World History

• Ancient societies • Feudalism • Renaissance • Scientific Revolution • Magna Carta • American Revolution • French Revolution • World War-I • World War -II

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Around 900 B.C,dark Ages up to 776 B.C

the Homeric epics (8th–7th century B.C)

The Illyad (Troy war) and Odyssey

First Olympics 776 B.C(end of dark ages )

• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first in Athens 480 B.C Xerexes attacks Athens

• Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C ) • Athens and Sparta Leader of Colinth (Greece united=Hellenistic) First Leader Phillip-2 of Macedonia Alexander -2,(334 B.C )starts expanding

www.classmateacademy.com Greeks : Some Important People

• Socrates (470 B.C) : Good and Justice(Scientific approach breaking up of many inti many sub-parts).

• Plato(423 B.C) : Republic State (Ideal state or ),Theory of Forms(material world not real).

• Aristotle(324 B.C): Teacher of Alexander the Great Physics,Biology,Zoology,metaphysics,Logic Ethics(Nicomachean Ethics)

Logic: Kant (Critique of Pure reason)

Biology and Medicine: classification Euclid,Pythagoras,Archimedes

Hippocrates : Physician www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Greece Polity :

• (: rule of few(rich))

• (Monarchy)

• Democracy : Athens(Demos=people, Cratos =rule)

• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first Democracy in Athens

• Society Agrarian (Freemen =Citizens and Slaves(people defeated in wars would be slaves))

www.classmateacademy.com Roman :

• BC 27-14 AD-Agustus(First Emperor)

• 306 AD-337AD-Constantine-1 ,adopted Christianity

• 480 AD –The Western Empire Comes to an End

• 1453 AD—The Eastern Roman Empire ends and Ottoman Empire Begins

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Feudalism : The Europe in the Middle Ages Fief : land Given to the military people.

Vassal : the person who accepts the land became the vassal

Lord : The person who is giving the land

Serfs: who finally cultivated the land they were tied to land ,no mobility

Tithe : tax paid by the serfs

Corvee : Condition of unpaid labour by serfs

Problems: it discouraged a unified government It was an individual arrangement between the people pledging fealty(loyalty),but in practise often resulted in wars www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Renaissance : Re Birth

• 14-17 century(Printing press ,paper important in Spread of Ideas). • Started in Italy • Humanism- generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).

• Politics-Machiavelli(The Prince),Thomas Moore.

• Arts- Leonardo-da-vinci, Michelangelo.

• Science-Copernicus,Galelio(Scientific method –Empirical Observation)

• Religion-Martin Luther(Protestants,Calvin,Erasmus)

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com The Discovery of New World and its Effects:

Grains maize (corn) wild rice Pseudograins sunflower Beans peanut, Fiber long-staple and upland cotton Roots and potato, sweet potato, Tubers Fruits guava, papaya, tomato,

Nuts cashew,

Other cocoa, maplesyrup,, rubber, tobacco,

www.classmateacademy.com The Triangular Trade

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Scientific Revolution:

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543.

• William Gilbert (1544–1603) published On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600.

• Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) improved the telescope, with which he made several important astronomical discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter, the phases ofVenus, and the rings of Saturn, and made detailed observations of sunspots.

• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion in 1609.

• William Harvey (1578–1657) demonstrated that blood circulates, using dissections and other experimental techniques.

• Issac newton: “ Principa Mathematica“

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Enlightenment : Age of Reason

Factors Responsible Social Discrimination: There was widespread discrimination between the privileged and the unprivileged based on birth. Exploitation. Scientific inventions: Spreading inventions and education questioned existing beliefs and inspired new thinking.

Political Absolutism: There was no democracy, no checks and balances, no separation of powers. There were despotic monarchies. There was no liberty for the masses. Feudalism: All the high offices were monopolized by feudal lords. State authority was being misused for personal benefits. Arbitrariness: There was no rule of law. There were cahiers. www.classmateacademy.com Cultural Church: It dominated religious-cultural lives of people. It was an absolute tyrant and no one could speak against it. Its voice was the voice of God. Dissenters were suppressed brutally. There was no tolerance for different ideas and religions and only catholicism was allowed. Church indulged in massive corruption.

Economic

Exploitation: A small fraction of the population cornered most of the resources and lives of majority were miserable.

Industrial revolution: Old landed groups lost their hold on economy and new groups emerged which were guided by different set of interests and ideas

www.classmateacademy.com Age of Enlightenment : Age of Reason

Dutch : • Spinoza • Pierre Bayle: French philosopher advocated separation of Science and Religion.

Italy : • Alessandro Volta: • Luigi Galvani : Neuro Electricity • Cesare Beccaria: On Crimes and punishments

Germany : • Mozart: Prodigal Musician • Immaneul Kant : Critique of Pure Reason

Britain : • Adam Smith :Wealth Of Nations, Theory of Moral Sentiments. • Hobbes : The greatest Happiness of greatest people “Utilitarian and consequestialist”. “Levithan”-Founder of Social Contract theory(questioned divine right of kings) Liberal thought-the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men

www.classmateacademy.com Other famous People:

• Robert Hooke : father of science of microscopy.

• David Hume :Treatise on Human Nature,Empiricist

• Thomas Jefferson : United States Declaration of Independence (1776), especially "All men are created equal.

• John Locke: The contractual basis of the state and the rule of law, personal liberty emphasizing the rights of property. The philosopher who believed that all people are born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty, and property was

• James Madison : Key role in Constitution ,Federalist papers Bill of Rights.

• Montesquie : Separation of Powers.

• Thomas paine : Common Sense ,Called for Independence.

• : denounced the influence of religion Voltaire www.classmateacademy.com Liberty : Free will

Thomas Hobbes, "a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do" (Leviathan)

Sir Robert Filmer : A liberty for everyone to do what he likes, to live as he pleases, and not to be tied by any laws

John Locke: Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society(Two treatise of government)

J S Mill : On Liberty, ...nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual

Isaaih Berlin : Two Concepts of Liberty Negative Liberty: Free from arbitrary power ,tyranny Positive liberty : free to do www.classmateacademy.comanything you want • "country" denotes a region of land defined by geographical features or political boundaries.

• Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, religion, language, origins, ancestry or history. However, the adjectives national and international are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign states, as in national capital, international law.

• State refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory and population. Sovereign states are legal persons.

• The government is the particular group of people, the administrative bureaucracy, that controls the state apparatus at a given timewww.classmateacademy.com Sovereignty, in layman's terms, means a state or a governing body has the full right and power to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan, Social contract for establishing sovereignty

John Locke : Two Treatises of Government, questioned divine theory of kings

Rosseau : the social contract ,Sovereignty located in people

Montesquies: spirit of laws (separation of powers)

A government is the system by which a state or community is governed

www.classmateacademy.com Rousseau:

• The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right.

Voltaire :

• freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.

www.classmateacademy.com A government is the system by which a state or community is governed

Plato : 5 types of government (Republic)

Some types of government based on common features

Aristarchy : Rule by small group of people with no involvement of large majority of population.

Aristocracy People of noble birth Meritocracy People on the basis of merit People who are technically qualified

www.classmateacademy.com Autocratic attributes are dominated by one person who has all the power over the people in a country.

Autocrat Rule by one individual Despotic Rule by an entity (Individual or group) Dictator Rule by individual having full power over the country

www.classmateacademy.com with monarchic attributes are ruled by a king/emperor or a queen/empress who usually holds their position for life.

Absolute monarchy Moarch the king exercises the ultimate power Established by a constitution and limited power Diarchy Power shared between two people

www.classmateacademy.com Power of a government is defined by and limited people other than those associated with political power

Bankocracy Banks and bankers influencing power Corporatocracy Rule by corporations

Neptocracy (comes from Appointing close relatives to nephew) positions

Kleptocracy Rule by theives (mafia,mexico)

www.classmateacademy.com Governments with democratic attributes are most common in the Western world and in some countries of the east that have been influenced by western society

Democracy Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokra tía) "rule of the people Direct people participation

Liberal democracy with liberalism(Political,Economic, Social etc) Representative democracy People elect representatives

www.classmateacademy.com Magna Carta :The great charter of liberties of England

• Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England(King John) by a group of his subjects, the Feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights.

• The charter is widely known throughout the English speaking world as an important part of the protracted historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law in England and beyond.

• Jurist Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. www.classmateacademy.com Parliament : French word Parlement (parle-to speak),a parlement is a discussion.

• 1295-Model Parliament ,Edward-I • 1341-Commons(knights,Burgesses and citizens) and Lords (barons and Clergy). • 1362-Parliament assent must to all lay taxation. • 1376- “Good Parliament” Edward –III, annual meeting ,Commons deal with corruption cases and initiate impeachment before Lords. • 1377-Speaker

• James-1,Charles-1,James-2 1688-89 Glorious Revolution ,peaceful revolution where by Parliament asserted its rights(Constitutional Monarchy ) William of Orange 1689- Bill Of Rights • laws should not be dispensed with or suspended without the consent of Parliament. • no taxes should be levied without the authority of Parliament. • the election of members of Parliament should be free; • the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament should not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament • Parliaments should be held frequently

www.classmateacademy.com 1867 Second Reform Act. Proposed male household suffrage with various minor conditions and additions. Added approximately 1.12 million to the existing electorate of 1.40 million. • 1918 Fourth Reform Act : Representation of the People Act. The Act increased the electorate from its pre-war level of 8 million to 21 million; gave the vote to men over 21 fulfilling 6 months' residence qualification, and to women over 30 meeting occupancy requirement. Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act making women eligible to become Members of Parliament.

• 1928 Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act. Voting age for women lowered to 21.

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com American revolution : Birth of Oldest Democracy • Sugar act(1764) • Currency act(1764),control of currency • Stamp Act,1765(Direct taxes, The goal of the tax on printed material including newspapers, magazines, legal documents, insurance policies and many other types of paper material was to help finance for the British troops in the colonies ) • Townshend acts(1767)-which placed a tax on a number of essential goods including paper, glass, and tea. • Boston massacre(1770) • Boston Tea party(1773) • Intolerable Acts -Boston must pay for Boston tea Party.

• First Continental Congress,1774(how to respond to Intolerable Acts)

www.classmateacademy.com • 1775 Fighting begins

• On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence which formally proclaimed the 13 colonies as independent.

• Second congress at Philadelphia 1776,-”Declaration of Independence” George Washington Commander

• Treaty of Paris which was signed on September 3, 1783. War Officially ends

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Thomas Paine: “CommomSense” ”Rights of men” ”The age of reason”

Thomas Jefferson: was an American Founding Father, the principal author of theDeclaration of Independence (1776).

• The Declaration would eventually be considered one of Jefferson's major achievements; his preamble has been considered an enduring statement of human rights.[51] All men are created equal has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language" containing "the most potent and consequential words in American history"

James Madison : He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights

George Washington: He presided over the convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of and remains the supreme law of the land.

www.classmateacademy.com Intellectual Influences • Rousseau :"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.“ “Social Contract” • John Locke: All men are created equal, ... they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights. “Two treatise of Government”. • Montesquie : The separation of powers between Legislature, Executive , Judiciary

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

www.classmateacademy.com Achievements of America Revolution:

• Constitution

• Republic

• Bill of Rights

• Democracy

www.classmateacademy.com Bill Of Rights :

• Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

• The Second Amendment protects the rights to keep and bear arms. The concept of a right to keep and bear arms existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights.

• The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

• In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com French Revolution: End of Monarchy and Church

• Meeting of Estates general(the clergy, nobility and rest of france last met on 1614)Meeting (300 people from first and second seated in row and 600 people from third estate standing) Voting system was based on one vote for one estate . Third estate wanted it to be one vote per person

Abbe Sieyes(What is the third estate,a pamphlet) • Meeting on On 20 June -Mirabeau and AbbÈ SieyËs(leaders) • Establishment of general assembly(from third estate ) • Tennis court Oath(not to separate until constitution is made) • While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe winter had meant a bad harvest; the price of bread rose, often bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies. • Storming of Basitille www.classmateacademy.com 10 % Land ,100% 10,000 exemption of tax

4,00,000 25% Land

25 million

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com 14 July 1789,7000 people stormed the place

www.classmateacademy.com The Course of French Revolution :

The constitution of 1791, a Constituitonal Monarchy,creation of legislative assembly 165 Feuillants (constitutional monarchists) on the right, about 330 Girondists (liberal republicans) and Jacobins (radical revolutionaries) Revolt by jacobins who were part of legislative assembly

Active citizens : Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourerís wage were given the status of active citizens, that is, they were entitled to vote.

Passive citizens :The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens.

www.classmateacademy.com Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: • Liberty, Fraternity and Equality and Republic

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com The situation in France continued to be tense during the following years. Although Louis XVI had signed the Constitution, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia

Marseillaise(song used to fight against Prussia and Russia) is now the national anthem of France

National Convention :1792-1795 Killing of Louis -16(Jacobians mainly from lower classes ) 1793-1794 :Committee of public safety under Maximalien Robespierre, All those whom he saw as being ënemies of the republic ex-nobles and clergy,

Thermoridian Reaction under Girodinsts put an end to reign of terror

1795:New Constitution (Middle class ):

It provided for two elected legislative councils. These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members.

New Constitution called directory created,killed people associated with regin of terror

1799 : Napolean (Coup of 18 Brumaire),creation of Consulate and finally emperor in

1804 www.classmateacademy.com • Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children. Their wages were lower than those of men.

• sixty womens clubs

• Women were disappointed that the Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens.

• Olympe de Gouges(A revolutionary Women) • Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights • The goal of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of woman and man: These rights are liberty, property, security, and above all resistance to oppression.

• It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to

vote. www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com World War – I(1914-1918) Main reason : Imperialism and Colonialism. Fight between New Powers and Old Powers.

Allied Powers (Entente) Vs Central Powers Uk,Italy,USA,Russia Vs Germany,Austria ,Ottoman Empire After War : Treaty of Versallies : Germany Treaty of Severes : Turkey

League of Nations :Wilson 14 point Formula,

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com Russian Revolution

• 1905 revolution (agrarian problems ,industrial problems) • 22 Jan ,1905 the bloody Sunday, at St Petersburg • October Manifesto and Creation of Duma by Tzar Nicholas-2

• 1917 • February revolution, In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers quarters,protests stared Tsar wanted to Dissolved DUMA. • On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank(celebrated as womens day) • Petrograd Soviet Abdication of Tzar 2Mar,1917 • Constituent Assembly Kerensky • Apr, return of Lenin organisation of Bolsheviks • October Revolution and Lenin becomes the leader

www.classmateacademy.com • Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania. • £6 billion war reparations www.classmateacademy.com • Problems in 1920s • Demands for Soviet-style governance. Controlled by force

• Political radicalisation was only heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold.

• 1929 Economic Depression. • German Industrial out put fell by 40%,Unempolyment reached 6million.

Hitler and his rise : • Participates in WW-1,Medals awarded • 1919-German Workers Party,renames it National Socialist German Workers party. • 1923 tried to march to Berlin,arrested.

www.classmateacademy.com • 1929 recession and problems

• Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future • In 1928, the Nazi Party got no more than 2. 6 per cent votes in the Reichstag ñ the German parliament. By 1932, it had become the largest party with 37 per cent votes. • Promises • strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.

• President Hindenberg Invites Hitler appointed Chancellor.(1933) • On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established in Germany • the Storm Troopers(SA), these included the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the Security Service (SD) www.classmateacademy.com • He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933,

• Nuremberg laws on Jews ,1935

• reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936,

• and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, • One people, One empire, and One leader. • He then went on to wrest German speaking. Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia, and gobbled up the entire country.

German Lebensraum

www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com www.classmateacademy.com World War : II (1939-1945)

Allies Vs Axis Powers

Soviet Union,UK,USA,France Vs Japan ,Italy,Germany

• United Nations : 1945

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights,1948

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