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Polarimetry in Bistatic Configuration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measurements on Forest Environment Etienne Everaere

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Polarimetry in Bistatic Configuration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measurements on Forest Environment Etienne Everaere Polarimetry in Bistatic Configuration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measurements on Forest Environment Etienne Everaere To cite this version: Etienne Everaere. Polarimetry in Bistatic Configuration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measure- ments on Forest Environment. Optics [physics.optics]. Ecole Polytechnique, 2015. English. tel- 01199522 HAL Id: tel-01199522 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01199522 Submitted on 15 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. École Doctorale de l’École Polytechnie Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’École Polytechnique spécialité physique par Étienne Everaere Polarimetry in Bistatic Conguration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measurements on Forest Environment Directeur de thèse : Antonello De Martino Soutenue le 6 mai 2015 devant le jury composé de : Rapporteurs : François Goudail - Professeur à l’Institut d’optique Graduate School Fabio Rocca - Professeur à L’École Polytechnique de Milan Examinateurs : Élise Colin-K÷niguer - Ingénieur de recherche à l’ONERA Carole Nahum - Responsable environnement et géosciences à la DGA Xavier Orlik - Ingénieur de recherche à l’ONERA Razvigor Ossikovski - Directeur de thèse au LPICM Lætitia Thirion-Lefevre - Professeur adjoint au laboratoire SONDRA Lars Ulander - Professeur, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI UMR 7647 DEMR - TSI ECOLE´ DOCTORALE DE L'ECOLE´ POLYTECHNIQUE Abstract Polarimetry in Bistatic Configuration for Ultra High Frequency Radar Measurements on Forest Environment by Etienne´ Everaere This manuscript deals with airborne or space borne radar remote sensing in the forested environment. It is devoted to the explanation of the methods that enable us to an- ticipate and understand polarimetric acquisitions in bistatic configurations. The Ultra High Frequency band is retained because of its penetration capabilities in the forest environment. The bistatic configuration has been sensed to increase the radar per- formances for civil and military application. The full polarimetry is a great source of information in radar, and to be able to test and to validate the simulation for this con- figuration, scaled down measurements are investigated. The methods were developed during the last three years and include electromagnetic propagation study, polarimetry for scaled down forest, simulation investigation and the use of polarimetric decomposi- tions. Among conclusions, favorable polarizations, bistatic configuration retained and to improve contrast between forest types and new avenues for detection through the forest are proposed. Acknowledgements Cette th`esea ´et´efinanc´eepar la Direction G´en´eralede l'Armement (DGA) conjoin- tement avec l’Office National d'Etude´ et de Recherche A´erospatiale(ONERA) ainsi que le Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces (LPICM) et l'Ecole´ Polytechnique. Je remercie ces organismes et en particulier Monsieur Pierre Touboul, directeur scientifique de l'ONERA et Monsieur Jean-Marc Boutry directeur du DEMR, Madame Carole Nahum ma r´ef´erente DGA et Monsieur Pere Roca directeur du LPICM pour avoir financ´eces recherches et m'avoir fait confiance pour l'avanc´eede ces travaux. Je remercie l'´ecoledoctorale de Polytechnique pour la disponibilit´ede Madame Alexan- dra Belus, Madame Audrey Lemarechal, Monsieur Fabrice Baronnet et Monsieur Em- manuel Fullenwarth et la qualit´edes formations propos´ees. Je remercie les membres du jury pour le temps consacr´e`al'´evaluation de cette th`ese. Je suis tout particuli`erement reconnaissant envers Messieurs Fabio Rocca et Fran¸cois Goudail pour les discussions passionn´eeset tr`esapprofondies sur le manuscrit. Je remercie tr`essinc`erement Monsieur Xavier Orlik pour avoir pr´esid´ele jury de cette th`ese et qui a m^emeaid´epour l'installation de la salle pour le pot! Tous mes remerciements envers Monsieur Razvigor Ossikovski pour avoir repris la direction de ma th`ese,pour son soutien et son aide pr´ecieuse pour la r´edaction.My thanks to Mr. Lars Ulander for all his knowledge on the subject and for his kind advices. Thank you for your coming in Paris in spite of a long journey! Tout ce travail n'aurait pas ´et´epossible sans la personne d'Antonello de Martino qui a dirig´emes recherches et dont je salue la m´emoire.Je n'ai qu'aper¸cutout son talent, j'ai pu observer en lui une intelligence, une lucidit´eet une passion jamais vues. Je suis tr`esfier d'avoir eu un directeur de th`esede cette trempe et j'ai pu voir que cette force a ´et´etransmise `ases proches et ses coll`eguesdu LPICM. Le trio Antonello de Martino - Elise´ Colin-Koeniguer - Nicolas Trouv´ea ´et´epr´ecurseur pour le projet: la polarim´etrieoptique et la mesures des nanotubes de carbone utiles pour le radar! Avec en plus Laetitia Thirion-Lefevre qui a ´et´ema r´ef´erente pour la sim- ulation EM pour la for^et,avec le laboratoire SONDRA tr`essensible aux probl´ematiques radars pour l'environnement forestier, avec l'inversion de la biomasse et la d´etectionde cibles, j'avais toutes les cl´espour mener `abien ses recherches. Je remercie d'ailleurs Monsieur Marc Lesturgie et le laboratoire SONDRA pour les moyens mis `ama dispo- sition. La collaboration avec Elise´ Colin-Koeniguer mon encadrante `al'ONERA avait d´ej`a commenc´eelors de la th`esede Nicolas Trouv´esoutenue en 2011. Ces travaux avaient commenc´el'utilisation de la polarim´etrieoptique pour apporter de nouvelles infor- mations pour des mesures radar sur des sc`enesmises `al'´echelle. Ici nous avons pu poursuivre ces travaux et appliquer les premi`eresobservations au cas de la for^eten iii bistatique gr^ace`al'outil du LPICM, le polarim`etre r´esoluen angle, et qui a per- mis d'obtenir des r´esultatsquantitatifs pour anticiper la mesure radar bistatique pour l'´etudede la for^etet l'extraction de param`etresbiophysiques et ´egalement la d´etection de cibles dans la for^et. Un grand merci `atoutes les personnes avec lesquelles j'ai pu travailler au sein du LPICM : Jacqueline merci beaucoup pour avoir toujours ´et´e pr´esente pour les mesures, les calibrations fastidieuses et les adaptations du banc de mesure. Merci `aMartin pour les mesures spectrales, Bicher pour ses qualit´eshu- maines, son aide pour les mesures et la prise en main de \codiff ". Merci `aEnric pour ces nombreux conseils et ses nombreuses explications, Stan, Marc, Fr´ederic, Ivan. J'ai quand m^emepass´ele plus clair de mon temps `al'ONERA dans l'´equipe Traitement du SIgnal du D´epartement ´electroMagn´etismeet Radar. Toute ma gratitude envers Christian Rich´echef de l'unit´eTSI, toujours un mot doux pour les doctorants ;) Un grands merci `aPhilippe Fargette, Olivier Rabaste, Alexandre Lepoutre, Flora Weiss- berger, Jean-Baptiste Poisson, Luc Vignaud, Dominique Poullin, Marc Fl´echeux, Jean- Philippe Ovarlez, Christ`eleMorisseau, Gilles Vieillard aussi pour ses bons conseils et le piment dans les discussions politiques enflamm´ees,Jonathan Bosse, Eric´ Chaumette et Nicolas Trouv´epour les nombreux conseils et la transmission de ses connaissances, je te tire mon chapeau m^emesi ¸can'est pas facile de passer apr`esune barre mise si haute niveau science et r´ealisation(http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmhf2s une-journe- e-au-radar tech). Toutes les personnes autour de moi au cours de ces 3 ans m'ont fait ´enorm´ement de bien. A` l'ONERA je salue Elisabeth´ Bertheau pour sa disponibilit´e et sa proximit´eet ´egalement Fran¸coiseRicci pour son d´evouement. Mon parcours `al'ONERA a commenc´epar un stage dans l'´equipe SFM. Je remercie Juan-Carlos, B´eatrice,Go, J´er^ome,Anil... Big up sp´ecial`aSylvie, maintenant en retraite, pour le parfum si particulier signe d'un m´enagetonitruant, rondement ex´ecut´e. Salut `a l'´equipe de choc pour l'organisation des JDD : Mathieu, Baptiste et Jessica. Salut `a Azza, Panagiotis, Damien, Oana, Rata, Abi, Corinna, Nicolas, Jean-Fran¸coiset tous les doctorants et merci aux membres d'Echo pour les visites organis´ees.Je salue mes voisins du DOTA: Benjamin, Armande, S´ebastien,Paul, Patrick. Gr^ace`atoi Elise´ j'ai aussi pu rencontrer d'autres personnes formidables au DTIM. Toute ma gratitude envers Fabrice Janez, salut Hicham, S´emy et toute l'´equipe. Je salue bien s^urtous les footeux du CSX et l'´equipe de foot de l'ONERA pour le tournois: Nicolas, Olivier, Julien, Romain, Christophe, Rafa¨el,Florian, Olivier et Abigael! Et puis je remercie aussi mon v´elorouill´epour m'avoir trimball´esur le plateau de Saclay jusqu'au bout >< Cette th`esea ´et´epour moi une tr`esbelle aventure scientifique. Les ´epreuves hu- maines rencontr´eesn'ont uniquement pu ^etresurmont´eespour continuer le travail que gr^ace`ames encadrantes Elise´ et Laetitia, `ama famille, mes proches, les coll`egesde l'´equipe TSI et du LPICM. Elise´ et Laetitia, vous avez ´et´etr`espr´esentes et tr`esproches pour que le travail aille de l'avant. Vous avez tout mon respect. iv Enfin merci `atous mes amis, `a Emilie,´ Justine, Art´emis,Corentin, Maman, Franco, Pascal, Louis et toute ma famille. Ce travail est d´edi´e`ala m´emoire de mon p`ere Jean-Michel Everaere et de mon directeur de th`eseAntonello De Martino. v Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Contents vi List of Figures xi List of Tables xix Abbreviations xxi I Tools to move from a monostatic polarimetric radar con- figuration to a bistatic configuration7 1 Bistatic Radar Image Processing9 1.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Resolution..................
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