dirty water. etc. [Kudesia,1980]. andgastroenteritisjaundice, cholera,typhoid mixed causing withnumberofimpurities water whichisavailable inbigcitiesgets public healththreat [Friis, 2007].Even piped diseasesrepresentwater borne asignificant less developed regions oftheworld, where Safe water supplyisnotalways available inthe the pivotal role. well-being andfor thattheKMCneedto play for mustbegiven abetterpurposes priority water atthehouseholdlevel for sanitation the improvement ofsufficient inavailability Source: Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 2012. MunicipalCorporation, Source: Kolkata aided by KMC. It hasbeeninferred thatthe aided byKMC. It and theseare fullythroughout Kolkata and many more operating minor dispensaries There are more than 25majordispensaries they gettheirtreatment withfree ofcost. slums andhaving poorlivingstandards where check-up mainly follows bythoseresiding in aredispensaries thedestinationfor medical athouseholdlevel.sanitation purposes The and ofsufficientwateravailability for drinking water andnon- of contaminated drinking diseasesresultedborne dueto consumption other diseases(Appendix 2). These are water dysentery (include acute gastroenteritis) and patients with reveal thatthe Dispensary Rajabazar andDispensary, Ultadanga Dispensary Narkeldanga covering dispensaries thedataondiseasesfrom Kolkata, In year becauseofthesediseases.a day every alossof200millionman-hours experienced due to diseasesandIndia water borne children under5years ofagedieeachyear Shanmuganandan [1999],around 105million susceptible. Accordingthem practically to local diseasecausingpathogens, whichmake have littletimeto adaptphysiologically to 90 percentofthesedeaths. Young children Children underfive years ofagecomprise hygiene, leadto 1.8milliondeathsperyear. diseases are to attributed poorsanitationand [2004],88percentofdiarrhoeal Report According to World HealthOrganization R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti oa 8 9 9 6 0 506 0 506 0 763 290 64 95 193 76 26 118 280 36 55 103 103 Total 50 September 13 August February 24 January 2012 occupyingmajorshare among Dispensary Narkel- danga danga (Include acute gastroenteritis)(Include acute diarrhoealdiseases Acute Diarrhoeal Disease Acute DiarrhoealDisease Dispensary Ultadanga Ultadanga Table 6. Water borne diseases in Kolkata in diseases Table borne Water 6. Dispensary Rajabazar Rajabazar bacillary bacillary

Total 193 316 162 DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... 92 development whichrequires explicit therefore issuefor sustainable animportant wellbeing. water is Supplyingsafe drinking sustenance ofhumanlife andfor healthy forfor consumptionisofutmostimportance of water, water of goodquality theavailability facetsofuses purposes. Amongthevarious industrial, recreational andfor aesthetic The useofwater ismanifold i.e. domestic, existence ofhumanlife.essential for thevery Water isoneofthebasicresources asitis diseases.water borne with mixed may result impurities into several supplied through thebrokenmunicipalpipes Therefore, consumption ofwater thedirect contaminate thewater atitssources ofsupply. andthus through brokenpipesandleakages get mixed withthemunicipalpipedwater monsoonal rainfallwhere therainwater in themonthofAugust may bedueto the 6). (Table The more concentrationofpatients infection and172withdysentery) diarrhoeal higher inthemonthofAugust (316with whileitis infection and76withdysentery) (92withdiarrhoeal in themonthofJanuary diseaseshaveborne found few innumber The concentrationsofpatientswithwater concentrated inUltadangadispensary. are mainly while thepatientswithdysentery present inalmostallthestated dispensaries diseasesarepatients withacute diarrhoeal MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER Dispensary Narkel- danga danga 2 0 0 0 129 172 129 0 0 0 0760 Bacillary Dysentery Bacillary Dispensary Ultadanga Ultadanga Dispensary Rajabazar Rajabazar Total 129 172 129 76

73 SUSTAINABILITY 74 SUSTAINABILITY the requirement ofwater canbefulfilledat withthepipedwaterbe connected sothat all householdsespeciallythe slumsneedto premises aswell as nearpremises. Therefore, ofpipedwater withinthe less connectivity poor are livinginacondition where there is theurban Kolkata, of pipedwater system. In withthemunicipalsupply seldom connected environment anurban theslumdwellersIn are municipal tap water Connect household with processed inthesociety.sustainability asafundamentalissueto bringbe taken water must ofsafethe availability drinking successfully copeup. Therefore, securing has always beenabigproblem for KMCto water and theirdemandfor potable drinking The ever increasing size ofthepopulation household level asthesupplyofwater islow. water atthe ofdrinking is pooravailability The problem regarding thewater inKolkata water Availability andaccessibility ofsafe drinking in Kolkata: forin bringing sustainability water resources the measures whichcouldbemadefunctional emphasis onquality. Following are someof GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Fig. 5. Municipal supply of tap water in Kolkata. in water tap of supply 5.Municipal Fig. by looking attheutility, by looking the establishmentand and sanitationpurposes. drinking Therefore, sewageeffluentforit ispossibleto re-use disposal andreuse. With suitabletechnology, environmentally safe fluid waste suitable for household sewageandrunoff. produces It the contaminantsfrom wastewater including Sewage treatment planthelpsinremoving disposal Improvement insewage treatment and municipal supplierofwater resources. be themainfocus for plannerand theurban well-being, aninclusive useofwater should the enhancementofsanitationandhealthy will create scarcityinanotherplace. So, for stage asthewastageofwater atoneplace atevery utilization ofwater mustbepractised Proper action. strict be stopped bytaking the beneficiaries. This wastageofwater must its proper utilizationandeven reaching to supplied through KMCgetswasted without from tapwater thedirect (Fig. 6). The water the water supplyisthewastageofwater oneofthemajordrawbacks of Kolkata, In inclusive use ofwater Minimize the wastage ofwater: practice of water getcontrolled (Fig. 5). the domesticlevel andthecontaminations R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti of leather industries in of leatherindustries Tangra ledto thelead of underground water where thepresence effluents may result into thecontamination from pipedline. leakages The industrial which isfollowed bydomesticsewageand its proper treatment istheprominent one effluentto thewaterindustrial bodieswithout of contaminationwater, therelease of inhabitants.city Amongthemajorsources to water the anditsaccessibility quality are ofgood theavailability supply inKolkata majorproblemThe two regarding water underground source. water asasecondary water asamajorsource ofwater supplywith thewater issuppliedthrough piped Kolkata itgetsfiltered.consumption after Throughout water for human biggest source ofsurface resources where Hugliisthe theRiver isblessedwithabundantwater Kolkata water available atthehouseholdlevel.making through sustainability andcanbring purposes andsanitation ofwater for drinking shortage is required. theproblem willhelpsto curb of It proper ofsewagetreatment functioning plant CONCLUSION Fig. 6. Wastage of water from the tap in Kolkata. in tap the from water of Wastage 6. Fig.

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... hand, theconsumption ofwater withmixed resources inhabitants. to thecity Ontheother are thecustodian of main supplyofwater asmunicipalities concern of KMCisprime for thisregard, sanitationpurposes. In therole need to focus insufficientsupplyofwater healthissues,the serious where there isa water for washing theutensil. dirty These are those livingintheslumswhere theyalsouse commonphenomenaforThese are very people are having theirbathatroadside. atthehouseholdlevel,sanitation purposes that dueto absenceofsufficientwater for sustenance ofhumanlife. hasbeennoticed It agreatthe householdlevel exert pressure in at andsanitationpurposes water for drinking ofsufficient andaccessibility Lack ofavailability resulted into flooding. withthemouthofdrainand get choked care andwhenitrained, theplasticwaste properwastes are disposedwithouttaking water.contaminate thesurface The solid and ifcontinuefor along durationmay also may contaminate theunderground water water. ofpipe Ontheotherhand, theleakage undergroundcontamination to thenearby

75 SUSTAINABILITY 76 SUSTAINABILITY 12. Douglas, I.(1983). Environment.The Urban Edward (Publisher). Arnold Ltd., London. 11. 2001.Registrar GeneralandCensus (2001).Census ofIndia Census Handbook. District 10. andDewalle,F.B. Chain,E.S.K. Landfill Leachates andtheir (1976).Sanitary Treatment. In: 9. S.(2011). Metro- S.,Dey, S.,Ghosh,R.andMallick, Chacraverti, The Kolkata B.C., Mallick, 8. Central Pollution Control Board. of (2013).Statusof Water Ministry inIndia-2011. Quality 7. (2011).Provisional Census ofIndia. Population Totals, Paper 1of2011, West BengalSeries 6. (1999).(Eds.), H.K. Brian, Water Resources: Health,Environment andDevelopment. Taylor 5. etal. Health forMahal (Eds.), India L.andGupta,A.(2010).Inputs Health.In: Bhandari, 4. andDataBookof (2007).2007Benchmarking Water Asian Bank. Development in Utilities 3. inAsian Countries. Infrastructure ADB, (1997).Urban Manila. Asian Bank. Development 2. Anthamatten, P. to theGeography andHazen, H.(2011).AnIntroduction ofHealth.Rout- 1. proper sanitation.Measures suchas;make ofsufficientwaterand non-availability for water consumption ofcontaminated drinking diseasesareborne mainlytheoutcome of areand dysenteries quite alarming. Water infection acute diarrhoeal like dispensaries diseasesatthe patientswithwater borne hasbeenfoundis thepressing one. that It diseases where infection acute diarrhoeal may resultimpurities into several water borne GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 REFERENCES In: BigCities. Big In: Water. BigChallenges. Water inanUrbanised World, 2011. Report WWF to Drinking Water. Alliance forWorld Forest Bank/WWF andSustainableUse. Conservation Dudley, N.andStolton, S.(2003). RunningPure: ofForestThe Importance Protected Areas Commissioner, India. 2008, Waste Management, Vol. 29(4),Pp. 1449–1458. Municipal Solid AReviewbyChattopadhyay India: etal.Waste inKolkata, Management for (DISHA). SocialandHealthAction politan Area: Probing for Four Toxic inDrinking Water. Metals for Society Direct Initiative Environment and Forests, NewDelhi. Government ofIndia, Affair. ofIndia. Government oftheRegistered20. Office ofHome GeneralandCensus Commissioner, Ministry India. & Francis. London andNew York. Books, NewDelhi. 2010,R.K. Report 2011, Germany,WWF Berlin. BigCities In: India, Water BigChallenges, Water inanUrbanised World, Report WWF ledge. Tayler andFrancis Group. London andNew York. be minimized atgreater extent. gets controlled, therelated healthissueswill andsanitationpurposes of water for drinking level. Oncetheproblem withtheavailability ofwater resourcesaccessibility athousehold significance and inenhancingtheavailability inclusive useofwaterpractice are ofprime tap water, minimize wastageofwater and householdwithproposed municipal every water available athouseholdlevel, connect 24. Krants, D. Krants, andKifferstein, B. (1998). Water Pollution (September 23,2004); andSociety 24. Raza- (2012). MunicipalCorporation. ofDiseasesatNarkelanga, Weekly Kolkata Reports 23. Kelley, W.E. (1976).Groundwater Pollution MunicipalSolid nearaLandfill. In: Waste Man- 22. for Jalan,J. pipedwater M.(2001).Does ReduceDiarrhoea Children andRavellion, in 21. (1984).Provincial Gazetteer ofIndia. Bengal. Imperial Series UshaPublication, Ansari 20. Hogland, W. andMarques, M.(2007).Sustainable Waste International Management: 19. BasedEnvironmental M.A.(1999). Community ina Hasan,S.,andKhan, Management 18. Effects S.(1990).Post ofCalcuttaSewage A.andAdhikari, Irrigation Mitra, Gupta,S.K., 17. Assessment 2002: (2002).India GovernmentofIndia. Water SupplyandSanitation. Plan- 16. (2002). Ghosh,G.K. A.P.Water andQuantity). (Quality ofIndia H.Publishing Corporation. 15. Ganguly, S.(2012).Leather Processing Generate EffluentsCausingEnviron- Industries 14. Friis, Publishers. (2007).EssentialsofEnvironmental Health.JonesandBartlett H.Robert. 13. R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti 26. Kundu, N. (2003). Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Kundu, N.(2003). UnderstandingSlums:Case Studiesfor theGlobalReport 26. Kudesia, V.P. (1980). Water Pollution: Principles ofDisinfection ofDrinking Water andits 25. agement andEcological Design, Kolkata. of Institute India. Settlements. Slumsreports: Wetland Urban The CaseofKolkata, Man- Analysis. Pragati India. Meerat, Prakashan, http://www.umich.edu. bazar andUltadangaDispensary. Governmentof West Bengal, India. Vol. 29(4).Pp. 1449–1458. AReviewbyChattopadhyay India: etal. 2008. agement inKolkata, Waste Management. Books, NewDelhi. 2010.R.K. etal. HealthReport Mahal (Eds.), StatisticalInstitute.India In: Indian Rural India? Ganj, NewDelhi. Road, Darya Vol. 1.Pp. 393–421. topadhyay etal. 2008. Waste Management. Vol. 29(4).Pp. 1449–1458. Perspective. MunicipalSolid AReviewbyChat- In: India: Waste inKolkata, Management Calcutta.Cities, Considering Megacity Vol. 16,(2).Pp. 103–110. etal. Environmentalcation byPurkait Assessment. Monitoring Vol. 155.Pp. 443–454. Ganga region:Water AStudyfor EvaluationandEnvironmental Quality inKolkata Impli- Effluents onSoiland Assessment on Vegetation. Impact In: Various Parameters Polluting ning Commission, GOI,NewDelhi. New Delhi. and Technology. Vol. 1(1).Pp. 54–55. ofScientificResearch Journal AnEditorial. Sources Indian andHumanInfringements: mental and Water Pollution: AnAsian Perspective. In: Water Pollution from Various Sudbery, Massachusetts, USA.

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77 SUSTAINABILITY 78 SUSTAINABILITY 4 . USEPA. (1999).Drinking Water andHealth: What You United State Needto Envi- Know! 40. Tibbetts, J. (2000). Water World 2000.Environmental HeathPerspective, Vol. 108.Pp. 39. TheEnergy andResearch Institute. (2003). and The Energy DataDirectory Yearbook 38. Tata Energy andResearch Institute. (2013). TERI Environmental Survey. Habitat TERI. India 37. Sobsey, M.D., Handzel, T., Venczel, andSafe L.(2003). Chlorination Storage ofHousehold 36. Shreashtha, L.B. (2006).Life intheUnited States. Expectance Congregational Research 35. 34. R.N.(2007). Shaban,A.andSharma, Water Consumption Pattern Households inDomestic 33. Segane, R.(2000). Calcutta, Mumbai,Delhi, Water inIndia: inMega-Cities Management 32. Roy, J., Chattopadhyay, M.,Samajpati,S.andRoy, S.,Kanjilal, S.,Mukherjee, S.(2004).An 31. Assessment Planning 2002, Commission. (2002).India Water SupplyandSanitation. 30. (1998).Pollution Content S.,Gupta,S.K. Metal of A.,Adhikari, Mitra, Vegetables Irrigated 29. to Masters, Environmental G.M.(1998).Introduction Munici- Engineering andScience. In: 28. Mandal, M.(2007).Leachate from MunicipalSolid and Waste- Generation,Characteristics 27. GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 health.pdf. ronmental Protection Agency. Available at:http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ dwh/dw- A69–A73. Delhi. New 2002–03. TERI, Centre, India. NewDelhi, Acta Tropica. Vol. 127.Pp. 153–157. genic Escherechia Coli inPotable Water Source of West byBatabyaletal. Bengal, India Drinking Water to Countries inDeveloping Reduce Waterborne Diarrheo- Diseases. In: Books, NewDelhi. 2010.R.K. etal. HealthReport Mahal (Eds.), India In: Service. Subcontinent. ronmental IssuesinIndian Paper,Working University, Kmaraj Madurai India. Relation to HumanHealth:AStudywithReferences to Water Envi- DiseasesandMajor Borne Shanumganandan, S.(1999). Water Quality, Water Resources andHealth Water in Quality HabitatCentre,India India. NewDelhi, Cities.in Major In: TERI Environmental Survey, 2013. The Energy andResearch Institute, 2011, Germany,Report WWF Berlin. Press.versity BigCities In: Water BigChallenges. Water inanUrbanised World. WWF and Chennai. Water for Areas, Urban ChallengesandPerspectives. United NationsUni- Weekly. Vol. 39(2).Pp. 186–192. for EconomicandPoliticalEconomic AnalysisofDemand CaseofKolkata. Water Quality: A UNICEFSponsored Study.WHO- with Sewage Water. ofSoilscience. Society oftheIndian Journal Vol. 46(1).Pp. 153–155. Waste Management. Vol. 29(4).Pp. 1449–1458. pal Solid AReviewbyChattopadhyay India: etal.Waste 2008. inKolkata, Management hyay etal. 2008. Waste Management. Vol. 29(4).Pp. 1449–1458. Effects. MunicipalSolid AReview, In: India: Waste Chattopad- inKolkata, Management Source: Indian Standard,Source: Indian 10500–1991. 42. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). (2002).It’s theBigIssue. Water SupplyandSanitationCollaborative Council (WSSCC). 42. Walker, W.H. Groundwater (1969).Illinois Pollution. MunicipalSolid In: Waste Manage- 41. R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti R WWF. (2011).BigCities Water BigChallenges. Water inanUrbanised World. World 49. Metropolitan (2011). Area World to Precipitation Increased Bank. ofKolkata Vulnerability 48. BuildingsonIndia’s Delivery: Growth Inclusive andService (2006).India World Bank. 47. WHO. (2009). 2010.R.K. World etal. HealthReport Mahal (Eds.), HealthStatistics. India In 46. WHO. (2004). Water, SanitationandHygiene Linksto Health. World HealthOrganisation. 45. White, G.F., Bradley, D.J. and White A.U. (1972).Drawer of Water: Domestic Water Usein 44. West BengalPollution Control 2010–11. Board. (2011).AnnualReport WBPCB, Govern- 43. No. e Sl. 11 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.6–1.2 1.5 Dental and skeletal fl andskeletal Dental uorosis. 1.5 Gastrointestinal illness. – 0.6–1.2 < 5000 MPN/100ml Fluoride (mg/l) 11 Total Coliform 10 rei m/)00 oRlxto Toxic, Carcinogenic, Aff NoRelaxation Aff NoRelaxation 0.05 Absent Arsenic (mg/l) 2 Total pesticide(ppb) 1 H6585Bitter taste, aff Algalgrowth, bluebabydisease. Gastrointestinal illness. Undesirabletaste, gastro intestinal NoRelaxation – 2000 6.5–8.5 45 100 Highly Toxic, causesminamata’ dis- < 2500MPN/100 ml 5°C NoRelaxation 500 Faecal Coliform 9 (mg/l) Nitrate 8 pH 30 0.001 7 Temperature 6 TDS (mg/l) 5 (mg/l) Mercury 4 BOD (mg/l) 3 c e i Available athttp://www.wsscc.org. 29 (4).Pp. 1449–1458. AReviewbyChattopadhyay India: etal. 2008. ment inKolkata, Waste Management. Vol. Wide Fund for Nature. Germany,WWF Berlin. South Asia Region. ofthe Document World Bank. in aChanging Climate. Environment, Climate Changeand Water Resources Department, Books, NewDelhi. Success. Policy 2010.R.K. Development Review. etal. HealthReport Mahal (Eds.), In India Books, NewDelhi. Available at:www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/facts2004/en. Books, NewDelhi. 2010.R.K. etal. Health Report Mahal (Eds.), India In East Africa. ment of West Bengal, Kolkata. v e d

aaeesDsrbeLmtPrisbeLmtHealthEff Permissible Limit Desirable Limit Parameters 2 9 . 1 0 . 2 0 Appendix 1. Indian Standard (IS) Specifi (IS) Standard 1. Indian Appendix 1 5

DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH... cations for Drinking Water Drinking for cations irritation. ease, neurological impairment. system. Nervous ect Central Nervous system. Central Nervous ect A c ects aquaticlife.ects c e p t e ects d ect ect Central

0 6 . 1 1 . 2 0 1 5

79 SUSTAINABILITY 80 SUSTAINABILITY

Appendix 2. Major Diseases at Dispensaries in Kolkata GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Acute Diarrhoeal Acute Bacillary Fever of Unknown Disease (Include acute Respiratory Malaria Dysentery Origin (PUO) 2012 gastroenteritis) Total Total Infection Total Total Total N* U* R* N* U* R* N* U* R* N* U* R* N* U* R* 1st week 5 5 23 33 0 22 0 22 55 121 234 410 2 34 28 64 18 0 0 18 2nd week8 4 6 1801701725971783002250271001121 3rd week5 2 18250140145915722644203039699009

January 4th week 6 2 8 16 0 23 0 23 26 110 109 245 0 15 13 28 17 0 0 17 Total 24 13 55 92 0 76 0 76 165 485 747 1397 4 104 80 188 54 0 11 65 1st week 3 8 17 28 0 42 0 42 93 152 261 506 2 30 41 73 26 0 0 26 2nd week 10 15 24 49 0 41 0 41 105 195 263 563 4 1 26 31 28 57 0 85 3rd week 12 7 16 35 0 21 0 21 94 190 210 494 3 33 28 64 25 0 0 25

February 4th week 25 6 19 50 0 25 0 25 59 147 189 395 2 36 45 83 30 0 0 30 Total 50 36 76 162 0 129 0 129 351 684 923 1958 11 100 140 251 109 57 0 166 1st week1950239202021351502215069208117302300230 2nd week1812275703303311130222363696132773050000 3rd week16137 360240242374011387761211591123920000 4th week211720580510511564021937512102031095220000 August 5th week 29 26 18 73 0 62 0 62 356 370 315 1041 227 365 136 728 0000 Total 103 118 95 316 0 172 0 172 995 1625 1090 3710 746 859 515 2120 0 230 0 230 1st week 23 9 19 51 0 42 0 42 268 542 240 1050 315 423 194 932 0000 2nd week 22 2 19 43 0 41 0 41 234 668 284 1186 322 414 245 981 0000 3rd week238 23540300302654232409282413002708110000 4th week357 3 450160161222102906222662753028430000 September Total 103 26 64 193 0 129 0 129 889 1843 1054 3786 1144 1412 1011 3567 0000

Note: N* Narkeldanga Dispensary, U* Ultadanga Dispensary, R* Razabazar Dispensary. Source: Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 2012. R.B. Singh,Md. Haque, Grover Senaul Aakriti famous-The HouseLtd., Concise,World Millennium Australia. Atlas-Earth of at theUniversity Turku (Finland). Hewasalsoassociated inthe asoneofthecontributors Phil students. Hewasalsoassociated withNIAS,Copenhagen in1998and Visiting Professor IDPAD, ofAgriculture. 30Ph. D. CIDA-SICI,Hehassupervised and72M. DFIDandMinistry He wasalsoassociated withprestigious research international programs suchasICSSR- ISSC (Paris) awarded himResearch andStudy GrantsAward inSocialandHumanSciences. 194 research 1988theUNESCO/ journals. paperspublishedinnationalandinternational In Md. Haque Senaul R.B. Singh Aakriti Grover Aakriti assessment of respiratory diseases among the city inhabitants. diseasesamongthecity assessment ofrespiratory Environment andHumanHealthwhere itfocuses onepidemiologic Muslim University. area ofinterest His for theresearch isUrban ofGeography, the session2010–2011inDepartment Aligarh also occupiedthepostofSecretary, for A.M.UGeographical Society under theFaculty ofScienceinM.A.for of2010–2012.He theperiod Scholarship in2015. HeistherecipientDelhi Merit ofUniversity HeobtainedhisM.Phil degree India. of Delhi, from of University ofGeography,Department SchoolofEconomics, Delhi University He hasto hiscredit 39research volumes/books andmore than Remote DisasterDevelopment, SensingandGIS. Management, Environmental Studies, Climate Change, Regional Urban Research Fellowship Dr. atHiroshima. Singhhasspecialized in and Technology Conference. Hewasawarded prestigious JSPS ofScienceAcademiesIAP–Global intheUNISDRScience Network Geographical andEnvironmental Sciences. Heisrepresenting Editor Advances Series Springer inScience Academy; Member,India; National IUGG-IGUCommittee oftheIndian ofGeography,(IGU)), Head, Department ofDelhi, University include Urban Environmentinclude Urban Health. andUrban Herresearchof Economics, India. ofDelhi, interests University ofGeography,research scholar attheDepartment School Delhi Swami ShraddhanandCollege, Sheisalsoa ofDelhi. University is GeographicalVice-President, Union International isanAssistant Professor ofGeography atthe

iscurrently aPh. D. Research Scholarin DRINKING WATER, SANITATION ANDHEALTH...

81 News and Reviews 82 News and Reviews Sustainability. The program wasbasedon Climate Change, and Regional GlobalConflict, Environment,themes: Urban Polar Studies, 2015”“IGU Moscow wasfocused onfive main 1). (38), Spain(28),andBrazil(28) (Table The (90),USA (57),GermanyChina (173),India camefrom Many participants participants. represented thelargest group –764 73 countries. Naturally, Russiangeographers fromUniversity. gathered 1658participants It Society. State venue wasMoscow Its of Sciences,andtheRussianGeographical ofGeographyInstitute ofRussianAcademy Lomonosov State University, Moscow the organized bytheFaculty ofGeography of The IGU2015Regional Conference was (2014). Krakow Aviv (2010),Santiago(2011),Kyoto (2013),and reg 2012 andtheIGU by theIGUCongress took placeinCologne in Earth”. The IGU2015conference waspreceded “Geography, Culture, for andSociety ourFuture excursions. The motto oftheconference was capital for lectures, discussions, workshops, and from around gathered theworld intheSoviet Congress of1976,whenover 2,000participants Geographical third timesincetheInternational Geographical Union(IGU)for International the hosted theRegional Conference ofthe 2015(from AugustIn 17to 21),Moscow 17–22 AUGUST INTERNATIONAL UNION GEOGRAPHICAL CONFERENCE IN MOSCOW, AND SOCIETY FOR OUR FUTUREAND EARTH SOCIETY GEOGRAPHY, CULTURE, 2015 ional conferences in Tel Professor and were attended bymany participants. lectures were inthefocus oftheconference note andinterdisciplinary Key “thematic” presentation. each discussionafter with a5-minute-long of eachpresentation wassetat15minutes took placeinasingletimeslot,theduration each presentation. When five presentations discussionafter at 20minutes withashort the durationofeachpresentation wasset presentations took placeinasingletimeslot, four, orfive presentations. When three orfour teams. Oralsessionswere composedofthree, the initiative ofseparate scholarsandresearch A numberof “thematic” sessionswere heldon The conference Commissions. had32working discussions, andotherevents. workshops, sessions, lectures, panelincluding plenary featuredexchange. ofmeetings, It avariety andinterdisciplinary ofdiversity principles about the role of cartography in contemporary about therole in contemporary ofcartography Association, talked Cartographic International Georg Gartner theprogram particular “Future Earth”. Professor andin scientificcommunity international of climate change and itschallengesto the discussed different viewsonthe problem climatologist andPresidentknown ofICSU, Gordon Macbean (Austria), President ofthe (Canada),awell- and themain trends inthedevelopment of theIGU, summarized specificfeatures Nations”. Professor lecture “Culture ofContemporary Complexity and culturalanthropology inRussia,entitledhis figure inthestudiesofidentities, ethnology, Professor usingthecaseofCaspianSea. predictability the problem ofgeographical forecasts and Kroonenberg andenvironment.society Professor disciplines facingdynamictransformations in the questionoffuture ofgeographical Association Geographers, of American raised Alexander Murphy Professorglobal changeonviolenceinAfrica. of projectontheimpact large interdisciplinary focused hispresentation ontheresults ofa leadingpoliticalgeographers,of theworld IGU. Professor initiatedof thisambitiousproject bythe informed the audienceabouttheprogress International Year ofGlobalUnderstanding, in Geography andCoordinator ofthe the IGUCommission onCultural Approach S.R. Chalov, V.A. Kolosov society. aa 9Mxc 0Ia gp 7 Egypt 9 Cz 8 9 Poland Iran Australia 10 20 21 Finland Mexico Italy 22 59 90 of America SouthAfrica United States 173 Japan India China Federation Russian Germany 38 Republic of Republic 38 Germany Country rne2 wteln 1Ngra8See 6 Sweden 8 Nigeria 11 Switzerland 24 France pi 8United King- 28 Spain rzl2 sal1 noei owy6 Norway 8 Indonesia 15 Israel 27 Brazil Benno Werlen Valery Tishkov of partici- (the Netherlands) discussed (theNetherlands) John O’Loughlin Number Number pants 6 aaa2 oai 2SuiAai 8 SaudiArabia 12 Romania 22 Canada 764 Vladimir Kolosov 7Tre 0Prua igpr 7 Singapore 9 Portugal 20 Turkey 57 , former President ofthe (Germany), Chairof , the most prominent , themostprominent Country GEOGRAPHY, CULTURE, ANDSOCIETY... Korea dom Table 1. List of countries byattendance Table 1. countries of List (USA),one , President Solomon Solomon of partici- Number Number pants 7Blim8Kzksa 6 Kazakhstan 6 8 Hungary Belgium 9 17 Netherlands 17 Donert givenThe lectures byProfessors IGUCommissionthe mostactive in2014. Gender inGeography which was recognized the achievements oftheIGUCommission on Young of geography inRussia.Professor Palagiano (Italy), (Italy), Rozenblat themes. The program includedspecialevents: scholars wascentral to each oftheConference Geographical educationandintegration ofyoung andexhibitors.partners, andinstitutions,enterprises conference presentations geographical ofvarious for thesocialprogram andcontained A specialroom wasdesignated specifically gathered fullclassrooms. to diverse and themesofinterest to experts Nadezhda Zamiatina (USA), and Zealand), Country (Singapore) offered lecture on akey Takashi Yamazaki (UK, President (UK, ofEurogeo), Melinda Laituri (Switzerland), (Italy), (Italy), of partici- Number Number pants Alexander Pelyasov Brad Coombes (Russia)were related c eulc7 ech Republic Country Elena dell’Agnese and (Japan), (Japan), Lee Schwartz Shirlena of partici- Cosimo Number Number pants Céline (New and Karl

83 News and Reviews 84 News and Reviews by Road for Future SustainableDevelopment” (led a Recorder oftheGlobalChangeAlongSilk –IGUjointSession YES Network “Geoheritages, income countries (50intotal). income countries career students andearly scientistsfrom low Committee grants were given to postgraduate by young scientists, theLocal Organizing Joop van der Skills” (by training workshop “Improving Your Presentation Future ofGeographical Sciences”; andavideo- of Young Researchers’ inShapingthe Networks (led by master Class “Fundraising and Writing Proposals” for thebestpresentation andotherawards; a Day of “The Young Scholars”, withacompetition GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 Meng Wang Andrey Petrov Joos Droogleever FORTUIJN

SCHEE ); apaneldiscussion Role “The ). To attendance support and Dmitry Streletskiy Dmitry and and ; Sergey R.Chalov,Sergey VladimirA.Kolosov St. Petersburg andKazan. the conference, to there oftrips wasaseries excursions inandaround Moscow. Following ofother enjoy campustours andavariety encouraged Conference to participants The IGU2015Organising Committee Geographical Olympiad.International The “IGU Moscow” the2015 alsoconducted “Teaching Geography intheUniversity”. Geography Schools” for Secondary and Teachers. Specialsessionsincluded“Academic with theRussianAssociation ofGeography held theDay ofGeography Teacher together The Commission onGeographical Education Languages, Literature andCivilizationancient of Humanities– home oftheDepartment in “Sala delleAdunanze” inPalazzo Manzoni, At theconclusionofeleventh meeting, held A MEDICAL GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE HEALTH MANAGEMENT. and international scientificcommunity.and international to give someinteresting results to thenational anduseful 2014,Ithinkitisnecessary December ofPerugia attheUniversity and modern in

85 News and Reviews 86 News and Reviews consequently, fall in the same territory. same the in fall consequently, and, company the against inter-generating huge the of because cannot be ignored by a particular state the of of life man, whatsame the disease, individual, socio-economic the affect to are that but events also of specific entirethe communities; and environment the in creates that this interventions multiple of plex context it com- the in seen be should man Therefore environment. the and man between interact that relationships the toidentify fact, in ing, Geography, understood primarily as a science sphere of synthesis, look- that into fall they environment. and man as between relationship the highlights which geography, and medicine between ing intertwin- and toestablishment tend that reports close creasingly in- are they because especially geographer the of work the affect greatly also ... hygiene, epidemiology, medicine, as such disciplines of fields tospecific related closely seem might glance atfirst which compared to theState ofhumanhealth. the disease, findfullrealization thatitcanbe are and society, establishedbetween territory can beexpandedto includerelationships that environment, whichfor Geography Medical and equalrelationship manandthe between defined workgroup. ofclearly thecontext In invitation this withenthusiasm,enriching this period, theotherfor having accepted our thefirstto havethank: beenclosethroughout of friends, oldandnew, to thatIwould like seminar, Inoticedwithpleasure thepresence could getfor now, thislast until2014.During thatwe thispath:noneknew determination withdiligenceand to theirintuition, started, Arena andCosimoGabriella Palagiano, thanks settingof wherethe wonderful Villa Mirafiori, we hadcomesofarfrom wheninRome, in to I would pointout,withsomepride, that like areacts regularly published. placenowfor over 30years taking andwhose onmedicalgeographyreflections seminars First somegeneral to ofallIwould make like GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 1 to putinplacepreventivethe opportunity to thosewhoneeditthemostbutalsofor ofhelp not onlyonthegeneralframework for themany consequencesthatcangenerate reference, ofterritorial the context andafter at firstfor theirpresencein andaccessibility healthandmedicalfacilitiesisstrong,between human activity. As aresult, therelationship and inevitableeffects ontheentire rangeof ethical, ...wholepopulations, withimportant population, settlement,economic, political, that affect, inevitably, onthesociallevel, includesmanyThat reality implications The problems associated with the disease and its treatment, treatment, its and disease the with associated problems The 1 only byanimproved relationship ofhuman the bestconditionsoflife not determined artificial”“health andthathasitspointsin the phenomenonthatPalagiano simplycalled This canbeappropriately synthesized with rates indigence. strong andmortality whereundergoes countries thewhole society the situationthatexistsinthosedeveloping longer lives butmore withthedisease, unlike developed countries, peoplelive better and the triggers, soto note thattoday, inthemore to control thedisease, even thosewhichlack techniques more andmore advanced, itaims development ofmedicine, withdrugsand not separated from thefundamental favorable to thedevelopment ofinfections, achieve strong changesinenvironments –hasprovided to that lives inthatterritory individual, asthatoftheentire humangroup which isnotsointerested inthe “health” ofthe targeted Geography bytheMedical cohort in suchsystems, thecompany –thisisthe However, itshouldalsobepointed outthat and relationship humangroups. between plusthechangedconditionsoflife artificial radical transformation ofanincreasingly thancomplexsystems with cause-effect simpleecosystem itiseasierto find avery In a danger toeveryone. a danger is diseases communicable of control and health of promotion the in countries among development unequal The world. the for isuseful health of protection and promotion the in State every of commitment The States. and individuals of eration coop- broader the on isdependent and security and peace of achievement tothe isfundamental peoples all of health The condition. social or economic belief, political and religion, race, of distinction without being human every of rights damental fun- the of isone health of standard attainable highest the of enjoyment The infirmity. or disease of absence amere just 2 inherent intheconceptofhealth. issue isfullyrelevant withthepeculiarities need ofcare and assistance? That’s why this is indangerorhasalready beenlost,mostin among them,are there thosewhosehealth ofothers, and need thehelpandsupport notjusttheweak andmarginalized fact, In to the healthofentire communities. measures designed to protect andsafeguard Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social, not not social, and mental physical, complete of isastate Health 2 Giovanni DeSantis health ismanagedincare systems have focusedinterventions mainlyonhow Seminar, abouthealthmanagement,atwhich oftheEleventh thework during International said isthethemeproposed anddeveloped withwhathasbeenClosely connected for oflife. better quality something inreturn isrequired to becrucial the helpthatisgiven withoutreceiving difficulties, conditions, dueto often serious financialor otherdiseasesinserious those suffering from diseaseormalnutrition and have oflife. agoodquality If, then,of giving assistanceandhelpthosewhoare fine Sure, there would never betheaimof offeredinterventions byhealthfacilities. open air..., whichaddhealthandsurgical cigarettes and/orinthe ordrugs, sports practices, reduction ofsmoking life, sports as medications, diets, dietsandhealthier such factors ofexternal –, theintroduction withAdvancedin countries Development groups withtheenvironment –especially

HEALTH MANAGEMENT. Amedicalgeographical perspective leave. thisbehavior astheonesthatmake solidarity are studied, boththeonesthatareof objects that conditions andwellness ofthesubjects in away to create animprovement ofhealth itfocusedParticularly ontheeffects onsociety andabouttheiraccessibility. health services almost completely onthemanagementof way abouthowthehealthprotection depends The firstsessionintended to focus inageneral of life. a way to promote andimprove thequality to healthmanagementas territory...) linked to health,human,law, economics, social, (relatedFIRST SESSION–Generalaspects wasdividedintoThe work three mainsessions: trouble andneedshelp. even andespeciallyagainstthosewhoare in access to allfacilitiesofcare andprotection the wholesociety, andfor of thepossibility that creates thepersonand, consequently, in theworld, bothfor impact theenormous

87 News and Reviews 88 News and Reviews GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 urbanization and territorial transformations. andterritorial urbanization the presence ofshelters leadsto often both inhealth, bothatthelocallevel, since health managementcanhave onsociety effects thatdifferentpractical of types This sessionexamined, however, the private. level inrelation to thecombinationofpublic/ operating at thelocal ofservice by thetype determined onthecommunity and theimpact THIRD SESSION– applications The practical political development onabigscale. economical managementofthefundsand advantage ofpainpeople, withconsequent thattakes facing areal andproper industry not forgetting That inalotofcaseswe are health protection andontheusesofservices, on determined systems ineachcountry role andthedifferences inseveral thatwork more aboutthe The sessionintended to know different healthsystems. SECOND SESSION–Healthmanagementin Italian and foreigners,Italian oldandnew scholarsin ofmany colleagues,convinced participation of theseissues waspossiblethankto the resultedThe comparisons inthevastness economically better-off. thelowergap between classes andthe goes handinwiththe growth of the differentiation inhealth managementthat countries, whichisatrend to aprogressive references to localsituationsinrich found afullaccomplishmentinthemany The review madeaccording to theglobal, for several system. years affects theentire Earth that economicandfinancialcrisis of theserious increasingly tending to because increase, partly andthoseinthedeveloping are countries world of healthcare inplacehighlydeveloped full globalizationandinwhichthedifferences in ofaworld inthecontext of healthservices healthmanagementandthetypes between been theintent to focus ontherelationship contributions, has of aunitwithinthevarious Common background, whichallowstracking Giovanni DeSantis constant interdisciplinary ofthetopicsinternationalization andthe areof theActs mainlygood At a methodologicalcharacteristicslevel, whichthejobsweresections divided. of presentation in andequitablydistributed many as41paperspublishedinthelanguage protect his health.”protect to individual the of and population the of increasing participation of asaprocess education of act the of account the from particular, in reflection pedagogical and sciences, human the of contribution asthe itis noted particular, In complexity. its inall management of this reflection Critical environment. the and individual the debatebetween is balance dynamic interms of health, of to concept revise the need extremely the and diseases chronic of increasing prevalence withthe years, relevantprofound change recorded by the epidemiological picture in recent tomore than ever open and current, since especially the given the an assessmentdiscussion 133–146): (pp. about Santis De Chiara philosophical, and gogical of what health actually can be referred to 552,pp. 978-88-557-0553-0. ISBN as ‘health’, it 2015, 18–20 2014)”, Guerra, dicembre (Perugia, is Edizioni Perugia, Medica di Geografia Internazionale Seminario dell’Undicesimo 4 3 Acts has found placeinthevolume itsrightful of presentedout from thereports anddiscussions, whatcame Geography: the disciplineofMedical not onlygeographers, butalsodoctors, should berecorded, thepresence like of situationandthatofothercountries, Italian colleagues have shownthatwhile the offoreigncontribution scholarsandItalian It is worth citing, as an example, the contention in key peda- key in contention the example, an as citing, isworth It Giovanni De Santis (a cura di), 3 that collects, in over 550 pages of text, as as inover thatcollects, 550pagesoftext,

Gestione della Salute della Gestione 4 : next to the: next HEALTH MANAGEMENT. Amedicalgeographical perspective , “Atti “The always thisdiscipline. characterized approach consistent thathas interdisciplinary and to putonceagainto lighttheremarkable that canoffer multipleinterpretations, helping referenceProceedings. isanimportant tool It discussed atmeetingsandpublished inthe which liststhetitlesofmore than600papers presented inprevious seminars, in1982to 2012, represented Cataloguedecadesofreports conclusionAppendix The volume isaworthy groundfertile for discussion. the issuesofmedicalgeography, findinginita flattering, are catching up, somefor thefirsttime, of somany young people, withresults extremely seminars –wasalsoseethesignificant presence an elementthathasalways the characterized –thisis important satisfying andvery Very opensthevolume.accurate transcription the different whosefaithfuland reports, the interesting discussionsthatfollowed Both features are appreciated thanksto the methodologies ofotherdisciplines. with ofenhancedinteraction possibility enlarge thefieldofinvestigation and the psychologists whohave to permission economists, sociologists, philosophers, epidemiologists, historians, archaeologists, Giovanni Santis De

89 News and Reviews 90 News and Reviews Geography ofLomonosov State Moscow a team ofresearchers attheFaculty of oftheproblem, theimportance Considering epidemiological surveillance. and conduct to prevent diseaseoutbreaksnecessary withrecommendationshealth authorities natural ecosystems andproviding public ofepidemichazardevaluating therisk of task: medical geography hasanimportant bynaturalfactors.determined Therefore, hazardbe aserious for thepopulation,is the spread ofthesediseases, whichmay ofnaturallandscapesand diseases are part health. The agentsandvectors ofthese problems ofpublicthe mostimportant Natural-focal diseaseprevention isoneof Moscow, 2015. –208 р.) (Edited Malkhazova. by–Faculty ofGeography, S.M. Lomonosov Moscow State University, OF RUSSIA “NATURAL MEDICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS regions as well as countrywide in21stregions aswell ascountrywide rates intheparticular population morbidity natural foci. ofmapsdepictsThe series conducing determinants socio-economic Russia, epidemiological aspects,naturaland in andcurrenttheir historical distribution understandable way theAtlasinforms about different hierarchic levels. thereadily In natural-focal diseases isconsidered at from humans. ofThe spatialdistribution in naturalenvironment independently about diseasescausedbyagentscirculating of diverse andmultifaceted information Diseases” generalization –afirstcartographic geographical AtlasofRussia “Natural-Focal (Russia)haspublishedaMedico- University - FOCAL DISEASES” T.A. TrifonovaMEDICO-GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS RUSSIAOF “NATURAL-FOCALDISEASES”

91 News and Reviews 92 News and Reviews parasitogenic diseasesystems (agent– ofthethe formation and functioning the naturalenvironment thatinfluence andcurrent conditions ofcharacteristics block comprehensively the describes ConditionsNatural andSocio-economic of naturalfocal diseasesinRussia. The coveragemapping andonthecartographic of thenationalmedico-geographical experiencemethodological andpractical comprehensive information onthescientific- complexes. Also, thisblockconsistsofthe organically boundwithnaturalterritorial that represent abiological component vectorsanimal hostsandarthropod interdependent populationsofpathogens, infections andinvasions asacomplexsetof ofnatural-focal covers thetheory section more than100maps. The Introductory The Atlashasfive thematicblocksand mainstream audience. towardcolor illustrationsandoriented century. The publicationfeatures numerous GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 04(08)2015 and publichealthissues. other specialistsinvested inenvironmental environmental epidemiologists workers, and The Atlascanbeofinterest for geographers, inRussia. structure ofpublichealthservice Health System thespatial blockreflects annual dynamics. The Organization of Public natural-focal infections andtheirmulti- the average incidenceofcertain long-term maps basedontheofficialstatistics, showing natural focal diseasesofRussiaalongwith of23primary block containsthedescription NaturalFocalSpread ofPrimary Diseases animals -potential hostsofinfections. The contains themapsofgeographic rangesof and Vectors ofNatural-Focal Diseasesblock demographic indices. The NaturalHosts andonitswithin theRussianterritory ofthepopulationdistributionpatterns Federation and alsoincludesmapsonthe oftheRussian vector–host) intheterritory Tatiana A.Trifonova we encourage the authors to submit their photos and short CVs.we encouragethe authorsto submittheirphotos andshort 4. isto include information style about theauthor(s)ofanarticle. The GESJournal Therefore author willbepublished, unlessrequested otherwise. should beidentifiedasa addresses fax numbersande-mail to theappropriatelinked institutionsbytheuseof1,2,3etc superscript. theredone. ismore If thanoneinstitutioninvolved authors’ inthework, namesshouldbe and fullpostaladdress (includingpostalcode)ofthe each author, otherforenames beinggiven asinitialsfollowed andthename bythesurname) areto indicate asked their 3. Allauthorsofanarticle may beused. Papers inFrench are accepted Board. underthedecisionofEditorial 2. Papers are Englishspellingandpunctuation orAmerican accepted inEnglish.EitherBritish are accepted Board. underthedecisionofEditorial published materials Earlier the scopeofJournal, reviews articles. (onlysolicited) andbrief 1. Authors are scientificpapersaccording encouragedto to submithigh-quality, original work: sustainable development. environment andhealth;educationfor andbiodiversity; problems; nature conservation andenvironmentalgeo-informatics mapping;oilandgasexplorationenvironmental sustainable regional development; appliedgeographical andenvironmental studies; global andregional environmental andclimate change;environmental regional planning; management; environment andnatural resources; human(economicandsocial)geography; environmental science;fundamentalsofsustainabledevelopment; environmental there ofthejournal areAmong themainthematicsections basicsofgeography and environmental science. welcome, aswellare asthosedealingwithfieldstudiesinthe sphere particularly of geography etc. Publications thatare interdisciplinary, theoretical andmethodological education for sustainabledevelopment, GIStechnology, cartography, socialandpolitical geographers, ecologists, naturalresource specialistsinenvironmental use, conservation, changing world. Publications are ofthejournal aimedatforeign andRussianscientists– sphere ofgeography, andsustainabledevelopment inthe environmental conservation aims atinforming andcoveringtheresults ofresearch andglobalachievements inthe The scientificEnglishlanguagejournal “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” GENERAL GUIDELINES AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE JOURNAL ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” CONTRIBUTING TO “GEOGRAPHY, FOR AUTHORSINSTRUCTIONS Corresponding Author oftheauthorscouldbepublished aswell. Oneauthor . address ofthecorresponding The e-mail establishment(s) names (withoneforename in fullfor where was thework Telephone and

93 GES 04|2015 94 GES 04|2015 3. The appear inthetitle, shouldbeprovided. the results obtained, andtheimplications. Upto six summarize, inoneparagraph (upto thegeneralproblem 1,500characters), andobjectives, methods 2. The references; andphoto) CV authors(brief appendices(asappropriate); words; acknowledgments; key maintext; title;abstract; contacts; shouldbecompiledinthefollowing 1. Manuscript layout oftables, citationofreferences etc. geogr.msu.ru/GESJournal/index.php themselves to familiarwiththegeneralformat, make Before preparing papers, athttp://www. authorsshouldconsultacurrent issueofthe journal to authors. The reviewers’ commentsare sent to authors for consideration. identifiedbytheassociate editors. reviewers Namesoftheselected experts are notdisclosed fromselected namessuggested byauthors, alistofreviewers maintainedbyGES,andother will viewthesenamesassuggestionsonly. Allpapersare reviewed reviewers byatleasttwo 7. We reviewers encourageauthorsto listthree intheirfield. potential expert BoardThe Editorial .pdf file. “full” electronicversionwithembeddedfigures oftheirmanuscript of “screen” asa quality 6. To facilitate assessmentandreviewing theeditorial process authorsshouldsubmit 8 000–10000words longcan beaccepted. (or request) Board oftheEditorial orreviews upto methodological andproblem articles 5. The optimumsize isabout3000–5000words. ofamanuscript Underthedecision citations should be shortened to thefirst namefollowedcitations should beshortened byetal. should bedifferentiated byletters a, b, cetc. For references with more authors, thantwo text Author2, 2008]. Two ormore references bythesame author(s)publishedinthesameyear and theyear ofpublicationthereference shouldbegiven insquare brackets,i.e. [Author1, have atleast onecorresponding reference oftheauthor thesurname the text In inthetext. 6. Whenever possible, total numberof in original format (MS Word, Excel, etc.). indicated inthecolumnheadings.be clearly Eachtableshouldbesubmitted asaseparate file Parameterslines ofexplanation(ifnecessary). beingmeasured, withunitsifappropriate, should 5. Tables shouldbenumbered titlefollowed consecutively andincludeabrief byupto several B, C,etc. Figure captionsshouldbesubmitted asaseparate file. illustrations) intheorder oftheircitationinthetext. should benotlessthan300dpi.Please numberallfigures (graphs, photographs, charts, and original formats (CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Resolutionofraster images Illustrator). 4. All clarity. The next-level subdivisionsare possiblefor ortheircombination. (c)and(d)sections references MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION figures title main body ; (c) should beconcisebutinformative to thegeneralreader. The . It is often anadvantageto isoften combine(c)and(d)withgainsofconciseness . It (including photos oftheauthors)are required to besubmitted asseparate filesin results ofthepapershouldbedividedinto: (a) ; (d) discussion ; (e) references conclusion order should not exceed 25–30. Each entry must should notexceed 25–30.Each entry Composite figures keywords ; (f) ; (f) : authors names; authors affiliations and : authorsnames;affiliationsand acknowledgements introduction , ofwhichatleastthree donot abstract shouldbelabeledA, ; (b) ; (g) materials and should briefly shouldbriefly numbered should be sent as e-mail attachmentsto [email protected] should besentase-mail Authors are electronically. encouragedto submittheirmanuscripts Electronicsubmissions style”manuscript athttp://www.geogr.msu.ru/GESJournal/author.php for Authors10. As are Instructions to subjected changes, pleaseseethelatest “Example of must usethesymbol®or TM. authors 9. ortrademark, term toWhen usingaword beaproprietary whichisorasserted 8. Authors mustadhere to SIunits. Unitsare notitalicised. translation ofthenamepublicationisgiven itstransliteration. insquareafter brackets All references inCyrillic shouldbetransliterated (pleaseusehttp://www.translit.ru); English pages; nameofthepublisherandplacepublication. “In:” followed volume bybooktitle;initialsandname(s)ofeditor(s) numberand inbrackets; worksReferences tomulti-author booktitle;nameofthepublisherandplacepublication. (in brackets); References tobooks title;volume title;journal numberandpagenumbers. article brackets); Journal references (in Russian)etc. languages otherthanEnglishshouldbeindicated intheendofreference, e.g. (inFrench), Arabic numbers. References to thesameauthor(s)shouldbeinchronological order. Original 7. References mustbelisted inalphabeticalorder attheendofpaperandnumbered with MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION should include: author(s) surname(s) andinitials;yearshould include:author(s)surname(s) ofpublication(in should include: author(s) surname(s) andinitials;year ofpublication shouldinclude:author(s)surname(s) should include after theyear shouldincludeafter ofpublication:chapter title;

95 GES 04|2015 96 GES 04|2015 “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, registration: ПИМФС77-29285,2007,August 30. in sphere ofmasscommunicationsand protection ofaculturalheritage. of The certificate ofthelegislation The magazineisregistered ofobservance inFederal onsupervision service magazine isThe published withfinancial oftheRussian support Geographical Society. ofGeography andInstitute University oftheRussianAcademy ofSciences FOUNDERS OF THE MAGAZINE: No. 04(v. 08)2015 ISSN 2071-9388 C Digital print 7.8 p. sh. Format 70 Order Ngi415 28.12.2015 Sent into print www.eastview.com E-mail: [email protected] Phone +1.952.252.1201Fax +1.952.252.1202 10601 Wayzata Blvd, MN55305-1526USA Minneapolis, East View Services Information E-mail: [email protected] Fax 7-495-7703660 Phone 7-495-7703659 prospekt,Leninskiy 19,1 Moscow, 119071Russia, andPublishingAdvertising Agency “Advanced Solutions” E-mail: [email protected] Fax 7-495-9328836 Phone 7-495-9392923 Faculty ofGeography, 2108a Gory,Leninskie 119991Russia Moscow Lomonosov State University Moscow EDITORIAL OFFICE DISTRIBUTION DESIGN & SUSTAINABILITY” SOCIALLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE i r c u l a t i o n

½ PRINTING 9 0 100cm/16 0 e x . Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State Moscow