Notice . of Six Norwegian Powder-Horns in the Museum, Carved with Subjects Fro E Romancem Th Charle E Th F So - Magne Cycle Y Georgb

VI.

NOTICE . OF SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS IN THE MUSEUM, CARVED WITH SUBJECTS FRO E ROMANCEM TH CHARLE E TH F SO - MAGNE CYCLE Y GEORGB . . BLACKV E , ASSISTAN MUSEUME TH N I T . (PLATE II.)

e Powder-HornTh s describe e followinth n i d g paper, although com- paratively modern f peculiao e ar , r interes accounn e o figuret th d f o tan s inscriptions carve theme greaten do Th . r numbe f theso r e figures refer heroee e Charlemagnth th o f t o s e cycl f romanceseo e storie,th f whosso e deeds wer populao es Middle th n i r e Ages shows e placa , th ey n b whic h these romances have taken in the literature of Western Europe. Thus Frencd Ol hav e n e Chansonhw i th e de Roland, dating fro e beginmth - elevente ninth f go he twelft th century n i hd centuran , y translated into rhymed German vers Swabiaa y eb Englisd n Ol priest have n I he w eth . storie) Roland,(1 f o s ) Roland r Otuel,f (2 o Si d Vernagu, l ) an al (3 d an the fourteenth century. In Iceland and Scandinavia we have the prose romance Karlamagnus Saga Kappak o hans, dating fro e thirteentmth h e Farocenturyth n eI Island. have e balladw sth e s Carlo, Magnussa Dreimur and the Runsevals Struj or Roulands Qveaji; and in Flemish a few fragments have also been discovered Danisn I . have hw fifteentea h century translation of the French Chanson, entitled Kejser Karl Magnus, a popula e b sai o rt d boo o thit k s day. The Danish Kwmpeviser,r o " Ballad Champions,f so Gamlee th d "an Norske Folkeviser, Norsd "r Ol o e Ballads," have also preserve e stord th f Charlemagnyo s Knighthi d ean s in a more or less modified form, and it is from these ballads that the subjects have been selected for representation on the horns. X NORWEGIASI N POWDER-HORNS. 321

DESCRIPTIO HORNSE TH F NO . No. 1.—This horn is the finest of all, and measures 9 inches in length. The figures are finely carved in low relief; and the whole surface of the horn is stained a dark red colour. Eunning round the hore broaa necth s nf i k o d band fille witn di h floral patterns dogo tw , s and four birds (fig. 1), while below the other subjects are arranged as follows:— Top Row.—(1) The Temptation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. In the centre of the panel is the Tree of Knowledge, with the serpent twined round the trunk, and Adam and Eve on either side. The serpent is represented as bending down towards Eve with an apple in its shows i mouth e nEv wit. r righhhe t hand raise receivo dt applee th e ,

Fig. 1. Band of Floral Patterns round the top of the Horn.

while Adam stands with his arms stretched out in an attitude of depre- cation . (fig2) Inscribe. e d e th paneverticall th e e leff ar lth o t n o y words ADAM i HAVEN (Adam in the garden), and vertically on the right EVAM ) Samso(2 . n rendin lione jawe th gth ,f so inscribe d horizontally above SAMSON, and vertically on the left L0VEN (the Lion). (3) Daniel givin bale e dragonf pitcgth o th l o ht , inscribed 'Tw) DANIEL5 , o(4 . panels, each of which contain a knight on horseback armed with sword and shield, inscribed horizontally above with their names, LANGOL and KAEEL. (6, 7) Two other panels, similarly carved, with the names of the knights above, VIDEIK OG TIDRIK (Vidrik and Tidrik) (fig. 3). Bottom Sow.—Inscribed horizontally right e roun th e hor e th dar n words : HALVOE OLSS0N EGEN HAND DEN 2 APRILIS ANO 1729 (Halvor VOL. XXII. X 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 23, 1888.

Olsson [with hann hisow ]d [carved thi Aprild s 2n horn ,e Annth ] o 1729). Four panels, each of which contains a knight, similar to those described above, each wit nams hhi e inscribed vertically lefe onth t hand side of the panel: OTVEL ' BVRMAN • OLGBE • BOLAND (figs. 2, 3).

Fig. 2. Three Panels of the Horn No. 1.

No. II.—This hor finels ni y carved moss i d t interestinan , accounn go t numbee oth f subjectf o r t bearssi t measureI . s 11J inche length.n si 1 First Row.—(1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left ADAM i PABADI (Ada mn Paradise)i verticalld an e ,righ th n ty o EVA HBBHOS (Eve close by). (2-4) Three small panels, each with a knight on horseback, inscribed horizontally above and below : OTBVEL DRAB DEM BEGE K: GABSI : AK KLABi s (Otuel killed them both, King Garsid an a In a footnote to Mr Alien's paper (ante, p. 162) this horn is alluded to as being

engrave1 d on plate ii. of this paper. The reference should have heen to figs. 4, 5, and 6. NOEWEGIAX SI N POWDER-HORNS. 323

King Claris) ) Knigh(5 . horsebackn to , inscribed verticall righe th n tyo TIDRIK ) Lio (6 Dragod n.an n facing each other, with their fore feen o t conicaa l hill crowa ; n e worabov th lione d e headth e th an KRON,f do E

othee Th Figr . Eigh3 . t . Panel1 Hore . th f nNo so (Grown) inscribed horizontally above. Eelow these panels is a band running right round the horn, and inscribed I$VEN OG DEN LEDB LINDEBOR- MEN (Th loathle e th Lio d ynan Lindenworm) 1 (fig. 4) . 1 In the old Teutonic mythology the Lindworm or Lindenworm was a dragon with- out vfings. Grimm (Deutsche Mythologie, Band ii. p. 652) explains the name as meaning a glowing worm, but it may be simply from its association with the lime or linden tree. 4 32 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 188823 L .

Second Bow.—Four panels of carving—(1, 2) Two warriors on horseback, fac faceo t e , inscribed verticall e lef f eacth o t n yo h panel BOLDVIN —ABAS. (3) Two men on foot, facing each other, inscribed vertically

i'ig. 4. Upper part of Horn No. 2.

on the left ROLAND, and horizontally above FEHAKVN. (4) Large panel with two warriors on horseback, face to face, and both mounting a conical hill from opposite sides inscribed vertically on the left ALKAIN,

Fig. 5. Second Row of Subjects on Horn No. 2. and vertically over the apex TAEEN (ALKAINTABEN). Below these panels, and running right round the horn, is the inscription HER IVAAE BLAA GREVIN GONSELIN (Here Ivaar Blaa [Blue Ivar] [There] the Count Gonselin) (fig. 5) . SIX NORWEGIAN POWDER-HORNS. 325

Third Row.—Fine panel f carving—(1so ) "Warrio foon o r t holdinga sword, inscribed vertically on the left KONG OLGBR DANSK (King Olger e Dane) th ) Simila(2 . r figure, inscribed verticall : e lefK th t n o y BVRMAN (King Burman). (3) King David playing on the harp, inscribed verticall e lefth t n Ko yO : DAVE ) Samso(4 . d Delilahan n . Samson s representei d seated, while Delilah stands befor offerinm hi e cupa g , and holdin a gpai f scissoro r s behin r bacdhe k; inscribe d vertically on the left SAMSON, and horizontally above the cup DALILADH. (5) e Dragonth Danie d an ,l inscribed verticall e lefth t n DANIELo y d an , horizontally abov e dragoth e n DEAKB (Dragon) e fielth dn i ;belo w Daniel's han dhumaa n face appears. Eunning roun bottoe e dth th f mo e horinscriptioth s ni MASS0S MA n N EGEN HAND ANNO 1697 (Mas Masson [with his] own hand, Anno 1697) (fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Bottom Row of Subjects on Horn No. 2. No. III.—Seven and a half inches in length, flattish-oval in section, and ornamented with a double band of rope work round the top. Top Row.—(1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left ADAMEN d verticallan E,e righA Nth MAN) EV n Panet (2 o y . l with knigh horsebackn o t , inscribed horizontally below EOLAN (Eoland)) (3 . Knigh horsebackn o t , inscribed verticall righe th tn yo FERAKVND ) (4 . Twstandinn ome g fac faceo t e , each wit stretches lefm hhi ar s t a t ou d if engage discussion di inscriptionno n ; ) Knigh(5 . horsebackn o t - in , scribed horizontally above ENDE (probably for ENDEL, the name of Christian knight). Bottom Row.—Inscribed horizontally right round the horn is a man's 6 32 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 188823 L .

name : HABAR OLAF STRANGS^N. Five panels of carving—(1) King David playing on the harp, inscribed vertically on the left DAVE. (2—4) Three knights on horseback, with their names inscribed vertically on the left of eac h: OTB V (OTEVL), GAESI (GAESIA), KLAB (KLAEIS) ) Knigh(5 . footn to , inscribed vertically on the left BVRM (BVEMAN). Bound the bottom of e inscriptioe horth th s ni n ALAG MASS0N, EGEN HANT (Alag Masso. A r no Lagmasson, [with hishann ]dow [carved this horn] (Plat . . figeII 1) . 'No. IV.—Nine inches in length. No ornamentation beyond the panels. Top Row.—(1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left ADAM MAN (Adam, man) verticalld an , e righth n tyo EV A KVINDE (Eve, woman). (2, 3) Two knights on horseback, face to face, inscribed vertically on e secone righth th f o td TIDRIG d horizontallan , y belo e thirwth d VIDEIG. (4) Daniel and the Dragon, inscribed horizontally above DANIEL. ) e LionSamsoth (5 d , an ninscribe d verticall e lefth t n o ySAMSON . Below on a band is inscribed KV BEEGE ANO 1751. Bottom Row.—Four panel f carvingo s , each wit hknigha horsen o t - back, inscribed vertically on the left of each panel: ROLAND ' OTVL ' BVRMAN ' OLGEE (Plate II. fig. 2). No. V.—Eight and a half inches in length. This horn differs from the others in showing no scriptural subjects, and is remarkable for the numbe e d inscriptionlengtth an r f o he hor s Th i ns . carveit n o d divided into twelve panels, arranged in four vertical rows of three each. f theso n e Te panels contain eac a hknigh n horsebacko te th d an , eleventh a horse lying on its back and a man standing at its head holding a sword; while the twelfth shows a man lying on his back with his hat and sword beside him, and his horse galloping over him. Betwee f npanelo verticaeaca w s i ro sh l band bearin n inscriptiona g , d roun an e bottoe hor th de fouth ar nf mr o other inscriptions. Each panel is further subdivided from the others by small horizontal bands inscribed wit e e namemadknightse th hb th n f eo sca s , a which r fa s a , follows:—EOLAs a oute ar , N ' OLLIVE TTJBPIE• N' HIEE ' IBEEEIN G' OTT O ' VALTEK ' SAMSON ' HIEEEING (Plat . . figeII 3) . The letters on the four vertical bands form one continuous inscription, which reads:—

SIX NOBWEGIAN POWDER-HOKNS. 327

DISSE KIEMPER HAVER ALLE VERET STERKE OG UDSTAT NAAR DE KAMPA HIEVOEG RO T . ...HE . D. .. NINGENLIG VO E ..... KEN FOIRDE STELIGE TROXEFTER MIN FORNUFT OG RINGEFOHSTANEH OG GIORT EGEN MI N F HAA N IRON OLSEN: OG ER GIOBT TIL KVARTERMEESTER SEN. Translation. These Champions hav l beeeal n star hardd kan y when they fought her enjoyed ean d [foughtd lifean heathee e th ] th r nfo Christian fait Aftehx skil y knowledgd m r lan worked ean d wity hm own hand Tron Olsen: and he made it for his quartermaster. The four inscriptions round the bottom seem to read :— (1) NAAHSOM AT DLV L| U D PAA IAGTTAGHE RENSORH] D ALVEI AGO?| . (2) FORGLEN IEDINBO | A' T GI0H AEVE MAL• N | 'GENE N UAAH UD PAA| ' (3) IAGTSETE PAD ALI ] TEOLA KF D| DO M. | MAGN SI T (4) GUDDEH MED FORT OEM | NAAHD UDIN HANE SPENNER OF | . SEKTEVEL PAA DTJEES | KROP::ANO 1773 | No. VI—Ten inches in length, This horn is much more rudely carved than the others, with the exception of No. V. It has also suffered some damage through portions of the carving chipping off, thus making it difficult to decipher the inscriptions in some places. First Row.—(1) The Temptation; no inscription. (2) Panel with knigh n horsebacko t , before who s anothemi r knigh footn o t , inscribed verticall e lef th e right th n FERAKVN o o yn t o Tw ROLAN d ) an (3 , . knights on horseback, face to face, inscribed vertically on the left e righth HVMLVN n to GOLIA d an , . Second Row.—Three panel f carving—(1o s ) Knigh n horsebacko t ; similar to others, inscribed vertically on the left and" horizontally along the top OLAP STHNGS0N (Olaf Strongson). (2) A horse with saddle on its back; above, an animal resembling a dog; behind, a man running after horsee th holdind hans an , hi dspeaa n g i r shaped lik crossea ; inscribed verticall lefthorizontalle d th an , n yo wityp alon to hman'a e gth s name: HABAR E.VNDS0N. (3) Knight on horseback, inscribed vertically on the lefthorizontalld an , yOLGEp alonto e Rg th DANSK E (Olge e Dane)rth . Third Row.—Double band of rope moulding running right round e hornth . Below, four panel f carving—(1o s ) Samso d Delilahan n . 328 PROCEEDING SSOCIETYE OTH F , APRI , 188823 L .

Samson is represented with long hair, sitting on a chair, and holding ouhans hi chaie t Delilahbace o dth t cup a th f r offer kt o o a m ; wh hi ,s birda s i ; inscribed verticall e lefth t n SAMSONyo horizontalld an , y above the cup DAL (for DALILAH). (2) King David playing the harp, inscribed vertically on the left DAVE. (3) Daniel feeding the Dragon with the ball of pitch, inscribed vertically on the left DANIEL, and horizontally over the dragon, DBAKE (Dragon). (4) Knight on foot armed with a sword, inscribed verticall e lefth t n yBVBMAKTo . No. VII.—Since this paper was communicated to the Society, the Eight Hon Eare th f .Southes o l s kindlha k y forwarded another horf no this description, whic Lordshis hhi p purchase t Cannesda t measureI . s 7J inches in length. Top Row.—(1) The Temptation, inscribed vertically on the left ADAM i PAB (Adam in Paradise), and vertically on the right EVA EN KVIND (Eve, a woman). (2, 3) Two knights on horseback, face to face, inscribed horizontally below the first panel ROLAN, and vertically and horizontally betwee e panelth n s PEEACVND FALSOS (Falsest Feracund). (4, 5) Two knights on horseback, back to back. Below a band running right round the horn, bearing the names of the above two knights OLGEB DANSKE oa SOLDAN BBVHEB (Olger the Dane and the Sultan Bruher). Bottom Row.—Four panels of carving—(1) Samson and Delilah. Samson is represented with long hair sitting on a chair, above his head comba ; befor Delilam hi e h offerin cupa paia m f ;p o grhi belo cu e wth shears; inscribed verticall e lefth t n ySAMSo O (for SAMSON) verticalld an , y righe onth t DALILA ) Kin(2 g. David playin harpe gth , inscribed vertically on the right DAVID. (3) Daniel feeding the Dragon with the ball of pitch, inscribed*verticall e lefth t n yDANIELo ) Knigh(4 . foon o t t with sword, inscribed vertically on the left BVBMAN. Below a band running round the horn inscribed EVIND KI0STELS0N EGBN HAND A° l[79]o (Evind Kiostelsen [with his] own hand. Anno 1790). Of the heroes mentioned on the horns the most conspicuous is Eoland, nephew of Charlemagne, who fell at Eoncesvalles, and was looked upon as the type of chivalry. The name of Eoland is usually associated (on the horns) with that of Feracund. Accordin e Eomancesth o gt , Feracun gian a fougho s dtwa wh t SIX NORWEGIAN9 POWDER-HOENS32 .

with some of the best of Charlemagne's knights and vanquished them, t lasa s tbu vanquishewa t d kille an dRolandy b d . Although callea d Sarace Romancese th n ni s generalli e h , y looked importation upoa s na n Ferague e sam th e Iris th s th e a f h so y talesfro e Celticma m th . d an , In the person of Olger the Dane, two individuals appear to have become confused. In Charlemagne's time there was a Frankish chief named Othgar, who fought with the Lombards against Charlemagne in seem773He hav.to s e been confused wit Danisa h Norsor h e chief named Holga r Huglero r plundereo wh , d Aix-la-Chapelle some seventy years after. Among the Danes Olger is looked upon as the champion of their country, and the belief exists that he lies sleeping somewhere ready to come forth when his country is in danger. On Lord Southesk's horn he is opposed to the Sultan Bruher. Abas, Burnian, Humlun, Garsia, l heathensClarisal e e lasar , Th t . twmentionee oar r Alien'M n o ds hor havins na g been kille Otuely b d , who was himself a Saracen, and nephew of Feracund. He was converted to Christianity by Oliver. Oliver is another doughty hero, and brother-in-law to Roland. He seem havo st e bee nSaracea n converte Christianito dt Rolandy yb , with whom he fought an entire day, and gave Roland as much as Roland gave him—whenc provere eth f "Rolan bA o Oliver.n a r dfo " Samso anothes ni r Christia nservice herth n of Charlemagnei eo . Turpin, who is mentioned on horn No. V., may be the bishop of tha tstates i nam o havo dt ewh e battle falleth f Roncesvallesn eno i . wore Th d Alkaintare r Alien'M n no s hor na place-name seeme b o t s , probabls i d an y Alcantara (Al Jcantarah, Arabi r "thcfo e bridge")d ol n a , fortified town in the province of Estremadura, in Spain. The order of Alcantara (formerl e religiouth t Julian)f S yo e s on order, f Spaniso s h knighthood s foundewa , n 115i a militard s a 6 y fraternity againse th t Moors. In 1197, Pope Celestine III. raised it to the rank of a religious orde f knighthoodo r . Alphons . havinoIX g take towe nth f Alcantara no , ceded it in 1218 to the order of Calatrava, who some time after ceded it knighte t oth t Julianordee S crese peaa th f s f o Th i r ro t .tree . Karel is probably the Emperor himself, and if so it is the only instance of his occurring on the horns. 0 33 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 188823 L .

The story of Tidrik and the Lion has nothing to do with the Charle- magne Romances, but is taken from the Vilkina Saga. It also occurs in the Middle-High-German Helderibuch, or Book of Heroes, and in the Danish Kcempeviser, in which the adventure is attributed to Dietrich of Bern, instea s grandfathehi f do r Wolf-Dietrich. Accordin ballade th o gt , Bero t y n whewa s e chancehi h nDietric n o s witneso dt hwa scombaa t between a lion and a linden-worm. As he bore a golden lion on his shield consideree h , s dut hi assiso yt t e lio i d th tn agains dragone th t , wit resule hth t tha e dragoth t killeds Eafne nwa Se ,. Nordiske Kcempe- Historier, andet Bind. store Vidrif Th yo Tidrid kan alss ki o Vilkine founth n di a Sagad ,an has nothing to do with the Charlemagne Romances. According to the f Vbluno Sagan Vulcae so e Norsemendth ,th e Vidrif th no s d kwa an , Weylane th d SmitAnglo-Saxonse th f ho . Afte fathes hi r r a mad m ehi sword, which gav s owneit e e poweth r f conquerino r l enemiesgal e h , went forth in search of adventures. He journeyed on till he reached Bern or Verona, where the great Dietrich of Bern held court, and challenged Dietrich to mortal combat. After a desperate battle, he was on the point of conquering Dietrich, when by mutual consent the battle was ended by Vidrik or Wittich becoming one of Dietrich's chosen band. e Nibelungenlieth n I d Wittic s mentionehi e slayeth f s Nodungda o r , f Eiidigeo n so r Coun f Bechlarno t . The story of Ivar Blaa and the Count Gonselin first occurs in the Collectio f Danisno h Kcempeviser, publishe 1591n di . Accordin, it o gt knighe th r GonseliSi t n challenge r IvasSi r Bla mortao at l combatd an , firse ath tt r tilIva s throwe Si groundt th wa r peaco t A n .s thei e n made, by Sir Ivar giving his sister in marriage to Sir Gonselin. The marriage .feas s gracei e presenct th y numbea d b e heroef eth o f f o rs o northern romance, including Vidrik Veylandson, Dietric Bernf ho , Olger the Dane, Old Hildebrand, Volcher the edel spileman of the Nibelungen- lied, and King Siegfried, the horny. The scriptural subject l takenal Testamend e e sar Ol fro th e md th an t Apocrypha. The first is the Temptation of Adam and Eve, which, accord- Alienr M in o explainegs t ,i verse t Paul'S th n ey i d b s Epistl Corine th o et - thian AdaCorn 1 i s( 21). s diel ma .xv al r : , "Chriseven Fo i o nlive.l s al t " SIX NORWEGIAN POWDEB-HORNS. 331

The second subjec Danies i t l feedin Dragoe gth n with bale pitchf th , lo . This founs Bible e doei t occu th t no sn d bu i ,e r apocrypha inth . l Book e oDragon,fth "Bed an l" verse 27: "Then Daniel took pitched an , fatto, and heare (hair), and did seethe them together, and made lumpes e dragon'thereofth n e i drago th t s :o pu mouths thi n e d h sburs an , t in sunder." The stories of David and of Samson and Delilah are too well known to require description.