Anne-Lise Maire1 A. Boccaletti2, J. Schneider2, P. Baudoz2, R. Galicher2, R. Gratton1, P.-O. Lagage3, D. Stam4, W. Traub5, & the SPICES team (70 members)

1 Padua Observatory, 2 Paris Observatory, 3 CEA/SAp, 4 SRON Utrecht, 5 NASA/JPL Anne-Lise Maire1 A. Boccaletti2, J. Schneider2, P. Baudoz2, R. Galicher2, R. Gratton1, P.-O. Lagage3, D. Stam4, W. Traub5, & the SPICES team (70 members)

1 Padua Observatory, 2 Paris Observatory, 3 CEA/SAp, 4 SRON Utrecht, 5 NASA/JPL exoplanet.eu

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 3 exoplanet.eu

imaging

transits Spectra

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 4 exoplanet.eu

8–10 m + extreme AO JWST 30–37 m + extreme AO Space coronagraphs Space interferometers

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 5 Spectro-Polarimetric Imaging & Characterization of Exoplanetary Systems

 ESA CV M1/2 (450 M€, 2017-18) in 2007 (Schneider et al.)  ESA CV M3 (450 M€, 2020-22) in 2010 (Boccaletti et al.)  Non selected because requires R&D studies incompatible with budget envelop  Part of exoplanet proposal for ESA CV L2/3 themes in 2013 (Quirrenbach et al.) non selection

1 objective: study exoplanetary systems as a whole

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 6 Flux Flux Karkoschka (1994) Cahoy et al. (2010)

Polarization From D. Stam VIS spectro-polarimetry @ R=40:

Jupiter gas/ice giants, molecules (methane, Neptune + cloud alt. 1 Neptune + cloud alt. 2 water), Rayleigh scattering, metallicity & structure of the atmosphere

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 7 Flux Tinetti et al. (2009)

A=0 Clear ocean Polarization Models from Stam (2008) Stam (2008)

Cloudy ocean/forest Clear forest Flux A=1 0.45 0.9 Solar System planets Earth analogs VIS spectro-polarimetry @ R=40: Venus/Earth/Mars-like planets, molecules (water, oxygen, ozone), Rayleigh scattering, structure of the atmosphere, surface type (red edge) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 8 Ground-based NIR exoplanet.eu imaging + JWST

stars V>3! Gaia

Longer RV surveys

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 9 Boccaletti et al. (2012) Polarimeter High optical modulator+analyzer quality off- axis telescope

Small IWA broadband coronagraph Wavefront sensing + deformable mirror

Integral field spectro- polarimeter

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 10 • Contrasts 10-9 – 10-10 • SPICES more sensitive than SPHERE/GPI • Detection & spectral analysis of new planets • Neptunes around late- type stars

Boccaletti et al. (2012) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 11  Protoplanetary disks, debris disks, exozodii ≥100 fainter wrt targets accessible with current/planned facilities  Sensitivity to a few zodii target census for future missions for characterization of Earth analogs Boccaletti et al. (2012) 10-2

10-4

) σ 10-6

10-8 Contrast Contrast (1 10-10

10-12 0.1 1.0 10.0 Radius (as) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 12 G2 A0 M0

10-8

10-10

Maire et al. (2012) Limit in separation [AU] Jupiter Neptune Super-Earth A0 < 20 pc 1 – 10 2 – 3 2 – 3 G2 < 10 pc 1 – 7 1 – 3 1 – 2 M0 < 5 pc 0.5 – 4 0.5 – 1.5 0.5 – 1 Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 13 Clouds Metallicity

Tint = 30 min SNR=25 Tint = 100h

SNR=15 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 10-8 10-9 CH4

10-9 10-10

Maire et al. (2012) Models from Cahoy et al. (2010) G2 star

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 14 Clouds Surface

SNR=25 SNR=30 10-9 O3 10-9

SNR=17 H2O O2 H2O O2 SNR=9

10-10 10-10

Tint = 150h Tint = 200h

Maire et al. (2012) Models from Stam (2008) G2 star

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 15 G2 M0

 ~300 potential planetary systems within 15 pc Maire et al. (2012)  Sensitivity to Earth-size planets around very nearby stars Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 16  High-contrast imaging bench  Coronagraphs: (multi) four-quadrant phase mask, apodized dual-zone phase mask  Focal-plane wavefront control: self-coherent camera (Baudoz et al. 2006, Galicher et al. 2010)  Contrasts (rms): ~10-8 monochromatic ~2.10-8 ∆λ=80 nm (R=7)

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 17  One of the two 2.4-m NRO telescopes donated to NASA  High-contrast imaging instrument to detect & measure spectrum of mature gas & ice giants detected by radial velocities  Dec. 2013: Architecture selected modules to ease participations

 Feb. 2015: Instrument acceptation Courtesy: C. Beichman  Oct. 2016: Phase A TRL-5 demonstration  Oct. 2018: PDR TRL-6 demonstration

Parameter Requirement Bandwidth 430-980 nm separated in five 10% bands Inner working angle 100-250 mas Outer working angle 0.75-1.8’’ (deformable mirror 48x48) Raw/Final contrast 10-8/10-9 IFS spatial sampling 17 mas (Nyquist @ 430 nm) IFS spectral resolution 70 (600-980 nm)

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 18  Scientific niche for small high-contrast imaging mission  Instrument concept robust but requires R&D  Simulations comparative exoplanetology with low-res VIS spectroscopy feasible for mature Jupiters down to super- Earths, marginally Earth-size planets around the nearest stars  Realization will require international collaboration  WFIRST-AFTA may be a pathfinder for future dedicated mission

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 19  Scientific niche for small high-contrast imaging mission  Instrument concept robust but requires R&D  Simulations comparative exoplanetology with low-res VIS spectroscopy feasible for mature Jupiters down to super- Earths, marginally Earth-size planets around the nearest stars  Realization will require international collaboration  WFIRST-AFTA may be a pathfinder for future dedicated mission

Thank you for your attention

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 20  5-year mission

Boccaletti et al. (2012)

Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 21 Boccaletti et al. (2012) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 22 Boccaletti et al. (2012) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 23 Boccaletti et al. (2012) Cascais, Sept. 10th 2014 European Planetary Science Congress EX2 24