Transnational Identities Through Community Networks’
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Thesis Title ‘Vietnamese Londoners: Transnational Identities Through Community Networks’ (Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MPhil) Degree: MPhil. Year: 2011 Name: Stephen Samuel James College: Goldsmiths College, University of London I certify that the work presented in this thesis is my own _______________________. 2 Abstract This research examines Vietnamese in London, focusing on identity formation and community networks through transnational activities. I argue that ‘the transnational’ is a ‘subset’ of migrant categories, and that Vietnamese transnational identities depend on the measurable activities in which they are involved. Important aspects of this research are: First, the Vietnamese are one of the first major non-British Commonwealth peoples to migrate into the United Kingdom in the modern era. This has had implications related to settlement into British society, overcome by the subsequent shift from refugee status to transnational activity and identities, resulting in widespread Vietnamese transnational networks. Second, the Vietnamese represent one of the first ‘quota’ refugee populations granted entry into the UK. Refugees were accepted prior to entering Britain, and upon arrival, government and private support structures were provided. Also, Vietnamese refugees underwent mandatory dispersal across the UK, a detrimental situation prompting a subsequent intra-Britain migration to urban centres, particularly London. Third, Vietnamese communities in Britain have distinctive characteristics, making a study of identities and networks an interesting and useful one, particularly in light of developing research in transnational studies. These characteristics include the Vietnamese North-South cultural and linguistic ‘divide’, the presence of Vietnamese and Chinese-background Vietnamese, and differences in the timing and reasons for migration. Key research questions relate to transnational activities, identities, and community networks played out in the role, reach and specific pathways of those activities across national borders. Key questions are: ‘What does it mean to be a transnationally active Vietnamese Londoner?’ and ‘How are Vietnamese Londoners engaged in community-based transnational networks?’ These questions are addressed using interviews, participant observation, participation in Vietnamese-related conferences, and in informal conversations on the street and in local Vietnamese shops. This research relates stories of contextualised transnational identities linking Vietnamese from London across the globe. 3 Map 1: Location of Vietnamese Communities in London, (Maptube.org, 2010). 4 5 Map 3: Secondary Migration of Vietnamese Refugees into London (Robinson, 1993: 346) 6 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Map 1 Location of Vietnamese Communities in London 4 Map 2 Vietnamese Transnational Networks from London 5 Map 3 Secondary Migration of Vietnamese Refugees into London 6 Table of Contents 7 List of Maps 11 Acknowledgements 12 Notes on the Text 13 Introduction 14 Perceptions of Vietnamese Londoners 15 A Perspective on the Negative Discourse 17 Vietnamese Presence in London 21 The Thesis Outlined 23 Chapter 1. Key Concepts in the Development of Vietnamese Transnational Identities, Communities and Networks 25 1.1 Introduction 25 1.2 Vietnamese Londoners: Still the ‘Other’, Still the ‘Stranger’? 25 1.3 Perspective: Active Identities Rather Than Historical Assumptions 27 1.4 Migration Experiences 28 1.5 ‘Trans-National-ism’ and the Necessity of the ‘Nation’ 30 1.6 Transnationalism Defined 32 1.7 Resourced Identities: Beyond the Notion of ‘Capital’ 35 1.8 The Role of Embedded Biography 37 1.9 Identity/Hybridity 40 1.10 Race as a Social Construct 43 1.11 Everyday Life, Local Encounters and Active Identities 44 1.12 Belief and Values in Practise Amongst Vietnamese Londoners 46 1.13 Conclusion 47 Chapter 2. Narrating a Methodological Journey 48 2.1 Introduction 49 7 2.2 The Methodological Task as an Ethnographic Task 50 2.3 The Notion of ‘Insider-Outsider’ in Connecting with the Field 57 2.4 Grounded Theory 61 2.5 Out-sider In-sider: Ethical Considerations and Informed Consent 63 2.6 Conclusion 68 Chapter 3. A History of Migration into Britain: The Vietnamese Experience 70 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Destination London: A Historical Perspective on London Immigration 70 3.3 Post-World War II Immigration into the United Kingdom 71 3.4 Great Britain and Vietnam: A Relational History 73 3.5 The Crisis of the ‘Boat People’: The First Period (1975-1982) 75 3.6 The Perspective of the British Public on the Arrival of the “Boat People’ 76 3.7 The ‘Orderly Departure Programme’: The Second Period (1983-1988) 78 3.8 The ‘2000 Programme’: The Third Period (1989-1992) 82 3.9 Work Permit Arrivals from Vietnam 82 3.10 International Students from Vietnam 85 3.11 Non-Legal Immigrants from Vietnam 86 3.12 Conclusion 89 Chapter 4. Resource-Based Transnational Identities 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Identities: Inclusion and Exclusion 92 4.3 Transnational Identities: Active, Pragmatic 94 4.4 The Role of the ‘Nation’ in Complex Transnational Identity Contexts 96 4.5 Resource-Based Identities 100 4.6 Remittances: Investing Back into the Homeland 102 4.7 Use of Languages as Resources 103 4.8 Citizenship and Community Belonging as Resources 104 4.9 Media and Its Networks as Resources 106 4.10 Transnational Roles and Reach: Useful Identities in Context 107 4.11 Values-Based Identities 110 4.12 Conclusion 111 8 Chapter 5. Vietnamese Communities in London: Fertile Ground for Transnational Networks 113 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 The Notion of Community: An Activity-Based Definition 113 5.3 Dispersal: A Failed Policy and Community Formation Through Intra-Migration 115 5.4 Community Maintenance 117 5.5 Vietnamese Communities in London Described 120 5.6 Multiple Allegiances for Specific Purposes 125 5.7 Communication and Media Use Across Vietnamese Communities 129 5.8 Re-Imagining Vietnam All Over Again 131 5.9 Vietnamese Communities: Constituent Parts of a Fragmented Whole 132 5.10 Transnational Media: Bridging the Gaps 133 5.11 Conclusion 135 Chapter 6. Vietnamese Transnational Social Networks Linking Communities 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Transnational Networks in Motion 140 6.3 The BBC Vietnamese Audience as a Transnational Media Network 142 6.4 The An Viet Foundation 148 6.5 Vietnamese Professionals Society (VPS) as a Transnational Social Network 150 6.6 VietPro as a Transnational Social Network 155 6.7 Conclusion 156 Conclusion 158 Transnational Identities Emerge Out of Vietnamese Communities 158 Transnational Identities as Resourced Identities 159 A Challenge to the Duality of the Nation-State Paradigm 159 Nation and Citizenship as Resources 160 Values-Based Identities 161 Vietnamese Londoners and Their Transnational Resources 162 For Future Research 163 9 Appendixes 165 References 201 10 List of Maps List of Maps. Map 1: Location of Vietnamese Communities in London. Map 2: Vietnamese Transnational Networks from London. Map 3: Secondary Migration of Vietnamese Refugees into London. 11 Acknowledgments I am most indebted to those in the Vietnamese communities of London for their patience and graciousness in answering my questions, assisting and encouraging me throughout the course of this research. Individuals in the following organisations consented to participation in this research on various levels. I solicited the assistance and cooperation of the Community Centre for Refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, the An-Viet Foundation, the Vietnamese Mental Health Services, representatives of the Hoxteth Bibliotech, the Southwark Vietnamese Chinese Community Association, BBC Vietnamese, and representatives from the Metropolitan University of London Southeast Asian Studies Department. I also solicited the assistance of workers in several Vietnamese restaurants, nail shops, supermarkets and other shops in London. I am deeply indebted to Councillor Khanh Thanh Vu of Hackney for his example to me of one devoted wholly to the Vietnamese communities of London and also to addressing the needs of those communities. Cllr Vu gave not only his time, but he believed in this project and encouraged my progress tirelessly. I am also grateful to those interviewees who remain my friends, even after the project has come to its completion; to Giang Nguyen and Hai Le at BBC Vietnamese, Peter Le, Ha Anh Vu and Nga Nguyen. To my father and mother, Samuel and Rachel James, I must give thanks for introducing me to the Vietnamese people and culture from my earliest memories. Your support and steady encouragement through the years have been invaluable as was our return trip to Ho Chi Minh City in 2004. I am grateful to Dr. Kevin Robins, who walked me through the initial stages of this project, and then to Dr. Sara Ahmed who guided me to completion with patience and insight. I am most grateful to Dr. David Morley for his investment in me and for his steadfast encouragement from the very beginning right through to the end. My thanks also to Dr. Marianne Franklin, for her critique and insights related to both fieldwork and the writing process, and to Dr. Gareth Stanton who organised opportunities for me to present papers in Norway and Sweden. For assistance with proofreading, commentary and technical details as well as for consistent support over the years, I am indebted first to Barbara James, Lineke Zuurman, Peter May and also to Anouchka Sterling, Jonathan Sterling, David Moench, Inky and Shauna Bushnell and many others. Finally, I am deeply grateful to my family, Barbara, Ian, Jenna and Megan, for teaching me the importance of relationships and for their love and belief in me and in the need to carry out this research. They all patiently supported me through many interruptions in our family life, never wavering in the process. As proofreaders, cheerleaders and sounding boards, this project is theirs as well. However, any mistakes in this thesis are solely my responsibility. 12 Notes on the Text In this text, I have not used a Vietnamese font at the suggestion of Vietnamese interviewees. In future publications a Vietnamese font will be used throughout.