Colloquium Amarna
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Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires -
Who Was Who at Amarna
1 Who was Who at Amarna Akhenaten’s predecessors Amenhotep III: Akhenaten’s father, who ruled for nearly 40 years during the peak of Egypt’s New Kingdom empire. One of ancient Egypt’s most prolific builders, he is also known for his interest in the solar cult and promotion of divine kingship. He was buried in WV22 at Thebes, his mummy later cached with other royal mummies in the Tomb of Amenhotep II (KV 35) in the Valley of the Kings. Tiye: Amenhotep III’s chief wife and the mother of Akhenaten. Her parents Yuya and Tjuyu were from the region of modern Akhmim in Egypt’s south. She may have lived out her later years at Akhetaten and died in the 14th year of Akhenaten’s reign. Funerary equipment found in the Amarna Royal Tomb suggests she was originally buried there, although her mummy was later moved to Luxor and is perhaps to be identified as the ‘elder lady’ from the KV35 cache. Akhenaten and his family Akhenaten: Son and successor of Amenhotep III, known for his belief in a single solar god, the Aten. He spent most of his reign at Akhetaten (modern Amarna), the sacred city he created for the Aten. Akhenaten died of causes now unknown in the 17th year of his reign and was buried in the Amarna Royal Tomb. His body was probably relocated to Thebes and may be the enigmatic mummy recovered in the early 20th century in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings. Nefertiti: Akhenaten’s principal queen. Little is known of her background, although she may also have come from Akhmim. -
Ancient Stone Quarry Landscapes In
QuarryScapes: quarry stone ancient Mediterranean landscapes in the Eastern QuarryScapes: ancient QuarryScapes:stone quarry landscapes ancient stone in quarrythe Eastern landscapes Mediterranean in the EasternGeological Survey of MediterraneanNorway, Special Publication, 12 Geological Survey of Norway, Special Publication, 12 Geological Survey of Norway, Special Publication, 12 Abu-Jaber et al. (eds.) et al. 12 Abu-Jaber Special Publication, Geological Survey of Norway, Abu-Jaber, N., Bloxam, E.G., Degryse,P. and Heldal, T. (eds.) Geological Survey of Norway, Special Publication, 12 The NGU Special Publication series comprises consecutively numbered volumes containing papers and proceedings from national and international symposia or meetings dealing with Norwegian and international geology, geophysics and geochemistry; excursion guides from such symposia; and in some cases papers of particular value to the international geosciences community, or collections of thematic articles. The language of the Special Publication series is English. Editor: Trond Slagstad ©2009 Norges geologiske undersøkelse Published by Norges geologiske undersøkelse (Geological Survey of Norway) NO-7491 Norway All Rights reserved ISSN: 0801-5961 ISBN: 978-82-7385-138-3 Design and print: Trykkpartner Grytting AS Cover illustration: Situated far out in the Eastern Desert in Egypt, Mons Claudianus is one of the most spectacular quarry landscapes in Egypt. The white tonalite gneiss was called marmor claudianum by the Romans, and in particular it was used for large objects such as columns and bathtubs. Giant columns of the stone can be seen in front of Pantheon in Rome. Photo by Tom Heldal. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY SPECIAL PUBLICATION n Contents Introduction Abu-Jaber, N., Bloxam, E.G., Degryse, P. -
The Symbolism and Function of the Window of Appearance in the Amarna Period*1
FOLIA PRAEHISTORICA POSNANIENSIA T. XXIV – 2019 WYDZIAŁ ARCHEOLOGII, UAM POZNAŃ – ISSN 0239-8524 http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2019.24.05 THE SYMBOLISM AND FUNCTION OF THE WINDOW OF APPEARANCE IN THE AMARNA PERIOD*1 SYMBOLIZM I FUNKCJA OKNA POJAWIEŃ W OKRESIE AMARNEŃSKIM Maria M. Kloska orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8891 Wydział Historii, Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7, 61-614 Poznań [email protected] ABSTRACT: During the reign of the Amarna spouses, giving gold necklaces to royal officials took place (almost always) from the so-called Window of Appearance. From them, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, often with princesses, honoured deserved and devoted dignitaries. The popularity of the Window of Appearance closely relates to the introduction of a new religious system introduced by Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Ac- cording to the new religion, Akhenaten and Nefertiti were a pair of divine twins like Shu and Tefnut, who in the Heliopolitan theology, were the children of the god Atum – replaced by Aten in Amarna. The royal couple prayed to the main solar god, while their subjects prayed to the king and queen. Since Akhenaten per- formed the role of a priest through whom ordinary people could pray to the god, it was necessary to create a construction that would allow the king to meet with his subjects publicly. The Window of Appearance was such architectural innovation. It was crucial because the king was an intermediator between the peo- ple and the only right sun god, Aten. The Windows of Appearance were probably located in various places in Akhetaten, including the Great Palace, the King’s House, the North Palace, the Small Aten Temple and in the temples of the Sunshades of Re in the Kom el-Nana and Maru-Aten. -
The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery
The Amarna South Tombs Cemetery: Biocultural Dynamics of a Disembedded Capital City in New Kingdom Egypt by William Charles Schaffer A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Jane E. Buikstra, Chair Christopher M. Stojanowski Michael E. Smith Jerome C. Rose ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2018 ABSTRACT The Egyptian New Kingdom city of Akhetaten (modern: Tell el-Amarna, el- Amarna, or simply Amarna) provides a unique opportunity to study ancient biocultural dynamics. It was a disembedded capital removed from the major power bases of Memphis and Thebes that was built, occupied, and abandoned within approximately 20 years (c. 1352–1336 BCE). This dissertation used the recently excavated Amarna South Tombs cemetery to test competing models for the development of disembedded capitals, such as the geographic origin of its migrants and its demographic structure in comparison to contrastive models for the establishment of settlements. The degree to which biological relatedness organized the South Tombs cemetery was also explored. The results suggest that the Nile Valley into the New Kingdom (1539–1186 BCE) was very diverse in dental cervical phenotype and thus highly mobile in respects to gene flow, failing to reject that the Amarna city was populated by individuals and families throughout the Nile Valley. In comparison, the Amarna South Tombs cemetery contained the least amount of dental phenotypic diversity, supporting a founder effect due to migration from larger, more diverse gene pools to the city or the very fact that the city and sample only reflect a 20- year interval with little time to accumulate phenotypic variation. -
IMAGES of POWER: NEW KINGDOM EGYPT (Akhenaton and the Amarna Style) AKHENATON
IMAGES OF POWER: NEW KINGDOM EGYPT (Akhenaton and the Amarna Style) AKHENATON Online Links: Akhenaton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Aten - Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia Akhenaton and the Armana Period BBC History Akhenaton BBC In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg House Altar with Akhenaton, Nefertiti and their Three Daughters – Smarthistory Society for the Promotion of the Egyptian Museum Berlin Facts on Akhenaton - Ancient Egypt Online Akhenaton, from the temple of Amen-Re (Karnak), c. 1353-1335 BCE, sandstone Known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV, Akhenaton was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic. An early inscription likens him to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods. He was all but lost from history until the discovery, in the 19th century, of Amarna, the site of Akhetaten, the city he built for the Aten. The artistic style associated with his reign, which departed radically from convention in its use of curvilinear and elongated form, is known as the Amarna style. Statue of Akhenaton in the Amarna style In some cases, representations are more naturalistic, especially in depictions of animals and plants, of commoners, and in a sense of action and movement—for both nonroyal and royal people. However, depictions of members of the court, especially members of the royal family, are extremely stylized, with elongated heads, protruding stomachs, heavy hips, thin arms and legs, and exaggerated facial features. -
Ancient Egypt's
AMARNA ANCIENT EGYPT’S PLACE IN THE SUN ANCIENT EGYPT’S AMARNA PLACE IN THE SUN A LETTER FROM THE MUSEUM Dear Students, Of all the subjects that appeal to people of every age, blockbuster Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of and I know my own 11-year-old son would agree the Pharaohs, presented by Mellon Financial with me, Ancient Egypt and its mysteries must rank Corporation, beginning February 3, 2007 at The among the most intriguing. And here in West Franklin Institute. It will certainly be “The Year of Philadelphia, at the University of Pennsylvania Egypt” in Philadelphia, and I encourage you to visit Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, is one of both these wonderful exhibits. the finest collections of ancient Egyptian materials in the United States. Visit our exhibit to find out all about this mysterious city where young Tutankhamun grew up, a city built Come here almost any day and you can see an Eskimo in praise of the mighty god, the Aten, and where the whaling boat, view a Japanese Buddhist shrine, walk Pharaoh Akhenaten lived with his beautiful wife around the third largest sphinx known in the world, Nefertiti. Join us in our search for clues as to why the and look up at two of the great cedar totem poles of ancient city of Amarna existed only a few short years the American Northwest. Celebrate World Culture before it was abandoned again to the desert. Days here at the Museum, come to family workshops or enjoy our award- winning summer camp sessions. We look forward to welcoming you all to this great Penn Museum is alive with activities and opportunities museum. -
Pharaohs, Queens, and Goddesses on View in the Brooklyn Museum’S Elizabeth A
1 9 Sunk Relief Representation of Queen Nefertiti. Karnak (?), Egypt, New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, early reign of Akhenaten 1352–1348 b.c. Sandstone, 8 /4 x 16 /16 in. (21.0 x 42.0 cm.). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Christos G. Bastis, 78.39 Educator packet for the special exhibition Pharaohs, Queens, and Goddesses on view in the Brooklyn Museum’s Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, March 23 to September 16, 2007 Sunk Relief of a King and Queen. Amarna, Egypt, New Kingdom, late Sunk Relief Dynasty XVII, reign of Akhenaten (circa 1352–1336 b.c.). Painted 1 3 limestone, 9 /4 x 15 /16 in. (23.5 x Representation of 38.5 cm.). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Queen Nefertiti Edwin Wilbour Fund, 71.89 Questions for Viewing Women in Ancient Egypt Describe the object. Of what material does it appear to be made? How would it have been created? What’s going on? What pictures and symbols are carved in the object? Content recommended for Middle and High School students Describe the woman. What can you say about her on the basis of what she is wearing and doing? Description and Background Information This relief is a small fragment of a larger work of art. What do you imagine This slab of sandstone carved and painted with a female figure and the rest of the object looked like? Write your thoughts down and compare hieroglyphs is a fragment of a larger scene. A woman stands with her arms them to the background information provided here. raised and receives life, represented by an ankh symbol, from the hand of the god Aten. -
Who Are the Habiru of the Amarna Letters?
Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 12/1 (2001): 31Ð42. Article copyright © 2001 by S. Douglas Waterhouse. Who are the HÓabiru of the Amarna Letters? S. Douglas Waterhouse Andrews University Despite numerous studies devoted to the question of who the ÒHabiruÓ were, a lively controversy still continues. The heart of the controversy pertains to that portion of the people referred to as ÒHabiruÓ who were attempting to take over the land of Canaan. In urgent dispatches sent to the Egyptian Court of Pharaohs Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten, the chieftains of the land of Canaan speak of the Habiru as a perilous threat to their city-states. It was the discovery in 1887 of over 350 cuneiform letters at Tell el-Amarna in Middle Egypt, the site of Pharaoh AkhenatenÕs capital, which opened up to the modern world new vistas on what had been occurring at a crucial time when Egypt was losing her grip upon her Asiatic Empire. These clay tablets, which were part of the Egyptian royal archives, the so-called ÒAmarna Letters,Ó con- tinue to raise a good deal of interest. And it is within this Amarna archival cor- respondence that the Habiru appear as powerful foes of Egyptian authority; a major force that had important effects upon events within the region of Pales- tine-Syria.1 The present interest in the Habiru is primarily caused by three factors: (1) the resemblance between the names Habiru and Hebrew, (2) the chronological relationship between the Amarna Habiru and the Israelites, and (3) the proximity of their location within the land of Canaan to that of the Hebrews in JoshuaÕs time. -
Kansas City, Missouri Abstract Booklet Layout and Design by Kathleen Scott Printed in San Antonio on March 20, 2017
The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt April 21-23, 2017 Intercontinental at the Plaza Hotel Kansas City, Missouri Abstract Booklet layout and design by Kathleen Scott Printed in San Antonio on March 20, 2017 All inquiries to: ARCE US Office 8700 Crownhill Blvd., Suite 507 San Antonio, TX 78209 Telephone: 210 821 7000; Fax: 210 821 7007 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.arce.org ARCE Cairo Office 2 Midan Simon Bolivar Garden City, Cairo, Egypt Telephone: 20 2 2794 8239; Fax: 20 2 2795 3052 E-mail: [email protected] Photo Credits Cover: Head of Sen-useret III, Egyptian, Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty, ca. 1874-1855 B.C.E. Yellow quartzite, 17 3/4 x 13 1/2 x 17 inches. The Nelson- Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 62-11. Photo courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo opposite: Relief of Mentu-em-hat and Anubis, Egyptian (Thebes), Late Period, late 25th to early 26th Dynasty, 665-650 B.C.E. Limestone with paint. 20 5/16 x 15 13/16 inches. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 48-28/2. Photo spread pages 10-11: Wall painting inside TT 286, tomb of Niay. Taken dur- ing conservation work by ARCE in November 2016. Photo by Kathleen Scott. Abstracts title page: Statue of Metjetji, Egyptian (Sakkara), 2371-2350 B.C.E. Wood and gesso with paint, copper, alabaster, and obsidian, 31 5/8 x 6 3/8 x 15 5/16 inches. -
Akhenaton and the Amarna Period Akhenaten Was a Pharaoh of The
Akhenaton and the Amarna Period Akhenaten was a pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who is best known for ushering in a distinctly new art style known as Amarna Art. Figure 1: Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children This relief illustrates an intimate portrait of Akhenaten and his family in the Amarna style of art. The Amarna Period was centered around the capital city of Amarna and noted for its artistic style, which drastically shifted from conventional styles of art. The human body in the Amarna style is portrayed more realistically, rather than idealistically, though at times depictions border on caricature. Common features are an elongation and narrowing of the neck, a sloping of the forehead and nose, a prominent chin, large ears and lips, spindle-like arms and calves and large thighs, stomachs, and hips. The decoration of the tombs of non-royals was quite different from previous eras, and clearly worshiped the Aten over other gods and goddesses. Not many buildings from this period have survived the ravages of later kings, partially as they were constructed out of standard-size blocks which were very easy to remove and reuse. Much of what we know of the Amarna period today comes from the discovery of the Amarna Letters: a cache of over 300 tablets recording select diplomatic correspondence of the Pharaoh. Note: Polytheism is the belief in the existence of many gods. Monotheism is believing in a single god, deity, spirit, etc., especially for an organized religion, faith, or creed. A lingua franca is a common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another, often a basic form of speech with simplified grammar. -
Ancient Egypt ANCIENT EGYPT and EGYPTOLOGY
Chapter 3 Ancient Egypt ANCIENT EGYPT AND EGYPTOLOGY ´ Stability and consistency in art for almost 3000 years! « Due to predictably of the Nile overflowing its banks annually, leaving black silt to fertilize fields « This cycle symbolized the creation and renewal of life, reflected in Egyptian myths. (Kleiner, p. 57) ´ The Rosetta Stone which provided the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, was discovered in 1799 by Napoleon and a troop of scholars. It had the same text in 3 sections: Greek, demotic (Late Egyptian), and Hieroglyphics. 2 ANCIENT EGYPT The Nile is a north-flowing river (due to elevation), originating in Lake Victoria and ending in the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, Upper Egypt is the upstream part of the Nile. 3 ROSETTA STONE John-Francois Champollion Ancient Egyptian writing was first adopted more than 5,000 years ago making it one of the earliest recorded written languages. Champollion published the first translation of the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs in 1822, showing that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs. Its secrets were lost to the modern world until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone - a stone carved in three languages: Egyptian, Demotic and Ancient Greek. The hieroglyphs were translated by comparing them to the Ancient Greek text and the mysteries of Egypt were finally revealed . What is the difference Hieroglyphic writing was in use from about 3200 BC until between Cuneiform and the late 4th century AD and changed very little during this Hieroglyphics? period and is very well