DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetic Relationships, Historical Biogeography and Character Evolution of Ž G-Pollinating Wasps Carlos A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetic Relationships, Historical Biogeography and Character Evolution of Ž G-Pollinating Wasps Carlos A doi 10.1098/rspb.2000.1418 Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of g-pollinating wasps Carlos A. Machado1*, Emmanuelle Jousselin2, Finn Kjellberg2, Stephen G. Compton3 and Edward Allen Herre1 1SmithsonianTropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama 2CNRS-CEFE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Ce¨ dex 5, France 3Centre for Ecology and Evolution, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Nucleotide sequences from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among 15 genera of ¢g-pollinating wasps. We present evidence supporting broad-level co- cladogenesis with respect to most but not all of the corresponding groups of ¢gs. Using fossil evidence for calibrating a molecular clock for these data, we estimated the origin of the ¢g^wasp mutualism to have occurred ca. 90 million years ago. The estimated divergence times among the pollinator genera and their current geographical distributions corresponded well with several features of the break-up of the southern continents during the Late Cretaceous period. We then explored the evolutionary trajectories of two char- acteristics that hold profound consequences for both partners in the mutualism: the breeding system of the host (monoecious or dioecious) and pollination behaviour of the wasp (passive or active). The ¢g^ wasp mutualism exhibits extraordinarily long-term evolutionary stability despite clearly identi¢able con£icts of interest between the interactors, which are re£ected by the very distinct variations found on the basic mutualistic theme. Keywords: ¢g wasp ; pollination; biogeography; coevolution; Gondwana; mutualism species, some individuals produce only seed-bearing fruit 1. INTRODUCTION and are functionally female, while others produce only The interaction between ¢gs (Ficus: Moraceae) and ¢g- pollen and pollen-carrying wasp progeny and are func- pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) represents tionally male (Janzen 1979; Wiebes 1979; Kjellberg et al. perhaps the most specialized case of obligate pollination 1987; Patel & Hossaert-McKey 2000). mutualism known (Corner 1952, 1988; Ramirez 1970; The di¡erent breeding systems impose profoundly Janzen 1979; Wiebes 1979; Herre et al. 1996; Herre 1999). di¡erent reproductive consequences on both the host ¢g Host ¢g species are generally pollinated by species- and the pollinator wasp. In the monoecious case, indivi- speci¢c pollinator wasp species. With ca. 750 described ¢g dual female foundresses fertilize the £owers using the species showing a pan-tropical distribution and a variety pollen from their natal tree, thereby realizing male ¢tness of growth habits, both ¢g and wasp species are remark- for their own natal ¢g. Yet they then reproduce at the cost ably diverse. Moreover, even within this diversity, of some of those potential seeds, in£icting costs in both multiple variants on the basic themes of the interaction natal and receptive trees (Herre 1989, 1999; West & exist. This variation profoundly a¡ects the nature of the Herre 1994; Herre & West 1997). In the dioecious case, costs and bene¢ts that each member derives from the sexual functions in the trees are separated. Here, if the mutualism. foundresses enter a `female’ in£orescence, they realize Approximately half of all Ficus species are functionally ¢tness for their natal tree by pollinating £owers that will monoecious with individual in£orescences performing develop seeds, but do not reproduce themselves. Alterna- both female (seed production and dispersal) and male tively, if individual foundresses enter a `male’ in£or- (pollen production and dispersal) functions. In these escence, they are able to reproduce themselves, yet will systems, mated, pollen-bearing, female ¢g wasps (foun- produce no seeds with the pollen of their natal tree dresses) enter the enclosed ¢g in£orescences (syconia), (Wiebes 1979; Kjellberg et al. 1987; Grafen & Godfray pollinate the uniovulate £owers inside, lay eggs in some of 1991; Anstett et al. 1997; Patel & Hossaert-McKey 2000). them and die. Their o¡spring develop by consuming the Furthermore, both active and passive pollination occur contents of one potential seed each, emerge later and across di¡erent species of wasps. These di¡erent pollina- mate. The female o¡spring then gather pollen from male tion syndromes are associated with distinctive morpho- £owers within the syconia and £y o¡ in order to attempt logical adaptations in both the wasp and the ¢g. In to ¢nd a receptive ¢g tree and begin the cycle anew species with active pollination, the wasps possess specia- (Corner 1952, 1988; Galil & Eisikowitch 1968; Ramirez lized structures for carrying pollen in the external part of 1970; Herre 1989, 1999). The remaining Ficus species are the thorax and the front legs (Ramirez 1969) and show gynodioecious, but functionally dioecious. In these distinctive behaviours for collecting and depositing pollen (Frank 1984). The male £owers in actively pollinated ¢gs *Author and address for correspondence: Department of Genetics, are relatively small and less numerous (Galil & Meiri Rutgers University, Nelson Biological Laboratories, 604 Allison Road, 1981). In contrast, wasps that passively pollinate their Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA ([email protected]). hosts lack or present a signi¢cant reduction in the size of Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2001) 268, 685^694 685 © 2001 The Royal Society Received 14 July 2000 Accepted 27 November 2000 686 C. A. Machado and others Fig-pollinating wasp evolution the specialized structures found in active pollinators and incorporated three sections of Ficus (Sycocarpus, Neomorphe and the wasps show no pollination behaviour (Galil & Adenosperma) into the subgenus Sycomorus. Here we follow their Neeman 1977). Passively pollinated ¢gs have relatively classi¢cation with the modi¢cation that the palaeotropical higher ratios of anthers to female £owers, produce much section Oreosycea is incorporated into the subgenus Urostigma as more pollen per syconium than actively pollinated ¢gs suggested by molecular evidence (Herre et al. 1996). and their mature anthers tend to dehisce naturally, There are 20 recognized genera of ¢g-pollinating wasps, all thereby facilitating the passive `collection’ of pollen by belonging to the family Agaonidae sensu Rasplus (Rasplus et al. their pollinators (pollen adheres to various parts of the 1998) within the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Wiebes 1982, 1994; body surface) (Ramirez 1969; Galil & Eisikowitch 1971; Boucek 1988; Berg & Wiebes 1992). With the exception of wasps Galil & Neeman 1977; Galil & Meiri 1981; Ramirez & from the genera Ceratosolen, Platyscapa and Wiebesia, each genus is Malavasi 1997). restricted to a single subgenus and section of ¢g. The observation that related species of wasps generally pollinate related species of ¢gs has led to the proposal of (b) DNA methods strict-sense coevolution between the two groups (Ramirez Genomic DNA was extracted from 32 individual wasps repre- 1974; Wiebes 1979, 1982; Berg & Wiebes 1992). However, senting 15 out of the 20 genera of pollinating wasps (table 1) existing classi¢cations of ¢gs and their pollinators are using Chelex 100 (Walsh et al. 1991). The ¢ve genera not based on morphological characters that are often inti- included in this study (Agaon, Allotriozoon, Deilagaon, Nigeriella mately involved in the interactions between the two and Paragaon) are all associated with African ¢gs of the mono- mutualists (e.g. the breeding system of the ¢gs and the ecious subgenus Urostigma. Sequences of 816 nucleotides were characters involved in the pollination behaviour of the collected from the 3’-end of the mitochondrial COI gene (posi- wasps). Therefore, the apparent congruence observed in tions 2191^3007 of the Drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome) their current classi¢cations might simply re£ect reciprocal (Clary & Wolstenholme 1985) using conserved insect poly- adaptations leading to convergent evolution (e.g. Van merase chain reaction primers and standard manual and auto- Noort & Compton 1996). Fortunately, molecular data can mated sequencing protocols (Simon et al. 1994; Machado et al. provide independent characters for reconstructing phylo- 1996; Machado 1998). Sequences have been deposited in genies and rigorously testing evolutionary hypotheses GenBank (accession numbers AF302052^AF30205 6 and concerning ¢gs and their pollinators. For example, AY014964^AY014995). molecular studies of ¢gs and wasps have been conducted at both ¢ne (between species within a pollinator genus (c) Phylogenetic analyses and their associated hosts) and broad (across genera of All analyses were carried out with version 4.0b1 of PAUP* wasps and their hosts) taxonomic scales and the data (Swo¡ord 1998). Four species from two di¡erent subfamilies of appear consistent with strict-sense coevolution (Herre et non-pollinating ¢g wasps (Sycophaginae, Sycoryctinae) were al. 1996). However, the sampling of taxa in those studies used as outgroups (table 1). Phylogenies were reconstructed was limited and support for many of the proposed rela- using the maximum-likelihood (ML) optimality criterion. The tionships was weak. Recent studies have increased the most appropriate nucleotide substitution model for explaining number of taxa sampled, but have focused on dioecious the process of nucleotide substitution in the data was chosen by ¢gs and their pollinators (Weiblen 1999, 2000, 2001). comparing three models that consider unequal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
    YIKA-VWAZA TRUST RESEARCH STUDY REPORT N (2017/18) Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi By Sopani Sichinga ([email protected]) September , 2019 ABSTRACT In 2018 – 19, a survey on vascular plants was conducted in Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve. The reserve is located in the north-western Malawi, covering an area of about 986 km2. Based on this survey, a total of 461 species from 76 families were recorded (i.e. 454 Angiosperms and 7 Pteridophyta). Of the total species recorded, 19 are exotics (of which 4 are reported to be invasive) while 1 species is considered threatened. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (80 species representing 17. 4%), Poaceae (53 species representing 11.5%), Rubiaceae (27 species representing 5.9 %), and Euphorbiaceae (24 species representing 5.2%). The annotated checklist includes scientific names, habit, habitat types and IUCN Red List status and is presented in section 5. i ACKNOLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, let me thank the Nyika–Vwaza Trust (UK) for funding this work. Without their financial support, this work would have not been materialized. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) Malawi through its Regional Office (N) is also thanked for the logistical support and accommodation throughout the entire study. Special thanks are due to my supervisor - Mr. George Zwide Nxumayo for his invaluable guidance. Mr. Thom McShane should also be thanked in a special way for sharing me some information, and sending me some documents about Vwaza which have contributed a lot to the success of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the Vwaza Research Unit team for their assistance, especially during the field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficus Cf. Platypoda Port Jackson Fig Moraceae
    Ficus cf. platypoda Port jackson fig Moraceae Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i January, 2003 OVERVIEW There are no Ficus species native to Hawai'i. F. cf. platypoda is one of about 60 species of Ficus that is cultivated in Hawai'i (Wagner et al. 1999). About 39,000 F. cf. platypoda trees were planted in the state of Hawai'i during the 1920's and 1930's as a forestry tree (Skolmen 1960). On Maui, F.cf. platypoda were planted in plantations along the Hana Hwy. from Ha'iku to Hana and in Fleming Arboretum on West Maui. The pollinator wasp for F. cf. platypoda, Pleistondontes imperialis Saunders, was introduced to Hawai'i in 1922 (Wagner et al. 1999) to facilitate the spread of this tree species as each Ficus species needs a specific pollinating wasp in order to reproduce and spread (Ramirez 1970). As a result, F. cf. platypoda is reproducing sexually in Hawai'i today. It was first reported by Nagata (1995) under the name F. rubiginosa Desf as naturalized on O'ahu. It was then later reported as naturalized on both West and East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, Oppenheimer and Bartlett 2000). Two other Ficus species that have had their associated pollinator wasps introduced are also spreading on Maui. These include F. microcarpa and F. macrophylla (Wagner et al. 1999, Oppenheimer and Bartlett 2000). All three species invade both disturbed and native ecosystems. F. cf. platypoda is capable of germinating in native host trees, such as koa (Acacia koa) and ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha), growing as epiphytes, sending down aerial roots, and eventually destroying the host tree.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Plantas, Reserva
    Lista de Plantas, Reserva, Jardín Botanico de Vallarta - Plant List, Preserve, Vallarta Botanical Garden [2019] P 1 de(of) 5 Familia Nombre Científico Autoridad Hábito IUCN Nativo Invasor Family Scientific Name Authority Habit IUCN Native Invasive 1 ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera monancistra Will. H 2 Henrya insularis Nees ex Benth. H NE Nat. LC 3 Ruellia stemonacanthoides (Oersted) Hemsley H NE Nat. LC 4 Aphelandra madrensis Lindau a NE Nat+EMEX LC 5 Ruellia blechum L. H NE Nat. LC 6 Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers H NE Nat. LC 7 AGAVACEAE Agave rhodacantha Trel. Suc NE Nat+EMEX LC 8 Agave vivipara vivipara L. Suc NE Nat. LC 9 AMARANTHACEAE Iresine nigra Uline & Bray a NE Nat. LC 10 Gomphrena nitida Rothr a NE Nat. LC 11 ANACARDIACEAE Astronium graveolens Jacq. A NE Nat. LC 12 Comocladia macrophylla (Hook. & Arn.) L. Riley A NE Nat. LC 13 Amphipterygium adstringens (Schlecht.) Schiede ex Standl. A NE Nat+EMEX LC 14 ANNONACEAE Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. A NE Nat. LC 15 Annona glabra L. A NE Nat. LC 16 ARACEAE Anthurium halmoorei Croat. H ep NE Nat+EMEX LC 17 Philodendron hederaceum K. Koch & Sello V NE Nat. LC 18 Syngonium neglectum Schott V NE Nat+EMEX LC 19 ARALIACEAE Dendropanax arboreus (l.) Decne. & Planchon A NE Nat. LC 20 Oreopanax peltatus Lind. Ex Regel A VU Nat. LC 21 ARECACEAE Chamaedorea pochutlensis Liebm a LC Nat+EMEX LC 22 Cryosophila nana (Kunth) Blume A NT Nat+EJAL LC 23 Attalea cohune Martius A NE Nat. LC 24 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia taliscana Hook. & Aarn. V NE Nat+EMEX LC 25 Aristolochia carterae Pfeifer V NE Nat+EMEX LC 26 ASTERACEAE Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni ex Pers.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Global Climate Change on the Phenology of African Tropical Ecosystems
    IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE PHENOLOGY OF AFRICAN TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS GABRIELA S. ADAMESCU MSc by Research UNIVERSITY OF YORK Biology October 2016 1 Abstract The climate has been changing at an unprecedented rate, affecting natural systems around the globe. Its impact has been mostly reflected through changes in species’ phenology, which has received extensive attention in the current global-change research, mainly in temperate regions. However, little is known about phenology in African tropical forests. Africa is known to be vulnerable to climate change and filling the gaps is an urgent matter. In this study we assess plant phenology at the individual, site and continental level. We first compare flowering and fruiting events of species shared between multiple sites, accounting for three quantitative indicators, such as frequency, fidelity for conserving a certain frequency and seasonal phase. We complement this analysis by assessing interannual trends of flowering and fruiting frequency and fidelity to their dominant frequency at 11 sites. We complete the bigger picture by analysing flowering and fruiting frequency of African tropical trees at the site and community level. Next, we correlate three climatic indices (ENSO, IOD and NAO) with flowering and fruiting events at the canopy level, at 16 sites. Our results suggest that 30 % of the studied species show plasticity or adaptability to different environments and will most likely be resilient to moderate future climate change. At both site and continental level, we found that annual flowering cycles are dominant, indicating strong seasonality in the case of more than 50% of African tropical species under investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Section Reprint the STRUGGLE for TROGLODYTES1
    The RELICT HOMINOID INQUIRY 6:33-170 (2017) Book Section Reprint THE STRUGGLE FOR TROGLODYTES1 Boris Porshnev "I have no doubt that some fact may appear fantastic and incredible to many of my readers. For example, did anyone believe in the existence of Ethiopians before seeing any? Isn't anything seen for the first time astounding? How many things are thought possible only after they have been achieved?" (Pliny, Natural History of Animals, Vol. VII, 1) INTRODUCTION BERNARD HEUVELMANS Doctor in Zoological Sciences How did I come to study animals, and from the study of animals known to science, how did I go on to that of still undiscovered animals, and finally, more specifically to that of unknown humans? It's a long story. For me, everything started a long time ago, so long ago that I couldn't say exactly when. Of course it happened gradually. Actually – I have said this often – one is born a zoologist, one does not become one. However, for the discipline to which I finally ended up fully devoting myself, it's different: one becomes a cryptozoologist. Let's specify right now that while Cryptozoology is, etymologically, "the science of hidden animals", it is in practice the study and research of animal species whose existence, for lack of a specimen or of sufficient anatomical fragments, has not been officially recognized. I should clarify what I mean when I say "one is born a zoologist. Such a congenital vocation would imply some genetic process, such as that which leads to a lineage of musicians or mathematicians.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoologische Mededelingen
    MINISTERIE VAN ONDERWIJS KUNSTEN EN WETENSCHAPPEN ZOOLOGISCHE MEDEDELINGEN UITGEGEVEN DOOR HET RIJKSMUSEUM VAN NATUURLIJKE HISTORIE TE LEIDEN DEEL XXXVIII, No. 19 18 november 1963 INDO-MALAYAN AND PAPUAN FIG WASPS (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA) 2. THE GENUS PLEISTODONTES SAUNDERS (AGAONIDAE) by J. T. WIEBES Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden Until now, the genus Pleistodontes Saunders is known from the Australian continent and from Lord Howe Island. Two species were introduced into the Hawaiian Islands. Samples of fig wasps from New Guinea and from the Solomon Islands were sent to me by Mr. E. J. H. Corner. They proved to consist of new species of Pleistodontes, which are described below. In addition, some new records of Australian species, mostly taken from the collection of the Ha• waiian Sugar Planters' Association ("H.S.P.A."), Honolulu, are given, and the type species of the genus is redescribed. The records and "descriptions" by Girault are not considered in the present paper, as the typical material is being studied by Mr. E. F. Riek. A discussion on the host records follows the descriptions of the species. Pleistodontes blandus spec. nov. Material. — Eight immature 9, 14 $, ex Ficus glandifera Summerh. (det. E. J. H. Corner), Solomon Is., leg. Kajewski, no. 3494; coll. Museum Leiden, no. 438; holotype, S, slide no. 438b, allotype, 9, slide 438a, paratypes, 9 $, slides 438c, d. Description. — Male. Head (fig. 10) distinctly longer than its maximum width, and nearly twice as long as wide anteriorly; with the usual pubescence next to the antennal groove and behind the hypostomal margin. Eyes large. Mandible, fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations Into Stability in the Fig/Fig-Wasp Mutualism
    Investigations into stability in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism Sarah Al-Beidh A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London. Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, or if not, it is clearly stated and fully acknowledged in the text. Sarah Al-Beidh 2 Abstract Fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) are involved in an obligate mutualism where each partner relies on the other in order to reproduce: the pollinating fig wasps are a fig tree’s only pollen disperser whilst the fig trees provide the wasps with places in which to lay their eggs. Mutualistic interactions are, however, ultimately genetically selfish and as such, are often rife with conflict. Fig trees are either monoecious, where wasps and seeds develop together within fig fruit (syconia), or dioecious, where wasps and seeds develop separately. In interactions between monoecious fig trees and their pollinating wasps, there are conflicts of interest over the relative allocation of fig flowers to wasp and seed development. Although fig trees reap the rewards associated with wasp and seed production (through pollen and seed dispersal respectively), pollinators only benefit directly from flowers that nurture the development of wasp larvae, and increase their fitness by attempting to oviposit in as many ovules as possible. If successful, this oviposition strategy would eventually destroy the mutualism; however, the interaction has lasted for over 60 million years suggesting that mechanisms must be in place to limit wasp oviposition. This thesis addresses a number of factors to elucidate how stability may be achieved in monoecious fig systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutualism Stability and Gall Induction in the Fig and Fig Wasp Interaction
    Mutualism Stability and Gall Induction in the Fig and Fig Wasp Interaction Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Martinson, Ellen O'Hara Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 01:14:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265556 MUTUALISM STABILITY AND GALL INDUCTION IN THE FIG AND FIG WASP INTERACTION by Ellen O. Martinson _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Ellen O. Martinson entitled MUTUALISM STABILITY AND GALL INDUCTION IN THE FIG AND FIG WASP INTERACTION and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 A. Elizabeth Arnold _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Jeremiah D. Hackett _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Carlos A. Machado _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Rob H. Robichaux _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/02/12 Noah K. Whiteman Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College.
    [Show full text]
  • The Synstigma Turns the Fig Into a Large Flower Simone P
    The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower Simone P. Teixeira, Marina F. B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A. S. Pereira To cite this version: Simone P. Teixeira, Marina F. B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A. S. Pereira. The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London, In press, 10.1093/botlinnean/boaa061. hal-02981678 HAL Id: hal-02981678 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02981678 Submitted on 28 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower Simone P. Teixeira1,*,, Marina F. B. Costa1,2, João Paulo Basso-Alves2,3, Finn Kjellberg4 And Rodrigo A. S. Pereira5 1Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040–903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2PPG em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083–970, Campinas, SP, Brazil 3Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460- 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 4CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France 5Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Chec List What Survived from the PLANAFLORO Project
    Check List 10(1): 33–45, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution What survived from the PLANAFLORO Project: PECIES S Angiosperms of Rondônia State, Brazil OF 1* 2 ISTS L Samuel1 UniCarleialversity of Konstanz, and Narcísio Department C.of Biology, Bigio M842, PLZ 78457, Konstanz, Germany. [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, BR 364, Km 9.5, CEP 76801-059. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (PLANAFLORO) was a strategic program developed in partnership between the Brazilian Government and The World Bank in 1992, with the purpose of stimulating the sustainable development and protection of the Amazon in the state of Rondônia. More than a decade after the PLANAFORO program concluded, the aim of the present work is to recover and share the information from the long-abandoned plant collections made during the project’s ecological-economic zoning phase. Most of the material analyzed was sterile, but the fertile voucher specimens recovered are listed here. The material examined represents 378 species in 234 genera and 76 families of angiosperms. Some 8 genera, 68 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are new records for Rondônia State. It is our intention that this information will stimulate future studies and contribute to a better understanding and more effective conservation of the plant diversity in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil. Introduction The PLANAFLORO Project funded botanical expeditions In early 1990, Brazilian Amazon was facing remarkably in different areas of the state to inventory arboreal plants high rates of forest conversion (Laurance et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Breakdown of the One-To-One Rule in Mexican Fig-Wasp Associations Inferred by Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis
    SYMBIOSIS (2008) 45, 73-81 ©2008 Balaban, Philadelphia/Rehovot ISSN 0334-5114 Breakdown of the one-to-one rule in Mexican fig-wasp associations inferred by molecular phylogenetic analysis Zhi-Hui Su1,2y' Hitoshi Iino1'5, Keiko Nakamura 1, Alejandra Serrato':'', and Ken Oyama" 1JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cha, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan, Email. [email protected]; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; 3School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China; "Centro de lnvestigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonorna de Mexico (UNAM) Campus More lia, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta, C. P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; 5Present address: RIKEN Harima Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan; "Present address: Universidad Autonorna Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico 09340 D.F. (Received February 20, 2007, Accepted June 17, 2007) Abstract The interaction between figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) is one of the most species-specific cases of mutualism, and is a model system for studying coevolution and cospeciation between insects and plants. To test the specificity-breakdown hypothesis, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COi gene sequences of Mexican fig-pollinating wasps collected from each fig species at various localities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear division of Mexican fig pollinators into two major groups: one pollinating the Ficus species of subgenus Pharmacosycea: and the other pollinating Ficus subgenus Urostigma.
    [Show full text]
  • 35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods
    35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods. & Dressl. each segment, usually only the uppermost persisting, linear, 5-25 cm long, 1.5-4.5 mm broad, obscurely emar- Psygmorchis pusilla (L.) Dods. & Dressl., Phytologia ginate at apex. Inflorescences single flowers or more com- 24:288. 1972 monly few-flowered fascicles or abbreviated, few-flowered Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichb.f. racemes, borne at apex of stems; flowers white, 3.5-4.5 Dwarf epiphyte, to 8 cm tall; pseudobulbs lacking. Leaves mm long; sepals 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; petals as ± dense, spreading like a fan, equitant, ± linear, 2-6 cm long as sepals, 0.5-1 mm wide; lip 3.5-5 mm long, 2-3.5 long, to 1 cm wide. Inflorescences 1-6 from base of mm wide, entire or obscurely trilobate; column narrowly leaves, about equaling leaves, consisting of long scapes, winged. Fruits oblong-elliptic, ca 1 cm long (including the apices with several acute, strongly compressed, im- the long narrowly tapered base), ca 2 mm wide. Croat bricating sheaths; flowers produced in succession from 8079. axils of sheaths; flowers 2-2.5 cm long; sepals free, Common in the forest, usually high in trees. Flowers spreading, bright yellow, keeled and apiculate, the dorsal in the early dry season (December to March), especially sepal ca 5 mm long, nearly as wide, the lateral sepals in January and February. The fruits mature in the middle 4-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, hidden by lateral lobes to late dry season. of lip; petals to 8 mm long and 4 mm wide, bright yellow Confused with S.
    [Show full text]