Molecular Detection of Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas Collected From
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Coxiella Burnetii
SENTINEL LEVEL CLINICAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES FOR SUSPECTED AGENTS OF BIOTERRORISM AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Coxiella burnetii American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Revised March 2016 For latest revision, see web site below: https://www.asm.org/Articles/Policy/Laboratory-Response-Network-LRN-Sentinel-Level-C ASM Subject Matter Expert: David Welch, Ph.D. Medical Microbiology Consulting Dallas, TX [email protected] ASM Sentinel Laboratory Protocol Working Group APHL Advisory Committee Vickie Baselski, Ph.D. Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Ph.D. Patricia Blevins, MPH University of Tennessee at Department of Clinical San Antonio Metro Health Memphis Pathology District Laboratory Memphis, TN Beaumont Health System [email protected] [email protected] Royal Oak, MI BRobinson- Erin Bowles David Craft, Ph.D. [email protected] Wisconsin State Laboratory of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Hygiene Medical Center Michael A. Saubolle, Ph.D. [email protected] Hershey, PA Banner Health System [email protected] Phoenix, AZ Christopher Chadwick, MS [email protected] Association of Public Health Peter H. Gilligan, Ph.D. m Laboratories University of North Carolina [email protected] Hospitals/ Susan L. Shiflett Clinical Microbiology and Michigan Department of Mary DeMartino, BS, Immunology Labs Community Health MT(ASCP)SM Chapel Hill, NC Lansing, MI State Hygienic Laboratory at the [email protected] [email protected] University of Iowa [email protected] Larry Gray, Ph.D. Alice Weissfeld, Ph.D. TriHealth Laboratories and Microbiology Specialists Inc. Harvey Holmes, PhD University of Cincinnati College Houston, TX Centers for Disease Control and of Medicine [email protected] Prevention Cincinnati, OH om [email protected] [email protected] David Welch, Ph.D. -
Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective
biology Review Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective Valentina Virginia Ebani 1,2,* and Francesca Mancianti 1,2 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 2 Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968 Simple Summary: Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract: The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. -
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected. -
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus
Dantas-Torres et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:213 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/213 RESEARCH Open Access Morphological and genetic diversity of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from the New and Old Worlds Filipe Dantas-Torres1,2*, Maria Stefania Latrofa2, Giada Annoscia2, Alessio Giannelli2, Antonio Parisi3 and Domenico Otranto2* Abstract Background: The taxonomic status of the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto), which has long been regarded as the most widespread tick worldwide and a vector of many pathogens to dogs and humans, is currently under dispute. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive morphological and genetic study of 278 representative specimens, which belonged to different species (i.e., Rhipicephalus bursa, R. guilhoni, R. microplus, R. muhsamae, R. pusillus, R. sanguineus sensu lato, and R. turanicus) collected from Europe, Asia, Americas, and Oceania. After detailed morphological examination, ticks were molecularly processed for the analysis of partial mitochondrial (16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and cox1) gene sequences. Results: In addition to R. sanguineus s.l. and R. turanicus, three different operational taxonomic units (namely, R. sp. I, R.sp.II,andR. sp. III) were found on dogs. These operational taxonomical units were morphologically and genetically different from R. sanguineus s.l. and R. turanicus. Ticks identified as R. sanguineus s.l., which corresponds to the so-called “tropical species” (=northern lineage), were found in all continents and genetically it represents a sister group of R. guilhoni. R. turanicus was found on a wide range of hosts in Italy and also on dogs in Greece. Conclusions: The tropical species and the temperate species (=southern lineage) are paraphyletic groups. -
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean-Congo Importance Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by a zoonotic virus that Hemorrhagic seems to be carried asymptomatically in animals but can be a serious threat to humans. This disease typically begins as a nonspecific flu-like illness, but some cases Fever progress to a severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic syndrome. Intensive supportive care is required in serious cases, and the value of antiviral agents such as ribavirin is Congo Fever, still unclear. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widely distributed Central Asian Hemorrhagic Fever, in the Eastern Hemisphere. However, it can circulate for years without being Uzbekistan hemorrhagic fever recognized, as subclinical infections and mild cases seem to be relatively common, and sporadic severe cases can be misdiagnosed as hemorrhagic illnesses caused by Hungribta (blood taking), other organisms. In recent years, the presence of CCHFV has been recognized in a Khunymuny (nose bleeding), number of countries for the first time. Karakhalak (black death) Etiology Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Last Updated: March 2019 fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Orthonairovirus in the family Nairoviridae and order Bunyavirales. CCHFV belongs to the CCHF serogroup, which also includes viruses such as Tofla virus and Hazara virus. Six or seven major genetic clades of CCHFV have been recognized. Some strains, such as the AP92 strain in Greece and related viruses in Turkey, might be less virulent than others. Species Affected CCHFV has been isolated from domesticated and wild mammals including cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo, hares (e.g., the European hare, Lepus europaeus), African hedgehogs (Erinaceus albiventris) and multimammate mice (Mastomys spp.). -
Ixodes Scapularis) Affected Species: Humans PATHOBIOLOGY and VETERINARY SCIENCE • CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY
Tick Borne Diseases In New England Bullseye rash- common symptom of Lyme disease and STARI Skin lesions- common symptom of Tularemia Tularemia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii Agent: Francisella tularensis Brown Dog Tick Symptoms: fever, “spotted” rash, headache, nausea, Symptoms: fever, skin lesions in people, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, lack of appetite, face and eyes redden and become (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) red eyes inflamed, chills, headache, exhaustion Affected Species: humans, dogs Affected Species: humans, rabbits, rodents, cats, dogs, sheep, many Dog Tick mammalian species (Dermacentor variabilis) Ehrlichiosis Agent: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Symptoms: fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, red eyes Affected Species: humans, dogs, cats Babesiosis Anaplasmosis Agent: Babesia microti Agent: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Symptoms: (many show none), fever, chills, sweats, Lone star tick Symptoms: fever, severe headache, muscle aches, headache, body aches, loss of appetite, nausea chills and shaking, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Affected Species: humans (Amblyomma americanum) Affected Species: humans, dogs, horses, cows Borrelia miyamotoi Disease Agent: Borrelia miyamotoi Southern Tick-Associated Lyme Disease Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, body and joint Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi pain, fatigue Rash Illness (STARI) Symptoms: “bullseye” rash Affected Species: humans Agent: Borrelia lonestari (humans only), fever, aching joints, Symptoms: “bullseye” rash, fatigue, muscle pains, headache, fatigue, neurological headache involvement Affected Species: humans Affected Species: humans, Powassan Virus horses, dogs, many others Agent: Powassan Virus Symptoms: (many show none), fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, loss of coordination, Deer Tick speech difficulties, seizures (Ixodes scapularis) Affected Species: humans PATHOBIOLOGY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE • CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY. -
African Horse Sickness Standard Operating Procedures: 1
AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: 1. OVERVIEW OF ETIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY DRAFT AUGUST 2013 File name: FAD_Prep_SOP_1_EE_AHS_Aug2013 SOP number: 1.0 Lead section: Preparedness and Incident Coordination Version number: 1.0 Effective date: August 2013 Review date: August 2015 The Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PReP) Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) provide operational guidance for responding to an animal health emergency in the United States. These draft SOPs are under ongoing review. This document was last updated in August 2013. Please send questions or comments to: Preparedness and Incident Coordination Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4700 River Road, Unit 41 Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1231 Telephone: (301) 851-3595 Fax: (301) 734-7817 E-mail: [email protected] While best efforts have been used in developing and preparing the FAD PReP SOPs, the U.S. Government, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and other parties, such as employees and contractors contributing to this document, neither warrant nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information or procedure disclosed. The primary purpose of these FAD PReP SOPs is to provide operational guidance to those government officials responding to a foreign animal disease outbreak. It is only posted for public access as a reference. The FAD PReP SOPs may refer to links to various other Federal and State agencies and private organizations. These links are maintained solely for the user's information and convenience. -
Brown Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus Sanguineus Latreille (Arachnida: Acari: Ixodidae)1 Yuexun Tian, Cynthia C
EENY-221 Brown Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille (Arachnida: Acari: Ixodidae)1 Yuexun Tian, Cynthia C. Lord, and Phillip E. Kaufman2 Introduction and already-infested residences. The infestation can reach high levels, seemingly very quickly. However, the early The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, has stages of the infestation, when only a few individuals are been found around the world. Many tick species can be present, are often missed completely. The first indication carried indoors on animals, but most cannot complete their the dog owner has that there is a problem is when they start entire life cycle indoors. The brown dog tick is unusual noticing ticks crawling up the walls or on curtains. among ticks, in that it can complete its entire life cycle both indoors and outdoors. Because of this, brown dog tick infestations can develop in dog kennels and residences, as well as establish populations in colder climates (Dantas- Torres 2008). Although brown dog ticks will feed on a wide variety of mammals, dogs are the preferred host in the United States and appear to be a necessary condition for maintaining a large tick populations (Dantas-Torres 2008). Brown dog tick management is important as they are a vector of several pathogens that cause canine and human diseases. Brown dog tick populations can be managed with habitat modification and pesticide applications. The taxonomy of the brown dog tick is currently under review Figure 1. Life stages of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and ultimately it may be determined that there are more Latreille. Clockwise from bottom right: engorged larva, engorged than one species causing residential infestations world-wide nymph, female, and male. -
CONTAGIOUS COMMENTS Department of Epidemiology
VOLUME XXXIV NUMBER 4 May 2019 CONTAGIOUS COMMENTS Department of Epidemiology Top Ten Tick Topics! Donna Curtis, MD, MPH 1. Tell me about ticks…. an oral antibiotic just like any other infected cut/scrape. A culture of the area is probably Every spring and summer, we receive many calls worthwhile to be sure it’s not MRSA. about children with tick bites. This month’s Contagious Comments contains a brief review of The most common tick-transmitted disease in tick-borne diseases in Colorado to help clinicians Colorado is Colorado Tick Fever (CTF). This manage patients’ tick exposures. illness is caused by a virus transmitted by the Rocky Mountain wood tick. The incubation period Ticks have been around for more than 200 million is usually short (2-3 days) but can be anywhere years and there are more than 800 species. They from 1 to 14 days. Common symptoms include: are members of the arachnid family and they can fever, headache, body aches, and malaise. Some transmit bacteria including rickettsiae and may also have a rash, abdominal pain, nausea or spirochetes, viruses, parasites, and toxins. a stiff neck. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are Humans are incidental, dead-end hosts for these commonly seen and rash is seen in 20% of cases. infections. Ticks normally feed on small The disease is self-limited and about half of all vertebrates and tick “season” is generally April people have a biphasic illness. Diagnosis is through September. After feeding on a blood meal, primarily clinical based on symptoms and an engorged tick can increase its body weight by epidemiological exposure, but testing can be 100 times. -
Diversity in Ticks (Acari) of West Bengal
Rec. zoo I. Surv. India: 99 (Part 1-'4) : 65-74, 2001 DIVERSITY IN TICKS (ACARI) OF WEST BENGAL A. K. SANYAL & S. K. DE Zoological Survey ofIndia, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata~700 053. INTRODUCTION The ticks are a small group of acarines under the order Metastigmata or Ixodida. They occur throughout the world, but are more frequently encountered in tropical and subtropical realms. They are grouped into three families vig., Argasidae or soft ticks. Ixodidae or hard ticks and Nuttalliellidae (known only from Africa). The ticks show morphological characters typical of other acari, but their peculiarities and greater size (2,000 J.UIl to over 30,000 J.UIl) clearly distinguish them from most other acarines. Besides, there are certain characters which are present and distinct throughout the ontogeny of ticks. A hypostome anned with retrose teeth serves to anchor the tick to its host. A complex sensory setal field, Haller's organ, is located on the dorsal side of tarsus-lin all postembryonic stages, providing sites for contact or olfactory chemoreception. Other distinguishing features are : a pair of stigmata situated posterior to coxa IV or dorsal to coxa llI-IV, palp with only three or four segments, chelicera 2-segmented, digits of chelicerae working in horizontal plane with their dentate faces directed externally. The argasid ticks are non-scutate with leathery integument, sexual dimorphism slight, spiracles small and anterior to coxa-IV and pads, porose areas and festoon are absent. The ixodid ticks are scutate with tenninal capitulum, sexual dimorphism well marked, spiracles posterior to coxa-IV and pads, porose areas and festoon are present. -
Molecular Detection of Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas Collected from Companion
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.118554; this version posted May 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks and fleas collected from companion 2 dogs and cats in East and Southeast Asia 3 4 Viet-Linh Nguyen1, Vito Colella1,2, Grazia Greco1, Fang Fang3, Wisnu Nurcahyo4, Upik 5 Kesumawati Hadi5, Virginia Venturina6, Kenneth Boon Yew Tong7, Yi-Lun Tsai8, Piyanan 6 Taweethavonsawat9, Saruda Tiwananthagorn10, Sahatchai Tangtrongsup10, Thong Quang Le11, 7 Khanh Linh Bui12, Thom Do13, Malaika Watanabe14, Puteri Azaziah Megat Abd Rani14, Filipe 8 Dantas-Torres1,15, Lenaig Halos16, Frederic Beugnet16, Domenico Otranto1,17* 9 10 1Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy. 11 2Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 12 3School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China. 13 4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakata, Indonesia. 14 5Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 15 6College of Veterinary Science & Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, 16 Philippines. 17 7Animal & Avian Veterinary Clinic, Singapore. 18 8Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 19 Pingtung, Taiwan. 20 9Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chualalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 21 10Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 22 11Faculty of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, 23 Vietnam. -
Investigations on the Abundance of Ectoparasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southwest Madagascar
Investigations on the abundance of ectoparasites and vector-borne pathogens in southwest Madagascar Dissertation with the aim of achieving a doctoral degree at the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences Department of Biology University of Hamburg submitted by Julian Ehlers Hamburg, 2020 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Jörg Ganzhorn, Universität Hamburg PD Dr. Andreas Krüger, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Date of oral defense: 19.06.2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Summary 1 Zusammenfassung 3 Chapter 1: General introduction 5 Chapter 2: Ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in 33 southwest Madagascar Chapter 3: Molecular detection of Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., 63 Bartonella spp. and Yersinia pestis in ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar Chapter 4: General discussion 97 SUMMARY Summary Human encroachment on natural habitats is steadily increasing due to the rapid growth of the worldwide population. The consequent expansion of agricultural land and livestock husbandry, accompanied by spreading of commensal animals, create new interspecific contact zones that are major regions of risk of the emergence of diseases and their transmission between livestock, humans and wildlife. Among the emerging diseases of the recent years those that originate from wildlife reservoirs are of outstanding importance. Many vector-borne diseases are still underrecognized causes of fever throughout the world and tend to be treated as undifferentiated illnesses. The lack of human and animal health facilities, common in rural areas, bears the risk that vector-borne infections remain unseen, especially if they are not among the most common. Ectoparasites represent an important route for disease transmission besides direct contact to infected individuals.